Une nouvelle méthode pour la cristallisation des protéines membranaires (MP) de bicouches amphiphiles interconnectés (IAB) a été récemment mise au point. Dans cette approche protéines cristallisées directement des membranes et il est supposé que la cristallisation est conduite principalement par les propriétés de la mésophase lipidique dans son ensemble, mais pas par des caractéristiques individuelles des détergents. Le détergent joue un rôle de modulateur de ces propriétés. L'application de ce procédé de cristallisation de la vaste gamme des protéines membranaires est très prometteuse car il facilite considérablement la cristallisation. Cependant, il faut effectuer un certain nombre d'expériences pour chaque nouvelle protéine membranaire afin de déterminer les paramètres optimaux de la mésophase lipidique pour la protéine. Pour ce faire avec des quantités limitées de protéines membranaires, en particulier des protéines humaines, qui sont généralement très difficiles à produire en quantité suffisante, l'application des systèmes robotisés de cristallisation à haut débit pour la nano volume cristallisation pourrait être la seule solution. L'objectif principal de ce travail est le transfert de l'approche actuelle pour la cristallisation des protéines membranaires de l'IAB sur les volumes nano. Pour ce faire une grande variété d'expériences cristallisations a été effectuée pour différentes protéines membranaires. Les faits, qui influent des résultats de cristallisation, ainsi que des informations structurelles obtenues ont été analysées avec soin. Il a été démontré que les gros cristaux de protéines membranaires différents adaptés pour cristallographie aux rayons X peuvent être reproductible obtenu par nano volume cristallisation. Le premier chapitre «Introduction» comprend une description générale des protéines membranaires, des approches différentes pour la cristallisation des protéines membranaires, leurs avantages et leurs limites. La vue d'ensemble des protéines membranaires, qui sont étudiés dans ce travail, les informations disponibles et les problèmes non résolus sont présentés. Le deuxième chapitre présente les matériaux et les méthodes utilisées dans l'étude. Le troisième chapitre «Résultats et discussions» est décrit les résultats obtenus et leur interprétation. Pour commencer, la nano volume cristallisation de l'IAB de la bactériorhodopsine et la comparaison avec l'approche présent de cristallisation est présenté. Nano volume cristallisations en présence d'amphiphiles fluorés et les poloxamères ont été effectuées pour la première fois et décrit en détails. L'application de l'approche du nano volume cristallisation du complexe de la rhodopsine sensorielle II de Natronomonas pharaonis avec son transducteur apparenté et les protéines du complexe avec une mutation importante dans le transducteur, ce qui élimine l'action des protéines, est présenté. Résultats de nano volume cristallisation pour un autre complexe de deux protéines membranaires - triple mutant de la bactériorhodopsine, qui fonctionne comme un transducteur de signal, avec transducteur de Natronomonas pharaonis sont décrits. Halorhopsin de Natronomonas pharaonis a également été cristallisé par la nouvelle approche et de cristallisation résultats sont présentés. La première structure de protéine membranaire - enzyme cytidine-5'-triphosphate: inositol-1-phosphate cytidylyltransférase / di-myo-inositol-1 ,3-phosphate-1-phosphate synthéase de hyperthermophiles Archaeoglobus fulgidus a été résolu en utilisant des cristaux obtenus par nano volume cristallisation. Détails de la structure, l'importance et le mécanisme proposé de l'action enzymatique sont discutées. Les conclusions finales ainsi que les perspectives de la méthodique développées sont donnés dans le dernier chapitre de la thèse. / A new method for crystallization of membrane proteins (MPs) from interconnected amphiphilic bilayers (IAB) was recently developed. In this approach proteins crystallized directly from the membranes and it is postulated that crystallization is driving mostly by the properties of the lipidic mesophase as a whole but not by individual features of the detergents. The detergent plays a role of the modulator of these properties. Application of this crystallization method to the wide range of MPs is very promising since it dramatically facilitates crystallization. However, one needs to perform a number of screening experiments for each new MP to determine the optimal parameters of the lipidic mesophase for certain protein. To do so with limited amounts of MPs, especially human proteins, which are usually very difficult to produce in sufficient amount, the application of the high throughput robotic systems for nano volume crystallization