Les métamatériaux sont des matériaux artificiels présentant des propriétés que l’on neretrouve pas dans les matériaux naturels. Il s’agit en général de matériaux compositesconstitués de résonateurs dont la réponse intense permet l’obtention de propriétés uniques.Cette thèse est consacrée à la fabrication et à l’étude de métamatériaux électromagnétiquespour une utilisation dans la gamme de fréquences du spectre visible. Nos matériaux sont desassemblages denses de nanoparticules coeur écorce. Le coeur métallique d’or présente unerésonance plasmon dans le visible et l’écorce de silice permet de contrôler les couplagesinterparticulaires. Les matériaux sont réalisés par une méthode dérivée de la technique deLangmuir-Blodgett et par microévaporation. Les propriétés optiques des matériaux sontétudiées par ellipsométrie spectroscopique. Nous avons mis en évidence la présence d’uncouplage fort avec le substrat de silicium permettant l’obtention d’indice réfraction n < 0,5dans le cas du système le plus fortement couplé. Nous avons décrit un phénomèned’extinction topologique pouvant être mis à profit pour la fabrication de capteurs ultrasensibles.Nous avons également synthétisé des nanoparticules présentant un coeur de silicechargé de molécules fluorescentes encapsulé d’une écorce d’or dont l’étude a permis unemeilleure compréhension du phénomène de compensation de perte. / Metamaterials are artificial materials exhibiting novel properties that are not found in naturalmaterials. Metamaterials are usually composite materials which contain artificial resonatorswhose intense response generates unique properties. This thesis is dedicated to the fabricationand characterization of electromagnetic metamaterials which are designed to be used atoptical frequency. Our materials are dense assemblies of core-shell nanoparticles. Corenanoparticles exhibit a plasmon resonance in the visible and the silica shell is used to controlthe interparticle coupling. The materials are made by a method derived from the Langmuir-Blodgett technique and by microevaporation. The optical properties of the materials werestudied by spectroscopic ellipsometry. We have demonstrated the presence of a strongcoupling with the silicon substrate which allows for a refractive index value of n <0.5, in thecase of the most coupled system. We have also described a topological extinctionphenomenon that can be exploited for the production of ultra-sensitive sensors. Finally, wesynthesized silica nanoparticles containing fluorescent molecules that are encapsulated with agold shell whose study has allowed for a better understanding of loss compensationphenomenon.

L’utilisation systématique d’une théorie dite de Cauchy conduit souvent à des simplifications trop fortes de la réalité. En effet, certaines caractéristiques de la microstructure sont implicitement négligées dans ces approches. Des matériaux possèdent des microstructures à une échelle assez grande (micron, millimètre, centimètre), dont l’effet se répercute sur le comportement macroscopique. Le modèle de Cauchy est insuffisant pour décrire leur comportement global spécifique, lié par exemple à la concentration d’efforts ou de déformations, ou à des modes de déformations caractérisés par de forts gradients locaux induisant des comportements liés à ce qui se passe à des échelles plus petites. Un des domaines d’application les plus prometteurs des théories de milieux continus enrichis concerne les renforts tissés de composites. Cette classe de matériaux est constituée par le tissage de mèche, dont les rigidités sont très différentes en traction et en cisaillement : les mèches sont très raides en traction mais l’angle entre deux mèches peut varier très facilement. Ce contraste très marqué des propriétés mécaniques de la mesostructure du matériau permet de décrire ses propriétés homogénéisées dans le cadre d’une théorie de deuxième gradient. La manifestation macroscopique de la mesostructure peut en effet jouer un rôle majeur lors de la mise en forme des renforts de composites. Les modèles de Cauchy ne sont pas adaptés à la description de la réponse dynamique de certains matériaux microstructurés montrant des comportements dispersifs ou des band-gaps. Les théories de milieux continus enrichis sont de bonnes candidates pour modéliser les effets de la présence d’une microstructure. Elles peuvent également posséder des propriétés très particulières vis à vis de la propagation d’ondes, ce qui confère aux structures résultantes des solutions de choix comme écran ou absorbeur d’ondes qui peuvent innovantes dans le domaine du contrôle des vibrations ou dans le domaine de la furtivité. / The systematic use of a so-called Cauchy theory sometimes leads to an oversimplification of reality. Indeed, certain characteristics of the microstructure are implicitly neglected in these approaches. However, even if all the materials are heterogeneous on a sufficiently