This study characterizes B vitamin supplement use prior to and during pregnancy, changes in dietary one-carbon nutrient intakes (folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, choline, betaine and methionine) and most significant dietary sources. In Canadian women (Toronto, Ontario) supplemental (n=364) and dietary intakes (using a food frequency questionnaire) (n=290) were assessed during early and late pregnancy. Majority reported using a B vitamin-containing supplement prior (60%) to and during early (93%) and late (89%) pregnancy. Median supplemental intakes of folic acid, B12 and B6 were 1000 µg/d, 2.6 µg/d and 1.9 mg/d, respectively. Dietary one-carbon nutrient intakes did not change appreciably between early and late pregnancy. Most significant sources of folate and B6 were fruits and vegetables, of folic acid were cereals and grains and of B12 were dairy and egg products. Overall, this study provides novel information about one-carbon nutrient intakes in pregnancy which are crucial in maternal and child health.

Epilepsy is a common neurological disease affecting 6 million people in Europe. Early prevention and accurate diagnosis and treatment are of importance to obtain seizure freedom. In this thesis new applications of carbon-11-labelled tracers in PET and autoradiographic studies were explored in focal epilepsy. Patients with low-grade gliomas often experience epileptic seizures. A retrospective PET-study assessing seizure activity, metabolic rate measured with 11C-methionine and other known prognostic factors was performed in patients with glioma. No correlation was found between seizure activity and uptake of methionine. The presence and termination of early seizures was a favourable prognostic factor. Activation of the neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor by substance P (SP) induces epileptic activity. PET with the NK1 receptor antagonist GR205171 was performed in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and healthy controls. In TLE patients an increased NK1 receptor availability was found in both hemispheres, most pronounced in anterior cingulate gyrus ipsilateral to seizure onset. A positive correlation between NK1 receptors and seizure frequency was observed in ipsilateral medial structures consistent with an intrinsic network using the NK1-SP receptor system for transmission of seizure activity. The uptake of 18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG) is related to cerebral blood flow (CBF). Previously, methods to estimate blood flow from dynamic PET data have been described. A retrospective study was conducted in 15 patients undergoing epilepsy surgery investigation, including PET with 11C-FDG and 11C-Flumazenil (FMZ). The dynamic FMZ dataset and pharmacokinetic modeling with a multilinear reference tissue model were used to determine images of relative CBF. Agreement between data of FDG and CBF was analyzed showing a close association between interictal brain metabolism and relative CBF. Epilepsy often occurs after traumatic brain injuries. Changes in glia and inhibitory neuronal cells contribute to the chain of events leading to seizures. Autoradiography with 11C-PK11195, 11C-L-deprenyl and 11C-Flumazenil in an animal model of posttraumatic epilepsy studied the temporal and spatial distribution of microglia, astrocytes and GABAergic neurons. Results showed an instant increase in microglial activity that subsequently normalized, a late formation of astrogliosis and an instant and prolonged decease in GABA binding. The model can be used to visualize pathophysiological events during the epileptogenesis.