could be the only solution. The major goal of this work is the transfer of the present approach for large scale crystallization of MPs from IAB to the nano volumes. To do so a large variety of crystallizations experiments were carried out for different MPs. The facts, which influence the crystallization results, as well as structural information obtained were carefully analyzed. It was demonstrated that large crystals of different MPs suitable for X-ray crystallography can be reproducibly obtained using this nano volume crystallization method. The first chapter “Introduction” includes a general description of MPs, different approaches for crystallization of MPs, their advantages and limitations. The overview of membrane proteins, which are studied in this work, the information available and unsolved problems are presented. The second chapter presents the materials and methods used in the study. The third chapter “Results and Discussions” describes the results obtained and their interpretation. To begin with, nano volume crystallization from IAB of bacteriorhodopsin and the comparison with large scale crystallization approach is presented. Detailed nano volume crystallizations in the presence of fluorinated surfactants and poloxamers were performed for the first time and described in details. The application of nano volume approach for the crystallization of the complex of sensory rhodopsin II from Natronomonas pharaonis with its cognate transducer and the proteins complex with important mutation in the transducer, which eliminates the action of the proteins, is presented. Nano volume crystallization results for another complex of two MPs – triple mutant of BR, which operates like a signal transductor, together with transducer from Natronomonas pharaonis are described. A light-driven chloride pump halorhopsin from Natronomonas pharaonis was also crystallized by new approach and crystallization results are presented. The structure of new MP – bifunctional enzyme cytidine-5′-triphosphate:inositol-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase/ di-myo-inositol-1,3-phosphate-1-phosphate synthase from hyperthermophiles Archaeoglobus fulgidus was solved using the crystals obtained by nano volume crystallization from IAB. Structure details, significance and proposed mechanism of the enzymatic action are discussed. The final conclusions as well as the perspectives of the developed methods are given in the last chapter of the thesis.

La synthèse de l'adénosine triphosphate (ATP) est un événement clé dans la bioénergétique cellulaire. ATP synthesis est possible quand un gradient de potentiel électrochimique de protons est présent sur les membranes des cellules ou des organelles. Ce gradient est produit par les réactions d'oxydoréduction ou les réactions photochimiques qui sont contrôlées par l'enzyme. Bactériorhodopsine (bR) est la protéine la plus simple et la plus étudiée qui convertit l'énergie lumineuse en potentiel électrochimique. bR est un protéine transmembranaire de Halobacterium salinarum. bR absorbe des photons de lumière et transmet un proton à partir du cytoplasme vers l'espace extracellulaire. Grâce à sa disponibilité en relativement grandes quantités, la procédure de purification facile et stable, bR reste un des protéines membranaire les plus étudiés au cours des 40 dernières années.Pour comprendre le mécanisme moléculaire de la bR fonctionnement il faut connaître les changements structurels, provoqués par l'absorption de photon, qui accompagnent le cycle de travail des protéines et poussent à transporter le proton. Cela implique l'obtention des structures cristallographiques de bR état fonctionnel avec une résolution atomique. Selon cette approche, il est important d'avoir les cristaux protéiques très ordonnés et les méthodes de fixage des molécules de protéines dans les états intermédiaires. Les méthodes de fixage dans des conditions cryogéniques ont été développées précédemment. Les cristaux de la qualité désirée peuvent être obtenus par la cristallisation in meso où lipide mésophase bicontinue est utilisé pour la cristallisation des protéines membranaires.Le mécanisme de la cristallisation in meso est actuellement étudié pauvrement. Cette situation limite grandement son application potentielle pour des protéines membranaires. Malgré ses limites l’approche in meso a récemment permis d'obtenir les structures de base ainsi que les structures intermédiaires des états de bR. Cependant, différents groupes de scientifiques ont publié de différents structures cristallographiques des mêmes états intermédiaires. Les mécanismes de protons transport proposés par des auteurs différents sont contradictoires. Les raisons de l'absence de consensus dans les structures