small scale and therefore possess a microstructure, this does not necessarily induce a specific behavior on a macroscopic scale. In this case, the Cauchy theory would be perfectly adapted to their description. On the other hand, other materials possess microstructures on a large-enough scale (micron, millimeter, centimeter), whose effects have repercussions on macroscopic behavior. The Cauchy model is then insufficient to describe their specific global behavior related to what occurs at smaller scales, e.g. concentration of forces or deformations, or strong local gradients. One of the most promising fields of application of enriched continuous theories concerns the study of the mechanical behavior of woven composite reinforcements. This class of materials, made up by weaving yarns (made up themselves of many thinner fibers), possess very different rigidities in tension and in shear: the yarns are very stiff in tension but the angle between two yarns can vary very easily. This very marked contrast of material mechanical properties makes it necessary to describe its homogenized properties within the framework of a second gradient theory (or a constrained micromorphic one). Cauchy models are also not well-suited for the description of the dynamic response of certain microstructured materials showing dispersive behaviors or band-gaps. Enriched continuous theories (and in particular the relaxed micromorphic model) can be good candidates for modeling these materials in a more precise and realistic way, since they can include the macroscopic manifestation of their microstructure. These microstructured materials may have original properties, to improve and optimize the responses of the structures that use them. Indeed, these structures are designed using such microstructured materials - also known as metamaterials - to exhibit improved strengths, shaping facilities, minimized weights, and much more. They can also possess innovative properties in the field of vibration control or in the field of stealth technology.

Ce travail de thèse, qui se rattache au domaine des composants télécom, concerne l’étude de composants passifs élémentaires constitués de lignes de transmission coplanaires alliant ferrite et métamatériaux. Ces composants sont susceptibles de réaliser de nouvelles fonctions en électronique des hautes fréquences en combinant plusieurs phénomènes comme ceux de non réciprocité, des comportements main droite – main gauche et l’agilité en fréquence. Les applications visées portent sur un grand champ de composants microondes comme des antennes, des isolateurs, déphaseurs, coupleurs, filtres - agiles et performants. La modélisation, la fabrication et la caractérisation de ces composants ont été effectuées dans le cadre d’une collaboration entre l’INL et le LT2C. Les outils mis en œuvre dans ce travail comprennent la réalisation de ces composants en salle blanche, leur caractérisation en hyperfréquences (en général jusqu’à 20 GHz), leur simulation par un logiciel commercial de simulation par éléments finis (COMSOL) ainsi que le développement de techniques d’extraction de paramètres (Matlab). La mise en œuvre de ces outils a permis d’appréhender le comportement de ces lignes en termes de constante de propagation et de diagramme de dispersion. Sur le plan pratique, des composants inductifs et/ou capacitifs (capacités à fente ou interdigitées) ont été intégrés à des lignes de transmission coplanaires sur 2 types de substrats. Le premier substrat, diélectrique (Al203), sert de référence, tandis que le second est ferrimagnétique (YIG ou Y3Fe5O12) et présente un effet de non-réciprocité de la propagation du signal dans la configuration retenue. Sur alumine, les valeurs des capacités et des inductances intégrées atteignent 80 fF et 400 pH respectivement. Sur YIG, à partir d’études paramétriques originales sur différentes topologies de structures de test, les effets de non réciprocité attendus ainsi que les phénomènes de résonance gyromagnétique ont bien été mis en évidence. La simulation électromagnétique des structures est validée par un accord correct entre simulations et mesures. Il ressort de cette étude que la non réciprocité d’une ligne sur YIG chargée par des inductances parallèles peut être améliorée jusqu’à 15 dB environ par rapport à une simple ligne coplanaire sur YIG pour certaines bandes de fréquences. Enfin l’agilité en fréquence de la structure de bande des lignes CRLH est établie. Ces travaux ouvrent de très intéressantes perspectives pour le développement de nouveaux composants microondes et sont susceptibles de constituer un socle solide pour une suite des activités dans cette thématique. / In this thesis we studied some passive components based on metamaterials. Our goal was to assess the physical properties of CRLH lines combined with a ferrite substrate. When the CRLH TLs are integrated with ferrite substrate, new properties based on the “CRLH” structure and nonreciprocity of ferrite can be obtained. Samples were processed on dielectric substrate (alumina) as well as on YIG substrate, according to fabrication steps which are described in this work. These samples have been characterized, in particular for the YIG substrate, with and without a magnetic polarization field. 