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / Atherosclerosis manifests a state of increased oxidative stress characterized by comparable lipid and protein oxidation in the affected arterial wall. While oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) has been extensively studied, increasing attention has been focused recently on oxidation of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and its functional consequences in relation to atherosclerosis. Oxidative modification is thought to generate “dysfunctional” HDL that has lost anti-atherosclerotic activities, including the ability to remove cholesterol from lipid-laden cells. Therefore, there has been much interest in the detection of oxidized HDL. Unfortunately, available methods to detect oxidized HDL are limited at present, in part because oxidative modification of HDL is a complex process and ‘oxidized HDL’ is not a chemically defined entity. What is known however is that conversion of methionine (Met) residues of apolipoprotein (apo) A-I to methionine sulfoxide (MetO) is a process that occurs commonly as HDL undergoes oxidative modification. For example, human apoA-I+16 (containing MetO86 or MetO112) and apoA-I+32 (MetO86 plus MetO112) are generated when apoA-I reacts with lipid hydroperoxides formed as a consequence of the lipoprotein being exposed to 1e−oxidants. The formation of MetO in apoA−I induced by 2e−oxidants (i.e., hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid or myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/chloride system) is associated with an impaired ability of the apolipoprotein to facilitate reactions relevant to reverse cholesterol transport. In addition, a previous study has suggested the plasma content of apoA-I+32 to be increased in certain subjects that have an increased risk to develop cardiovascular disease (CVD). Moreover, the MetO content in circulating, HDL−associated apoA−I is elevated in type 1 diabetes, a disorder commonly associated with increased oxidative stress and a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Therefore, in the present study, an existing HPLC method was applied to HDL samples from the Fletcher−Challenge study, a nested case control study, to test the potential usefulness of MetO-containing apoA-I as a marker of oxidative stress and/or CVD in a general population. Plasma samples whose HDL contained detectable apoA-I+16 and/or apoA-I+32 had significantly elevated levels of F2-isoprostanes, a marker of in vivo lipid oxidation, consistent with MetO-containing apoA-I being a useful marker of in vivo protein oxidation. Despite this however, there was no significant difference between controls and cases in their concentrations of HDL apoA-I+16 and apoA-I+32 or F2-isoprostanes, suggesting that markers of protein and lipid oxidation are not associated with the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in this general population. A limitation of the Fletcher−Challenge study was that only 22% of the 534 HDL samples analyzed contained apoA-I+16 and/or apoA-I+32. In addition, the HPLC−based method used is expensive and time−consuming and may lack the sensitivity needed for apolipoproteins to clinical studies. Thus, a mouse monoclonal anti-human apoA-I+32 antibody (MOA−1) was raised using HPLC−purified apoA-I+32 as immunogen. A sensitive ELISA was then developed using a commercial anti-human apoA-I monoclonal antibody as capture and biotinylated MOA−1 as detection antibody, respectively. The assay detected lipid−free HPLC−purified human apoA-I+32 in a concentration-dependent manner and with a significantly lower limit of detection (i.e., 3 ng/mL) than the HPLC method (1 μg/mL). The ELISA also detected lipid-free apoA-I modified by 2e-oxidants (hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid, peroxynitrite), and HDL oxidized by 1e- or 2e-oxidants and present in buffer or human plasma. Moreover, the extent of recognition of MetO by MOA−1 increased with increasing numbers of MetO in apoA−I, as assessed by the experiments with H2O2−oxidized forms of apoA−I mutants, in which one, two or three Met residues were replaced with Leu. Their detection was concentration-dependent, reproducible, and exhibited a linear response over a physiologically plausible range of concentrations of oxidized HDL. In contrast, MOA-I failed to recognize native apoA-I, native apoA-II, apoA-I modified by hydroxyl radicals or metal ions, or LDL modified by 2e-oxidants. Furthermore, MOA−1 did not detect other Met−containing proteins oxidized by either hypochlorous acid or hydrogen peroxide. Taken together, the results showed that recognition of oxidized proteins by MOA−1 is limited to MetO contained in apoA−I. Finally, in a pilot study, plasma samples obtained from subjects with coronary artery disease (CAD) proven by angiography, and samples from CAD patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were analyzed by the ELISA. The preliminary data obtained showed elevated levels of MetO-containing apoA-I in plasma samples of CAD patients compared to those of corresponding control subjects. Unexpectedly, levels of MetOcontaining apoA-I decreased PCI compared to before PCI. A possible explanation for these results is that HDL−associated apoA−I become displaced by acute phase proteins, such as serum amyloid A, in response to PCI. In summary, the ELISA developed here specifically detects apoA-I containing MetO in HDL and human plasma. As such it may provide a useful tool for investigating the relationship between oxidized HDL and CAD.