intermédiaires restent floues. Les raisons possibles discutées dans la littérature sont: la qualité insuffisante de la diffraction des cristaux protéiques, twinning merohedral et détérioration des cristaux par l'irradiation de rayonnement X, ainsi que la génération de nouvelles protéines états provoqués par rayons X.L'objectif de l'étude était de trier les raisons de contradictions dans le domaine de l'analyse cristallographique de bR états fonctionnels et de trouver des moyens de surmonter les problèmes connexes. Ceci implique plusieurs sous-objectifs distincts: l'étude de twinning merohedral de bR cristaux; étude des changements dans la structure bR induit par les 'irradiation de rayonnement X; étude des changements structurels dans bR par les petites doses de radiations. Un autre objectif de ce travail était d'étudier un rôle de molécules de la matrice de in meso cristallisation dans la stabilisation des cristaux de protéines membranaires. / The synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a key event in the cell bioenergetics. ATP synthesis is only possible when a proton electrochemical potential gradient is present on the membranes of cell or organelle. This gradient is produced by enzyme-controlled redox or photochemical reactions. Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is the simplest and most studied protein that converts light energy into electrochemical potential. Being transmembrane protein of Halobacterium salinarum it absorbs light photon and transfers a proton from the cytoplasmic to the extracellular space. Due to its availability of relatively large quantities, easy purification procedure and protein stability bR remains one of the most extensively studied membrane proteins during the past 40 years.Current state of investigated problems. To understand the molecular mechanism of bR functioning is necessary to know the structural changes caused by light absorption which accompany the protein working cycle and lead to the directional transport of the proton. It implies obtaining of X-ray structures of bR functional states with atomic resolution. Following this approach it is important to have highly ordered three-dimensional protein crystals on the one hand and effective methods of trapping protein molecules in intermediate states on the other one. Trapping procedures for bR intermediate states under cryogenic conditions have been developed previously. Crystals of the desired quality can be obtained by in meso crystallization where lipid bicontinuous mesophase is used for the crystallization of membrane proteins. The mechanism of in meso crystallization is currently poorly investigated. This situation greatly limits its potential applicability for membrane proteins. Despite its limitations in meso approach have recently made possible to obtain the ground and some intermediate states structures of bR. However, different scientific groups have published different X-ray models of the same bR intermediate states. The proposed by different authors mechanisms of proton transport are contradictory. The reasons for the lack of the consensus in intermediate structures remain unclear. The possible reasons for this contradiction which have been discussed in literature are: insufficient quality of diffraction data, merohedral twinning and radiation damage of protein crystals, as well as the generation of new protein states caused by X-ray illumination.The aim of the study was to sort out the reasons for contradictions in the field of X-ray crystallographic analysis of bR functional states and to find ways to overcome related problems. This implies several separate subgoals: study of merohedral twinning of bR crystals; study of X-ray-radiation-induced changes in bR structure; study of low-dose radiation-induced structural changes in bR structure. An additional goal of the work was to study a role of molecules of the in meso crystallization matrix in the stabilization of membrane protein crystals.

Orientador: Anete Pereira de Souza / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T10:23:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soares_JoseSergiodeMacedo_M.pdf: 3092877 bytes, checksum: 85276ce21b221869d2fb74dc6cef8444 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O fitopatogeno Xylella fastidiosa é uma bactéria limitada ao xilema que causa uma variedade de doenças economicamente importantes em plantas, incluindo uma doença chamada Clorose Variegada de Citrus (CVC). Recentemente, os dados de sequenciamento do DNA fornecidos pelo projeto genoma da Xylella fastidiosa permitiram uma aproximação da área genoma funcional para investigar a função de diversas proteínas baseadas na informação sobre suas estruturas. Avanços recentes na