3D Finite element simulation was used to get the scattering parameters. Lastly, dispersion diagrams were extracted from both measured and simulated data.We can get nonreciprocity by modeling the ferrite substrate, and “left-handed” property by modeling the structure of CRLH. The first chapter of this manuscript focus on theories of microwave transmission lines, coplanar waveguides, magnetic materials and metamaterials. In the second chapter, we designed and implemented conventional CPW components as well as stand-alone capacitors and inductors on alumina substrate. We completed the fabrication process in NANOLYON. Then the simulations in software COMSOL, and the analytical modelling approaches in Matlab are presented. The measured, simulated and analytical S parameters are given, the corresponding propagation constants of CPW, the extracted values of capacitance and inductance are given and discussed. The CPW components on ferrite are introduced in the third chapter. Firstly, different kinds of ferrite and the fabrication of components are presented. Then the modelling of permeability of ferrite material is detailed, and implemented in the 3D finite element simulation. The nonreciprocity is studied using CPW components based on ferrite BaM and YIG. For CPW on ferrite substrate, the measured and simulated S parameters, as well as propagation constant are given. In chapter four, the modelling of CRLH transmission line and the CRLH transmission line theory were presented. Examples of balanced and unbalanced CRLH TL are presented and the dispersion diagram is given. Then a parametric study of the components realized on alumina and on YIG has been driven. The geometric parameters were the left-handed inductances, left-handed capacitances and the length of the CPW separating them (CPW2). Both experimental and simulated scattering parameters are shown and the corresponding propagation constants are given. That enables to identify the different frequency bands: left-handed band, right-handed band and bandgap. Moreover, we establish that the band structure of these components can be tuned with the magnetic applied field.

The design, modeling, fabrication, and validation of an optical magnetic response in dielectric-based metamaterials are studied. These metamaterials consist of either periodic or random arrays of dielectric particle inclusions, which may be spheres, coated spheres, or completely randomly shaped. It is demonstrated that because of the simple particle shapes and dielectric materials, these metamaterials are quite easy and feasible to implement in a bulk, three-dimensional sample, and the response is isotropic. This in is contrast to other predominant designs of optical metamaterials, which are planar and anisotropic arrays of complicated metallic fishnet or split-ring resonator structures, which require stringent tolerances and sophisticated assembly. It is shown that SiC is one of many materials from which such infrared magnetic metamaterials can be constructed. A simple SiC powder is used to verify these claims. The milled micropowder of crystalline SiC is comprised of particles of random shapes and sizes. A model of the electromagnetic response of such powders is developed, whereby the induced magnetic dipole response is modeled by equivalently-sized spheres of SiC, whereas the electric dipole response is modeled by a continuous distribution of ellipsoidal particles. Infrared spectroscopic measurements and numerical calculations are performed, verifying both the magnetic and electric response of the powder. A alternate approach is also described, where uniform SiC microspheres are fabricated using more sophisticated nanochemical techniques. In the final portion of the dissertation, the mutual near-field coupling between ideal magnetic dipoles induced in dielectric spheres is studied. This is implemented for microwave frequencies using large permittivity ceramic spheres. An approximate coupled dipole model of the multiple scattering among the spheres is developed, and a transition matrix method is implemented to calculate the exact scattering by the clusters. Experimental measurements are performed, confirming the two models. The results for pairs, chains, and rings of spheres indicates that the magnetic dipole modes hybridize in analogy to atomic bonding. A notable result is that certain hybridized magnetic dipole modes may have a net electric dipole moment. The similarity to atomic and molecular bonding should prove useful in conceptualizing and designing more sophisticated metamaterials.