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / Atherosclerosis manifests a state of increased oxidative stress characterized by comparable lipid and protein oxidation in the affected arterial wall. While oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) has been extensively studied, increasing attention has been focused recently on oxidation of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and its functional consequences in relation to atherosclerosis. Oxidative modification is thought to generate “dysfunctional” HDL that has lost anti-atherosclerotic activities, including the ability to remove cholesterol from lipid-laden cells. Therefore, there has been much interest in the detection of oxidized HDL. Unfortunately, available methods to detect oxidized HDL are limited at present, in part because oxidative modification of HDL is a complex process and ‘oxidized HDL’ is not a chemically defined entity. What is known however is that conversion of methionine (Met) residues of apolipoprotein (apo) A-I to methionine sulfoxide (MetO) is a process that occurs commonly as HDL undergoes oxidative modification. For example, human apoA-I+16 (containing MetO86 or MetO112) and apoA-I+32 (MetO86 plus MetO112) are generated when apoA-I reacts with lipid hydroperoxides formed as a consequence of the lipoprotein being exposed to 1e−oxidants. The formation of MetO in apoA−I induced by 2e−oxidants (i.e., hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid or myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/chloride system) is associated with an impaired ability of the apolipoprotein to facilitate reactions relevant to reverse cholesterol transport. In addition, a previous study has suggested the plasma content of apoA-I+32 to be increased in certain subjects that have an increased risk to develop cardiovascular disease (CVD). Moreover, the MetO content in circulating, HDL−associated apoA−I is elevated in type 1 diabetes, a disorder commonly associated with increased oxidative stress and a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Therefore, in the present study, an existing HPLC method was applied to HDL samples from the Fletcher−Challenge study, a nested case control study, to test the potential usefulness of MetO-containing apoA-I as a marker of oxidative stress and/or CVD in a general population. Plasma samples whose HDL contained detectable apoA-I+16 and/or apoA-I+32 had significantly elevated levels of F2-isoprostanes, a marker of in vivo lipid oxidation, consistent with MetO-containing apoA-I being a useful marker of in vivo protein oxidation. Despite this however, there was no significant difference between controls and cases in their concentrations of HDL apoA-I+16 and apoA-I+32 or F2-isoprostanes, suggesting that markers of protein and lipid oxidation are not associated with the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in this general population. A limitation of the Fletcher−Challenge study was that only 22% of the 534 HDL samples analyzed contained apoA-I+16 and/or apoA-I+32. In addition, the HPLC−based method used is expensive and time−consuming and may lack the sensitivity needed for apolipoproteins to clinical studies. Thus, a mouse monoclonal anti-human apoA-I+32 antibody (MOA−1) was raised using HPLC−purified apoA-I+32 as immunogen. A sensitive ELISA was then developed using a commercial anti-human apoA-I monoclonal antibody as capture and biotinylated MOA−1 as detection antibody, respectively. The assay detected lipid−free HPLC−purified human apoA-I+32 in a concentration-dependent manner and with a significantly lower limit of detection (i.e., 3 ng/mL) than the HPLC method (1 μg/mL). The ELISA also detected lipid-free apoA-I modified by 2e-oxidants (hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid, peroxynitrite), and HDL oxidized by 1e- or 2e-oxidants and present in buffer or human plasma. Moreover, the extent of recognition of MetO by MOA−1 increased with increasing numbers of MetO in apoA−I, as assessed by the experiments with H2O2−oxidized forms of apoA−I mutants, in which one, two or three Met residues were replaced with Leu. Their detection was concentration-dependent, reproducible, and exhibited a linear response over a physiologically plausible range of concentrations of oxidized HDL. In contrast, MOA-I failed to recognize native apoA-I, native apoA-II, apoA-I modified by hydroxyl radicals or metal ions, or LDL modified by 2e-oxidants. Furthermore, MOA−1 did not detect other Met−containing proteins oxidized by either hypochlorous acid or hydrogen peroxide. Taken together, the results showed that recognition of oxidized proteins by MOA−1 is limited to MetO contained in apoA−I. Finally, in a pilot study, plasma samples obtained from subjects with coronary artery disease (CAD) proven by angiography, and samples from CAD patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were analyzed by the ELISA. The preliminary data obtained showed elevated levels of MetO-containing apoA-I in plasma samples of CAD patients compared to those of corresponding control subjects. Unexpectedly, levels of MetOcontaining apoA-I decreased PCI compared to before PCI. A possible explanation for these results is that HDL−associated apoA−I become displaced by acute phase proteins, such as serum amyloid A, in response to PCI. In summary, the ELISA developed here specifically detects apoA-I containing MetO in HDL and human plasma. As such it may provide a useful tool for investigating the relationship between oxidized HDL and CAD.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2009. / Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine. Title from title screen (viewed Sept. 30, 2009) Includes bibliography. Also available in print form.