área genoma estrutural não somente nos ajudou a compreender funções da proteína, mas também causou um grande impacto na indústria farmacêutica. Nos últimos anos, o uso da informação estrutural de proteínas na pesquisa de descoberta de novas drogas tem amadurecido, e é usado agora em todos os níveis, variando da identificação e da seleção de alvos do genoma a candidatos apropriados. Esta emergente área é poderoso meio para compreender mais profundamente os mecanismos a patogenicidade da bactéria. Este trabalho visa adicionar novas informações sobre proteínas que podem ser relacionadas a patogenicidade de Xylella fastidiosa, necessárias para o desenvolvimento de novos métodos de combate à CVC. A fim de recolher informações sobre as proteínas envolvidas nos mecanismos do patogenicidade da bactéria, nós escolhemos as orf xf2148 e orf xf1524 de Xylella fastidiosa para estudos de caracterização. A orf xf2148, apresenta 47% de similaridade com o gene ksgA de Escherichia coli. O gene ksgA codifica uma Dimetiladenosina transferase da classe de proteínas metiltransferases. Já a orf xf1524, apresenta 55% de similaridade com o gene xpsL de Xanthomonas campestris, que codifica uma proteína transmembrana da via de secreção do tipo II. Ambas as proteínas foram clonadas no vetor pET32Xa/LIC e expressas na bactéria Escherichia coli linhagem BL21(DE3). A proteína XPSL foi purificada através de uma cromatografia de afinidade (IMAC) e teve sua identidade determinada por SDS-PAGE e Espectrometria de Massas (MALDITOF). Para investigar a integridade estrutural da proteína XPSL purificada, a técnica espectroscópica de Dicroísmo Circular (CD) foi realizada. O espectro de CD da proteína XPSL mostrou sinais predominantemente de 'alfa'hélices indicando um perfil de estrutura secundária devidamente enovelada viável para estudos estruturais e funcionais. A proteína XF2148, expressa em sua forma insolúvel, foi resolubilizada usando 8M de uréia como agente desnaturante. A proteína foi purificada através de uma cromatografia de troca iônica e sua pureza e identidade verificadas por SDS-PAGE e Espectrometria de Massas (MALDI-TOF). Seu correto enovelamento por espectroscopia de Dicroísmo Circular (CD) indicou uma composição predominantemente de 'alfa'hélices. O alinhamento da seqüência primária e modelagem por homologia da proteína XF2148 com uma proteína de estrutura tridimensional resolvida, KsgA de E. coli, revelaram um local da molécula que envolve resíduos altamente conservados no domínio C-terminal e cinco dos oito motivos estruturais encontrados geralmente em Metiltransferases / Abstract: The phytopathogen Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited bacterium that causes a range of economically important plant diseases, including a serious disease of orange trees called citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC). Recently, DNA sequence data provided by the Xylella fastidiosa Brazilian genome project have allowed a functional genomic approach to investigate the function of several proteins based on the information about their structures. Recent advances in structural genomics not only help us to understand protein functions but also have a big impact on the pharmaceutical industry. In the last few years, the use of protein structural information in drug discovery research has matured, and it is now used at all levels, ranging from genomics target identification and selection to the final design of suitable drug candidates. This emergent area is a powerful means to more deeply understand the mechanisms of the bacterium pathogenicity. This work aims at adding new information on proteins that may be related to the X. fastidiosa pathogenesis, necessary for new approaches towards the combat of CVC. In order to gather information about the proteins involved in the mechanisms of the bacterium pathogenicity, we chose orf xf2148 and orf xf1524 from Xylella fastidiosa for characterization studies. Orf xf2148, presents 47% of similarity with the gene ksgA of Escherichia coli. The ksgA gene encodes a dimethyladenosine transferase from the methyl transferase proteins class. On the other hand orf xf1524, presents 55% of similarity with the xpsL gene of Xanthomonas campestris, which encodes a transmembrane protein of the type II secretion machinary. Both proteins were cloned into the pET32Xa/LIC vector to overexpress the protein in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The expressed XpsL protein was purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) and had its identity determined by SDS-PAGE and Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). To investigate the structural integrity of the purified XPSL, the protein was analyzed by Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The