The design, modeling, fabrication, and validation of an optical magnetic response in dielectric-based metamaterials are studied. These metamaterials consist of either periodic or random arrays of dielectric particle inclusions, which may be spheres, coated spheres, or completely randomly shaped. It is demonstrated that because of the simple particle shapes and dielectric materials, these metamaterials are quite easy and feasible to implement in a bulk, three-dimensional sample, and the response is isotropic. This in is contrast to other predominant designs of optical metamaterials, which are planar and anisotropic arrays of complicated metallic fishnet or split-ring resonator structures, which require stringent tolerances and sophisticated assembly. It is shown that SiC is one of many materials from which such infrared magnetic metamaterials can be constructed. A simple SiC powder is used to verify these claims. The milled micropowder of crystalline SiC is comprised of particles of random shapes and sizes. A model of the electromagnetic response of such powders is developed, whereby the induced magnetic dipole response is modeled by equivalently-sized spheres of SiC, whereas the electric dipole response is modeled by a continuous distribution of ellipsoidal particles. Infrared spectroscopic measurements and numerical calculations are performed, verifying both the magnetic and electric response of the powder. A alternate approach is also described, where uniform SiC microspheres are fabricated using more sophisticated nanochemical techniques. In the final portion of the dissertation, the mutual near-field coupling between ideal magnetic dipoles induced in dielectric spheres is studied. This is implemented for microwave frequencies using large permittivity ceramic spheres. An approximate coupled dipole model of the multiple scattering among the spheres is developed, and a transition matrix method is implemented to calculate the exact scattering by the clusters. Experimental measurements are performed, confirming the two models. The results for pairs, chains, and rings of spheres indicates that the magnetic dipole modes hybridize in analogy to atomic bonding. A notable result is that certain hybridized magnetic dipole modes may have a net electric dipole moment. The similarity to atomic and molecular bonding should prove useful in conceptualizing and designing more sophisticated metamaterials.

Wavelength-tunable optical response from solid-state optoelectronic devices is a desired feature for a variety of applications such as spectroscopy, laser emission tuning, and telecommunications. Nonlinear optical response, on the other hand, has an important role in modern photonic functionalities, including efficient frequency conversions, all-optical signal processing, and ultrafast switching. This study presents the development of optical devices with wavelength tunable or nonlinear optical functionality based on plasmonic effects. For the first part of this study, widely wavelength tunable optical bandpass filters based on the unique properties of long-range surface plasmon polaritons (LR SPP) are presented. Planar metal stripe waveguides surrounded by two different cladding layers that have dissimilar refractive index dispersions were used to develop a wide wavelength tuning. The concept was demonstrated using a set of index-matching fluids and over 200nm of wavelength tuning was achieved with only 0.004 of index variation. For practical application of the proposed concept, a thermo-optic polymer was used to develop a widely tunable thermo-optic bandpass filter and over 220 nm of wavelength tuning was achieved with only 8 ºC of temperature variation. Another novel approach to produce a widely wavelength tunable optical response for free-space optical applications involves integrating plasmonic metasurfaces with quantum-electronic engineered semiconductor layers for giant electro-optic effect, which is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in the second part of this study. Coupling of surface plasmon modes formed by plasmonic nanoresonators with Stark tunable intersubband transitions in multi-quantum well structures induced by applying bias voltages through the semiconductor layer was used to develop tunable spectral responses in the mid-infrared range. Experimentally, over 310 nm of spectral peak tuning around 7 μm of wavelength with 10 ns response time was achieved. As the final part of this study, highly nonlinear metasurfaces based on coupling of electromagnetically engineered plasmonic nanoresonators with quantum-engineered intersubband nonlinearities are proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In the proof-of-concept demonstration, an effective nonlinear susceptibility over 50 nm/V was measured and, after further optimization, over 480 nm/V was measured for second harmonic generation under normal incidence. The proposed concept shows that it is possible to engineer virtually any element of the nonlinear susceptibility tensor of the nonlinear metasurface. / text