Thesis (Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-143). Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations.

Die vorliegende Untersuchung diente, nach der grundlegenden Vorgehensweise im Rahmen des exponentiellen N-Verwertungsmodelles (GEBHARDT 1966, Samadi und Liebert 2008), die Aminosäurewirksamkeit beim Masthähnchen unter spezifischer Fokussierung der schwefelhaltigen Aminosäuren Methionin und Cystein zu bewerten und neue Erkenntnisse zum Idealprotein-Konzept beim Mastgeflügel zu erhalten. Dazu wurden Stoffwechsel- und Wachstumsversuche mit männlichen Ross 308 Broilerküken in jeweils zwei Altersperioden (Starter- und Growerperiode) durchgeführt. Die Beantwortung der komplexen Fragestellung erforderte ein Herangehen in drei separaten Versuchskomplexen, die folgende Zielstellungen umfassten: Untersuchungskomplex I: Ermittlung des NMR (N-Erhaltungsbedarf) und NRmaxT (theoretisches maximales N-Retentionsvermögen) Untersuchungskomplex II: vergleichende Bertachtung der Methioninwirksamkeit zweier Methioninquellen (DL-Methionin (DLM) und 2-Hydroxy-4-methylthiobuttersäure (MHA)) und Ermittlung des Methioninbedarfs in Abhängigkeit vom Met:Cys-Verhältnis Untersuchungskomplex III: Ableitung eines idealen Aminosäurenverhältnisses unter Betrachtung der Aminosäuren Lysin, Threonin, Tryptophan, Arginin, Isoleucin und Valin Folgende Resultate wurden erzielt: NMR und NRmaxT Der in einem N-Bilanzversuch ermittelte N-Erhaltungsbedarf (NMR) für Ross 308 Broiler betrug für die Altersperiode 10. - 20. LT 295 mg/LMkg0,67 pro Tag und für die Altersperiode 25. - 35. LT 313 mg/LMkg0,67 pro Tag. Da die Ergebnisse, des in beiden Altersabschnitten analysierten N-Erhaltungsbedarfes sehr ähnlich waren, wurde der Mittelwert dieser beiden Parameter eruiert. Der durchschnittliche, als Arbeitswert für den täglichen N-Erhaltungsbedarf angenommene NMR betrug, für die unter der Studie betrachtete Genetik, somit 304 mg/LMkg0,67 pro Tag. Die Bewertung des theoretischen Potentials für die tägliche N-Retention (NRmaxT) männlicher Broilerküken der genetischen Herkunft Ross 308 entsprach für die Altersperiode 10. - 20. LT 3991mg/LMkg0,67 pro Tag und 3110 mg/LMkg0,67 pro Tag für die Altersperiode 25. - 35. LT. Die Ergebnisse demonstrierten, dass das genetische Potential zur Proteindeposition wachsender Broiler mit zunehmendem Alter sank. Methionin-Wirksamkeit Gegenüber der Negativkontrolle konnte durch die DL-Methionin- / MHA-Zulagen bzw. DL-Methionin- / MHA-Zulagen in Kombination mit Cystein der tägliche Zuwachs und der Futteraufwand signifikant verbessert werden. Beim Vergleich der relativen Wirksamkeit von DLM und MHA in dieser Arbeit zeigt sich eine Überlegenheit des DLM in allen Mischungen, mit Ausnahme der zweiten Met+Cys-Supplementationsstufe in der Growerperiode, bei der eine Wirksamkeit von 100 erzielt wurde. Die MHA-Wirksamkeit variierte in einem Bereich zwischen 62% und 100% in Abhängigkeit vom Met:Cys-Verhältnis und dem Gehalt an Met bzw. Cys in der Diät. Die Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass mit zunehmendem Anteil an Methionin sowie innerhalb des Methioninlevels ein zunehender Anteil an Cystein in der Diät, die Wirksamkeit von MHA relativ zu DLM senkte. Ableitungen zum täglichen Methioninbedarf Die abgeleiteten Werte zum täglichen Methioninbedarf bezogen sich auf einen Rohproteinansatz von 6 - 10g/d (Starter) bzw. 12 - 20g/d (Grower) und lagen in einem Bereich von: 244 - 498 mg/LMkg0,67pro LT bei einer Met-Wirksamkeit von 157 (Starter, 10. 21. LT) 230 - 500 mg/LMkg0,67pro LT bei einer Met-Wirksamkeit von 196 (Grower, 25. 