XpsL CD spectrum showed that it contains predominantly signal of 'alfa'helices suggesting that the XpsL recombinant protein maintains secondary structures, is viable to functional and structural studies and remained folded. The XF2148 protein was expressed in the insoluble form and refolded using 8M Urea as denaturating agent. The protein was purified in one step by cation-exchange chromatography and its purity and identity were verified by SDS-PAGE and Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). Its correct folding was verified by Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy analysis that indicated a secondary structure composed mainly of 'alfa'helices. The alignment of the XF2148 primary sequence and homology modeling with one ksgA structure solved protein from E. coli, revealed a site involving highly conserved residues in the C-terminal domain and five of the eight structural motifs usually found in AdoMetdependent methyltransferases / Mestrado / Genetica de Microorganismos / Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular

A Na, K-ATPase é uma proteína que realiza o transporte ativo de cátions, se encontra na membrana plasmática de praticamente todas células animais e é formada por três subunidades: (110 kDa), (50 kDa) e (10 kDa). Neste trabalho, realizou-se a extração da proteína Na,K-ATPase de rim de coelho que foi preparada em 3 diferentes condições (i) fração de membrana rica em Na,K-ATPase; (ii) solubilizada e purificada em C12E8 e (iii) reconstituída em DPPC: DPPE lipossomo (1:1 lipídio:lipídio, 1:3 lipídio:proteína). Através de medidas de Espalhamento de Luz Dinâmico (DLS), Espectroscopia de Absorção (ABS) e Espalhamento de Raio-X a Baixos Ângulos (SAXS), associadas à medidas de atividade enzimática, constatou-se que a amostra de Na,K-ATPase solubilizada e purificada em C12E8 é constituida por diferentes agregados/oligômeros em solução. Com o intuito de eliminar os grandes agregados/oligômeros da amostra realizou-se a filtração (poro de 220 nm) e a adição do surfactante dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) e ambos procedimentos foram capazes de eliminar as populações de grandes agregados e/ou grandes oligômeros. A retirada destas populações pelo filtro promoveu um aumento de atividade específica da enzima. Já o SDS deve promover alterações conformacionais na estrutura da proteína que causam a inativação da mesma. Investigou-se variações de atividade da Na, K-ATPase através da irradiação da proteína presente em fração de membrana e reconstituída em lipossomo por meio de três lasers de baixa intensidade com comprimentos de onda diferentes: = 532 nm (5 mW), = 650 nm (50 mW) e = 780 nm (50 mW). Demonstrou-se que a variação da atividade enzimática depende do valor de dose de energia depositada, independe do comprimento de onda estudado neste intervalo e retorna para o nível basal após 6 horas. / The Na, K-ATPase is an active cation transporter protein, which is found in the plasma membrane of virtually all animal cells and it is comprised of three subunits: (110 kDa), (50 kDa) and (10 kDa). In this work, we performed the extraction of protein Na, K-ATPase from the kidney of adult rabbit for three different enzyme preparations (i) membrane-bound fraction; (ii) C12E8 solubilized and purified and (iii) reconstituted in DPPC: DPPE liposome (1: 1 - lipid: lipid, 1:3 - lipid:protein). Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Absorption Spectroscopy (ABS) and Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) were employed, associated with enzyme activity measurements. The results revealed that Na, K-ATPase C12E8-solubilized and purified is composed by different aggregates/oligomers. With the aim of eliminating large aggregates/oligomers from the protein sample, filtration (pore size 220 nm) and surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) addition were used. Both procedures were able to eliminate populations composed of large aggregates and/or large oligomers. The removal of these populations by the filter promoted an increase in the specific activity of the enzyme. On the other hand, SDS must promote conformational changes in the protein structure that inactivate thereof. Finally, here we also investigated variations of Na, K-ATPase activity present in the membrane-bound fraction and reconstituted in liposome under irradiation of three low-intensity lasers with different wavelengths: = 532 nm (5mW), = 650 nm (50 mW) and = 780 nm (50 mW). The results give support to the conclusion that the change in the enzymatic activity depends upon the amount of energy dose deposited, it is independent of the wavelength in the studied range and returns to the basal level after 6 hours.