L ’intérêt des nano-particules pour le domaine de l ’optique visible a été suscité lors du premier rapport rédigé par Faraday en 1857 et qui a initié les bases de la production de nanoparticules métalliques en vue de leur propriété optiques inattendues (coloration des solutions). Plus récemment, le contrôle et le guidage de la lumière basés sur l’excitation de résonance plasmon dans les nanostructures a permis beaucoup d’applications liées à la vie quotidienne et impliquant la lumière. La résonance plasmonique de structures métalliques estun phénomène essentiel qui conduit à des propriétés optiques uniques à travers l’interaction de la lumière avecles électrons libres du métal. L’excitation de la résonance plasmon localisé (LSPR) permet d’exalter localement l’énergie électromagnétique comme dans le cas des nano-antennes mais aussi d’acheminer la lumière à travers des canaux de dimensions sub-l sur de grandes distances distances grâce à l’excitation du Plasmonde Surface Propagatif (PSP). Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons étendu un algorithme existant afin de calculer la réponse optique (sections efficaces de diffusion et d’absorption) de NPs ayant une forme géométrie quelconque. Ce type de NP anisotrope (vis-à-vis de la polarisation incidente) peut présenter à la résonance plasmonique une section efficace de diffusion 25 fois supérieure à celle géométrique. De plus, une étude systématique importante a été effectuée afin d’optimiser la géométrie de tels Nps.En ce qui concerne la PSP qui est impliqué dans la transmission exaltée à travers les matrices d’ouvertures annulaires AAA, nous avons entrepris une étude systématique des propriétés de l’excitation du mode particul particulier sans coupure de ces nano - guides. Il s’agit du mode Transverse Electrique et Magnétique (TEM). Une étude numérique complète est alors effectuée pour correctement concevoir la structure avant qu’elle ne soit expérimentalement fabriquée et caractérisée. Pour palier certaines contraintes expérimentale, une structure inclinée est proposée et étudiée dans le cas d’un métal parfaitement conducteur. Nous avons démontrée numériquement et analytiquement certaines propriétés intrinsèques de la structure montrant un coefficient de d’au moins 50% d’un faisceau incident non polarisé indépendamment des conditions d’éclairage (polarisation,angle et plan d’incidence). Lorsque le mode TEM est excité, le flux laminaire de l’énergie à travers la structure présente une déviation géante sur de très petites distances inférieures à la longueur d’onde. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse pourraient être considérés comme une contribution importante à la compréhension du phénomène de transmission exaltée basé sur l’excitation de ce type de mode guidé. / The release of the rst report by Faraday in 1857 set the foundation of the production of metal nanoparticlesand their unexpected optical properties (coloring). More recently, controlling and guiding light via plasmonicresonance in nanostructures enable a lot of applications affecting everyday life that involves light. Plasmonresonance of metallic structures is a key phenomenon that allows unique optical properties through the interactionof light with the free electrons of the metal. The excitation of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance(LSPR) leads to turn-on large local enhancements of electromagnetic energy as within antennas or to routelight as waveguide to desired region with high transmission through the excitation of Propagating SurfacePlasmon (PSP). During this thesis, we have developed an existing algorithm in order to calculate the opticalresponse of NPs of any shape. We have especially determined the localized energy enhancement factor interm of optical response of nano-antenna. This anisotropic (polarization dependent) NPs type can feature, atplasmon resonance, scattering efciency factor higher than 25. Moreover, an important systematic study hasbeen performed in order to optimize design of such NPs.Concerning the PSP that are involved in the enhanced transmission through Annular Aperture Arrays (AAAs),we systematically study the properties of the excitation of the peculiar Transverse ElectroMagnetic (TEM) guidedmode inside such nano-apertures. A complete numerical study