35. LT) Danach benötigte ein Broiler mit einer mittleren Lebendmasse von 500g zur Realisierung eines täglichen Proteinansatzes von 6 - 10 mg/d eine Zufuhr von 154 313 mg Met/d und ein Broiler mit einer mittleren Lebendmasse von 1800g zur Realisierung eines täglichen Proteinansatzes von 12 20 mg/d eine Zufuhr von 341 742 mg Met/d. Bei einer täglichen Futteraufnahme von 50g bzw. 130g ergaben sich notwendige Aminosäurekonzentrationen im Futter von 0,26 - 0,57% Methionin bzw. 0,31 - 0,63% Methionin. Für die Methioninbedarfswerte zeigte sich eine bestehende Abhängigkeit zum Met:Cys-Verhältnis bzw. Cys-Gehalt der Futtermischung. Ableitungen zum idealen Aminosäurenverhältnis N-Bilanz- und Wachstumsversuche zur Ermittlung der idealen Aminosäurenverhältnisse wurden durchgeführt. Aus den drei N-Bilanzversuchen ergab sich ein ideales Lys:Thr:Trp:Arg:Ile:Val-Verhältnis von 100:61:17:106:59:69 für Broiler in der Altersperiode 10. - 20. LT sowie ein ideales Lys:Thr:Trp:Arg:Ile:Val-Verhältnis von 100:65:17:106:65:82 für Broiler in der Altersperiode 25. - 35. LT. Die Ergebnisse bestätigten die schon für Lys:Thr bekannte Altersabhängigkeit. Neue Aspekte ergaben sich jedoch hinsichtlich Ile und Val, bei denen ebenfalls ein altersbedingter Anstieg relativ zum Lys beobachtet wurde. Unter Mittelwertbildung der beiden Wachstumsversuche ergaben sich folgende Aminosäurenverhältnisse: Lys:Thr:Trp:Arg:Ile:Val von 100:62:18:95:68:72 für Broiler in der Altersperiode 0. - 21. LT und Lys:Thr:Trp:Arg:Ile:Val von 100:73:15:92:73:82 für Broiler in der Altersperiode 21. - 35. LT.

Sabe-se que concentrações elevadas de homocisteína (Hcy) estão associadas com o aumento do risco de doenças cardiovasculares e com o dano celular causado pela formação das espécies ativas de oxigênio (EAO). Sabe-se também que o estrogênio atua como antioxidante não enzimático envolvido na proteção cardiovascular. Foram objetivos deste trabalho avaliar o efeito da homocistinúria sobre parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em tecido cardíaco; e avaliar o efeito da hiperhomocisteinemia (HHcy) sobre parâmetros de estresse oxidativo e hemodinâmicos em ratas com e sem estrogênio. Este trabalho foi divido em 4 experimentos. No experimento 1 foram utilizados 16 animais divididos em 2 grupos (n= 8/grupo): controle e Hcy. Estes animais receberam tratamento crônico do 6° dia ao 28° dia de vida com doses crescentes de Hcy e foram mortos 1 hora após a última dose.No experimento 2 foram utilizados 30 ratos, divididos em 4 grupos: Salina (n=8); Folato (n=6); Hcy (n=9) e Folato+Hcy (n=7). Estes animais receberam ácido fólico e/ou Hcy do 6° ao 28º dias de vida e foram mortos aos 80 dias de vida. No experimento 3, foram utilizados 64 animais divididos em 6 grupos (n= 8/grupo): NAIVE; NAIVE+Hcy; Sham; Sham+Hcy; castrada e castrada+Hcy. Estes animais foram castrados no 50° dia de vida e, após uma semana, receberam tratamento agudo com Hcy de 8 em 8 horas por 72 horas e foram mortos 1 hora após a última dose. No experimento 4, foram utilizados 32 animais divididos em 4 grupos (n= 8/grupo): controle, castrado, metionina e castrado+metionina. Estes animais foram castrados no 70° dia de vida, receberam metionina na água de beber por 30 dias e foram mortos logo após o final do tratamento. No modelo de homocistinúria (experimento 1), não foram observadas alterações na lipoperoxidação (LPO) cardíaca nos ratos com 28 dias. No entanto, as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes SOD e GST estavam aumentadas no grupo Hcy. Como este é um tratamento crônico, provavelmente estas