Orientador: Lúcia Elvira Alvares / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T17:37:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedrosa_AngelicaVasconcelos_M.pdf: 1992620 bytes, checksum: ed7d02568860e3ccf1e489cf2928818e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A correta padronização do corpo do embrião requer a atividade de diferentes vias de sinalização. Dentre elas, uma que se destaca é via de sinalização Wnt de polaridade celular planar (Wnt/PCP), que é responsável pelo controle da polaridade celular e pela organização celular de diversos tecidos nos animais. Uma vez interrompida, a via Wnt/PCP pode causar falhas no fechamento do tubo neural, provocando defeitos congênitos. Em seres humanos, mutações em componentes-chave da via Wnt/PCP como as proteínas codificadas pelos genes Vangl1 e Vangl2 têm sido associadas à graves malformações geradas por falhas no fechamento do tubo neural. Estruturalmente, ambos os genes Vangl1 e Vangl2 codificam proteínas de superfície transmembranares, essenciais para o desenvolvimento apropriado do embrião. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização do padrão de expressão dos genes Vangl1 e Vangl2 durante a embriogênese de Gallus gallus. Ensaios de hibridação in situ em embrião inteiro (whole mount) e cortes em vibratómo foram realizados com a finalidade de estabelecer temporal e espacialmente o padrão de expressão dos genes Vangl1 e Vangl2. Como resultado, observou-se que estes genes são expressos durante as etapas de gastrulação, neurulação e no início da organogênese do desenvolvimento embrionário de Gallus gallus. No início da gastrulação, os genes Vangl1 e Vangl2 possuem domínios de expressão comuns nos embriões de galinha, uma vez que ambos são expressos na linha primitiva, nódulo de Hensen e crescente cardiogênico. Contudo, nossos dados revelaram particularidades na expressão destes genes, uma vez que há uma predominância dos transcritos de Vangl1 na região posterior da linha primitiva, enquanto Vangl2 apresenta uma expressão uniforme ao longo desta estrutura. Em adição, enquanto Vangl1 é expresso na notocorda e em toda a extensão do nódulo de Hensen, Vangl2 é expresso no entorno desta estrutura. Ao longo da neurulação e na organogênese inicial, ambos os genes Vangl são expressos de maneira similar, em domínios que abrangem a placa, as pregas e o tubo neural. Outros importantes domínios de expressão dos Vangl correspondem às vesículas ópticas e óticas, às vesículas encefálicas particularmente na região das flexuras encefálicas, aos diferentes tipos de mesoderma (paraxial, intermediário e lateral) e ao assoalho da faringe. Ao comparar os resultados obtidos por hibridação in situ em galinha ao um levantamento bibliográfico sobre outros vertebrados, observou-se uma sobreposição dos domínios-chave de expressão nos diferentes organismos, demonstrando a conservação filogenética da atividade destes genes e sugerindo uma possível conservação funcional. Desta forma, nossos dados sugerem que os genes Vangl desempenham um importante papel no desenvolvimento embrionário de aves, possivelmente coordenando os movimentos morfogenéticos durante a gastrulação, bem como a formação da placa neural e posterior dobramento e fechamento do tubo neural, além de outros processos da embriogênese de aves / Abstract: The correct patterning of the embryo's body requires the activity of different signaling pathways. Among them, one that stands out is the Wnt Planar Cell Polarity Signaling Pathway (Wnt/PCP), which is responsible for controlling the cell polarity and cellular organization of many tissues in animals. Failures in the Wnt/PCP signaling can cause neural tube birth defects. In humans, mutations in key components of the Wnt/PCP as the Vangl1 and Vangl2 molecules were identified in patients with neural tube defects. Structurally, both Vangl1 and Vangl2 genes encode transmembrane surface proteins similar, which are essential to proper development. The present study aimed to characterize the expression pattern of Vangl1 and Vangl2 genes during embryogenesis in Gallus gallus. Whole-mount in situ hybridization assays and vibratome sectioning of embryos were conducted in order to establish the spatial and temporal expression pattern of Vangl1 and Vangl2 genes. Our results showed that these genes are expressed during gastrulation, neurulation and early organogenesis in Gallus gallus. At the onset of Gastrulation, Vangl1 and Vangl2 genes have common areas of expression in chicken embryos, since both are expressed in the primitive streak, Hensen's node and cardiogenic crescent. However, our data showed particularities in the expression of these genes, since there is a predominance of Vangl1 transcripts in the posterior region of the primitive streak while Vangl2 has a uniform expression throughout that structure. In addition, while Vangl1 is expressed in the notochord and in the full length of the Hensen's node, Vangl2 is expressed only around this structure. Throughout neurulation and early organogenesis, both Vangl genes are expressed in a similar manner on the neural plate, neural groove, neural folds and in the neural tube. Other important areas