is performed to correctly design the structurebefore it is experimentally characterized. For reasons associated to fabrication constraints and efciency,a slanted AAA made in perfectly conducting metal is proposed and studied. We numerically and analyticallydemonstrate some intrinsic properties of the structure showing a transmission coefcient of at least 50%ofan un-polarized incident beam independently of the illumination configuration (polarization, angle, and planeof incidence). At the TEM peak transmission, the laminar flow of the energy through the structure can exhibitgiant deviation over very small distances ( ). The results presented in this thesis could be considered as animportant contribution to the understanding of the enhanced transmission phenomenon based on the excitationof guided modes

Ce travail de thèse se décompose en deux parties. Tout d'abord, nous présentons une nouvelle technique de focalisation d'ondes avec un seul émetteur en cavité réverbérante (FIM) en profitant d'un algorithme inspiré du filtre inverse. Via l'étude expérimentale de cavités réverbérantes dans le domaine des ultrasons, nous démontrons la capacité du FIM à optimiser la focalisation quelle que soit le type de cavité (de type ergodique ou non). Dans une deuxième partie, la propagation d'ondes élastiques dans un système formé par un ensemble de tiges d'aluminium collées sur une plaque mince de même nature, est étudiée. Ces tiges (résonateurs quasi-ponctuels) sont arrangées de façon périodique ou aléatoire sur une échelle sub-longueur d'onde. Le métamatériau ainsi constitué révèle la présence de larges bandes de fréquences interdites. De plus, la coexistence de résonances de flexion et de compression dans les résonateurs, ajoutée à la présence d'une conversion d'une partie de l'énergie du mode A0 vers le mode S0 dans la plaque, crée une grande complexité du champ d'onde. C'est ce qui fait de ce type de métamatériau, des objets tout à fait singuliers à l'échelle mésoscopique. / This thesis is divided into two parts. First, we present a new technique for focusing waves with one emitter in reverberant cavity (OCIF) inspired by inverse filter algorithm. Through the experimental study of reverberant cavities in the field of ultrasound, we demonstrate the ability of the OCIF to optimize the focusing no matter what type of cavity (ergodic type or not). In a second part, we investigate the propagation of elastic waves in a system formed by a set of aluminum rods glued to a thin plate of the same material. These rods form a set of quasi-punctual resonators in the propagation plane of waves. It is possible to arrange them periodically or randomly on a subwavelength scale. The metamaterial thus formed shows a complex wave field within it, including the presence of wide prohibited frequency ranges (bandgaps). The experimental and numerical approaches described in this manuscript show the existence of both flexural and compressional resonances in the resonators. Added to the presence of a conversion of a portion of the energy from the $A0$ Lamb mode to the $S0$ one in the plate, such a complexity makes this type of metamaterials, quite unusual objects at the mesoscopic scale.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ManoelBLA.pdf: 2395577 bytes, checksum: 6394225c6ebbbdad59d4fa162aa97882 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This paper presents a theoretical and numerical analysis of the parameters of a rectangular microstrip antenna with metamaterial substrate. The metamaterial (MTM) theory was applied along with Transverse Transmission Line (LTT) method to characterize substrate quantities and obtain the general equations of the electromagnetic fields. A study on metamaterial theory was conducted to obtain the constructive parameters, which were characterized through permittivity and permeability tensors to arrive at a set of electromagnetic equations. Electromagnetic principes are used to obtained parameters such as complex resonance frequency, bandwidth and radiation pattern were then obtained. Different metamaterial and antenna configurations were simulated to miniaturize them physically and increase their bandwidth, the results of which are shown through graphics. The theoretical computational analysis of this work proved to be accurate when compared to other studies, and may be used for other metamaterial devices. Conclusions and suggestions for future work are also proposed / Este trabalho apresenta a an?lise te?rica e num?rica dos par?metros de uma antena de microfita tipo patch retangular sobre substrato metamaterial. Para isso, ? aplicada a teoria de metamateriais - MTM, em conjunto com o m?todo da Linha de Transmiss?o Transversa - LTT, para a caracteriza??o das grandezas do substrato e obten??o das equa??es gerais dos campos eletromagn?ticos. ? realizado um estudo acerca da teoria de metamateriais com o intuito de obter seus par?metros construtivos, os mesmos s?o caracterizados atrav?s de tensores permissividade e permeabilidade. Essa teoria ? aplicada ao m?todo da Linha de Transmiss?o Transversa chegando-se ?s equa??es gerais para os campos eletromagn?ticos da antena. Em seguida s?o utilizados princ?pios da teoria eletromagn?tica para obter-se caracter?sticas como: freq??ncia de resson?ncia complexa, diagramas de radia??o e largura de banda. S?o simulados diferentes configura??es de metamateriais e antenas com o intuito de miniaturizar as dimens?es f?sicas e aumentar a largura de banda das mesmas, os resultados s?o apresentados atrav?s de gr?ficos. A an?lise te?rica computacional deste trabalho se mostra precisa, em compara??o a outros, podendo ser empregado em dispositivos que utilizem metamateriais como substratos. Ao final s?o apresentadas conclus?es e sugest?es para trabalhos futuros

O espalhamento de ondas eletromagnéticas por partículas isoladas, com propriedades ópticas e formatos arbitrários, encontra aplicações nas mais diversas áreas do conhecimento. Usualmente, o espalhamento eletromagnético é investigado via grandezas auferidas na região de campo distante. Para partículas inomogêneas, no entanto, as ressonâncias nas seções de choque de espalhamento podem não corresponder a um aumento de intensidade do campo eletromagnético nas vizinhanças imediatas da partícula (região de campo próximo). Esse efeito pode ser induzido em nanopartículas dielétricas com revestimentos plasmônicos e foi recentemente explicado em termos da ressonância de Fano. Essa ressonância resulta da interferência entre um modo eletromagnético não ressonante (processo de fundo) e um modo discreto ressonante (ressonância de plásmon), produzindo um formato assimétrico de linha espectral. Para o entendimento de como os modos de superfície no campo próximo acoplam-se às ressonâncias nas seções de choque, é necessário o cálculo de funcionais dos campos eletromagnéticos internos às partículas ou em suas vizinhanças imediatas. Neste estudo, calculamos a energia eletromagnética no interior de centros espalhadores nas geometrias esférica e cilíndrica. Fazemos aqui o vínculo dos campos internos às grandezas de espalhamento no campo distante via seção de choque de absorção e conservação de energia. Aplicamos nossos resultados a metamateriais dispersivos, estudando as propriedades do espalhamento por esferas revestidas e por esferas quirais, no regime de refração negativa, e por cilindros revestidos sob incidência oblíqua de radiação. Mediante a energia interna às partículas, demonstramos novos efeitos de aumento de intensidade de campo interno fora da ressonância de espalhamento e fornecemos resultados analíticos para a análise dessas ressonâncias, tanto em espalhamento simples quanto múltiplo. / Electromagnetic wave scattering by single particles with both shapes and optical properties arbitrary finds applications in several areas of knowledge. Usually, the electromagnetic scattering is investigated via measured quantities in the far-field region. However, for inhomogeneous particles, resonances in scattering cross sections may not correspond to the electromagnetic field enhancement in the vicinity of a particle (near-field). This effect can be induced in dielectric nanoparticles with plasmonic coatings, and it has recently been explained in terms of the Fano resonance. The Fano resonance results from the interference between a non-resonant electromagnetic mode (background or continuous) and a resonant discrete mode (localized plasmon resonance), leading to an asymmetric lineshape. To understand how the surface modes in the near-field are connected to the cross section resonances, functionals of the electromagnetic fields within scatterers or in their vicinity are required. In this study, we calculate the electromagnetic energy inside scatterers in both cylindrical and spherical geometries. We obtain a connection between the internal energy and the scattering quantities in the far-field via absorption cross section and energy conservation. We apply our results to dispersive metamaterials, studying scattering properties of coated and chiral spheres in the negative refraction regime, and coated cylinders under oblique incidence of radiation. By the electromagnetic energy inside particles, we demonstrate new off-resonance field enhancement effects and provide analytical tools to analyze these resonances in both single and multiple scattering regimes.