of Vangl expression correspond to optical and otic vesicles, the brain vesicles, the different types of mesoderm (paraxial, intermediate and lateral) and the floor of the pharynx. By comparing the chicken expression of Vangl genes with other vertebrates, we notice that there are overlapping expression patterns among key areas among different organisms, showing a phylogenetic conservation of expression domains and suggesting a possible functional conservation. Overall, our data suggests that Vangl genes play an important role in embryonic development of bird, possibly by coordinating the morphogenetic movements during gastrulation, as well as the formation of neural tube, among other processes during the birds embriogenesis / Mestrado / Biologia Celular / Mestra em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

The pathogenic members of the genus Yersinia, Y. pseudotuberculosis, Y. pestis and Y. enterocolitica are transmitted from animals to man and may give rise to disease with a variety of symptoms. These bacteria possess related plasmids necessary for virulence. In this study, gene products encoded by the virulence plasmid have been identified and characterized. A temperature-inducible outer membrane protein YOP1, is encoded by the virulence plasmid. YOP1 is expressed by Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica at 37°C. The genetic locale of trie structural gene for YOPl on the virulence plasmid was determined. A mutant that was unable to express this protein, remained fully virulent, showing that YOP1 is not a virulence determinant. Several other proteins encoded by the virulence plasmid are induced at 37°C in a medium lacking Ca2+. These proteins are not expressed at 26°C and expression is repressed by Ca2+-concentrations in excess of 2.5 mM. In Ca2+-deficient medium, the induced proteins can be found extracellu- larly as well as in the outer membrane. However, in the presence of Ca at 37°C they are only found in the outer membrane. The released proteins consist of eight polypeptides as revealed by two-dimensional electro­phoresis. These proteins, Y0P2a and 2b, YOP3, Y0P4a and 4b, the V-antigen and a small uncharacterized polypeptide, are expressed by all three pathogenic Yersinia species, both in vivo and in vitro. The Ca2+-controlled expression of the YOP proteins is regulated by genes in the Ca2+ -region, which are conserved in the three species. Mutations in this region repress the expression of the Ca2+-regulated YOPs. The genetic loci identified for five of these proteins revealed that only the structural gene of the Y0P4b protein is part of the Ca2+ -region. The other genes were found at separate locations outside this region. The structural genes for YOP4b, YOP3 and the V-antigen, together with the genes for two additional polypeptides, were localized to a common region conserved on the plasmids of the Yersinia species. The structural genes for Y0P2b (yopH) and Y0P5 (yopE) are located in different positions on the plasmid from Y. enterocolitica, compared to the other two species. This plasmid has Been rearranged so that these genes are located close to one another. The DNA sequence of the yopH gene shows that it is a singly transcrip­tional unit. Transcription of this gene is regulated by Ca2+-concentra­tion and by temperature. A mutant strain of Y. pseudo tuberculosis, de­leted for the yopH gene on the virulence plasmid, is avirulent In mice. Virulence is restored by trans-complementation with the cloned yopH gene. The mutant strain is also’ unable to inhibit phagocytosis of macrophages as compared to the wild-type strain. The trans-compleroented strain shows inhibition comparable to that of the wild-type. Therefore, the YOP2b protein is considered to be an essential virulence determinant. / digitalisering@umu.se

No description available.

No description available.

Em Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rrp43p é uma proteína que faz parte do exossomo, um complexo multiproteíco que atua no processamento de snoRNAs, snRNAs e rRNAs e na degradação de mRNA. O exossomo está envolvido nesses processos através de uma ação 3\'→5\' exonucleolítica. Este complexo é composto por onze subunidades em S. cerevisiae e cada uma dessas subunidades tem uma ação predominante nos diferentes processos em que o complexo participa. Por estar envolvido diretamente na maturação dos rRNAs e alguns snoRNAs e snRNAs, assim como na degradação de mRNAs, o exossomo tem um papel importante no controle de expressão gênica. Com o objetivo de entender melhor a função da subunidade do exossomo Rrp43p, e conseqüentemente do complexo, nas modificações do RNA, realizamos estudos de interação entre proteínas através do método de \"two hybrid\", que permite analisar interações in vivo entre duas proteínas, convertendo-se assim, em uma ferramenta importante nestes estudos. Utilizando Rrp43p como \" isca\" estudamos interações com outras proteínas expressas em Saccharomyces cerevisiae, na procura de proteínas envolvidas em alguns eventos de processamento de RNA, que pudessem ajudar a esclarecer em maior detalhe o papel do exossomo na célula. Também examinamos interações da Rrp43p com os demais componentes do exossomo para determinar a possível estrutura deste complexo. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que Rrp43p interage com somente uma outra subunidade do exossomo, Rrp46p. A força desta interação, quando quantificada através do nível de expressão de um gene repórter, é compatível com o fato dessas proteínas formarem parte de um complexo. Estes dados constituem resultados inéditos a respeito da interação entre subunidades do exossomo. Os resultados evidenciam também a interação entre Rrp43p e uma proteína com função ainda não caracterizada em levedura (aqui denominada 137p). Esta interação foi detectada através do sistema do duplo híbrido, e depois confirmada por co-imunoprecipitação. A determinação da função desta nova proteína poderá ampliar as ferramentas de estudo da função e controle de atividade de Rrp43p e do exossomo. / In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rrp43p is one of the eleven subunits of the exosome, a complex involved in the processing of snoRNAs, snRNAs and rRNAs, and in mRNA degradation. The exosome participates in these processes through a 3\'-to-5\' exonucleolytic activity. Each of the eleven subunits is predominately active in one or few of the processes in which the complex takes part. Since the exosome is involved directly in rRNAs, and in some snRNAs and snoRNAs maturation, as well as in mRNA degradation, it plays an important role on the control of gene expression. Aiming to a better understanding of the Rrp43p subunit function on RNA processing, we started a screening for Rrp43p-interacting proteins through the yeast two hybrid system. In this study we expected to find proteins interacting with Rrp43p, which were involved in some aspects of RNA processing, and would improve the current knowledge on the exosome function. In order to obtain more information about the complex structure, we have also studied the interactions between Rrp43p and the other exosome subunits. The results shown here demonstrate that Rrp43p interacts with only one other exosome subunit, Rrp46p. These results can help elucidate the final exosome structure. We also found the interaction of Rrp43p with a protein of yet uncharacterized function (here named 137p). This interaction, identified in the two hybrid system, was also confirmed through co-immunoprecipitation analysis, and the study of 137p function might bring new insights on Rrp43p function and control.

Cotranslational translocation is initiated by targeting of a ribosome-bound nascent polypeptide chain (RNC) to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. The targeting reaction is coordinated by the signal recognition particle (SRP) through its interaction with the RNC and the membrane-bound SRP receptor (SR). A vacant translocon is a prerequisite for the subsequent nascent chain release from SRP-SR-RNC complex. It has been proposed that the protease-accessible cytosolic domains of the Sec61p complex play an important role in posttargeting steps by providing the binding site for the ribosome or interacting with the SR to initiate the signal sequence releasing. In this study, we have investigated the detailed mechanism that allows transfer of the ribosome-nascent chain (RNC) from the SRP-SR complex to the translocon using yeast S. cerevisiaeas the model system. Point mutations in cytoplasmic loops six (L6) and eight (L8) of yeast Sec61p cause reductions in growth rates and defects in translocation of nascent polypeptides that utilize the cotranslational translocation pathway. Sec61 heterotrimers isolated from the L8 sec61 mutants have a greatly reduced affinity for 80S ribosomes. Cytoplasmic accumulation of protein precursors demonstrates that the initial contact between the large ribosomal subunit and the Sec61 complex is important for efficient insertion of a nascent polypeptide into the translocation pore. In contrast, point mutations in L6 of Sec61p inhibit cotranslational translocation without significantly reducing the ribosome binding activity, indicating that the L6 and L8 sec61mutants impact different steps in the cotranslational translocation pathway. An interaction between the signal recognition particle receptor (SR) and the Sec61 complex has been proposed to facilitate transfer of the ribosome-nascent chain (RNC) complex to an unoccupied translocon. The slow growth and cotranslational translocation defects caused by deletion of the transmembrane span of yeast SRβ (srp102pΔTMD) are exaggerated upon disruption of the SSH1 gene, which encodes the pore subunit of a cotranslational translocation channel. Disruption of the SBH2 gene, which encodes the β-subunit of the Ssh1p complex, likewise causes a synthetic growth defect when combined with srp102pΔTMD. The in vivo kinetics of translocon gating by RNCs were slow and inefficient in the ssh1Δ srp102pΔTMD mutant. A critical role for translocon β-subunits in SR recognition is supported by the observation that deletion of both translocon β-subunits causes a block in the cotranslational targeting pathway that resembles elimination of either subunit of the SR, and could be partially suppressed by expression of carboxy-terminal Sbh2p fragments.