enzimas estão aumentadas de forma a minimizar o dano oxidativo causado pela Hcy. Já no experimento 2, avaliou-se o efeito da Hhcy a longo prazo, em animais com 80 dias. Houve aumento na LPO dos animais tratados com Hcy que foi previnida com a administração de folato. A redução da LPO na presença do folato confirma sua capacidade de minimizar o dano causado pela Hcy. Observamos ainda adiminuição na atividade das enzimas GST e catalase nos animais tratados com Hcy o que resultaria em aumento da concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio no tecido cardíaco. O tratamento com folato previniu a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes. A partir dos resultados encontrados, podemos sugerir que os níveis de Hcy podem ser reduzidos com folato, uma vez que altas doses de folato reduziram consideravelmente os níveis de estresse oxidativo gerado pela Hcy. No modelo de HHcy aguda (experimento 3), o estresse oxidativo cardíaco aumentou em função da administração de Hcy no grupo sem estrogênio. Este resultado se correlaciona positivamente com a pressão arterial (PA), ou seja, os animais com maior LPO também apresentaram uma maior PA. Este efeito não foi observado nos grupos com níveis estrogênicos fisiológicos. Acredita-se que estes resultados sejam devidos à proteção antioxidante oferecida pelo estrogênio. Além disso, observamos uma diminuição na atividade da GST nos animais castrados+Hcy, o que pode estar contribuindo para o dano oxidativo observado. Já no modelo de HHcy causado pelo consumo de metionina (experimento 4), observamos um aumento na PDFVE no grupo castrado+metionina que se correlaciona negativamente com os metabólitos do NO. Este resultado mostra que os animais que tiveram disfunção ventricular apresentaram uma menor biodisponibilidade do NO. Neste modelo observamos também um aumento no dano oxidativo cardíaco em função da administração de metionina no grupo sem estrogênio. Este resultado se correlaciona positivamente com a PDFVE, ou seja, os animais com maior LPO também apresentam uma maior pressão ventricular diastólica, indicando uma possível participação do estresse oxidativo na disfunção ventricular. Estes animais ainda apresentaram um aumento na atividade das enzimas antioxidantes GST e GPx no grupo castrado+metionina, sugerindo que o tratamento crônico levou a uma adaptação do sistema antioxidante enzimático na ausência do estrogênio. / It is known that high concentrations of homocysteine (Hcy) are associated with the increase of risk of cardiovascular disease and of cellular damage caused by the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is also known that the estrogen acts as a non enzymatic antioxidant involved in cardiovascular protection. In this work we evaluated the effect of homocystinuria on myocardial oxidative stress parameters, and the effect of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) on the same parameters and also on hemodynamics in rats with and without estrogen. Four experiments were performed. In experiment number one, sixteen animals were divided in 2 groups (n=8/group): control and Hcy. These animals received chronic treatment from the 6th to the 28th day of life with increasing doses of Hcy and were killed one hour after the last dose. In the second experiment, thirty rats were divided into four groups: Saline (n=8); Folate (n=6); Hcy (n=9) and Folate+Hcy (n=7).These animals had received folic acid and/or Hcy from the 6th to the 28th day of life and had been killed with 80 days of life. In the third experiment, fourty eight animals were divided in 6 groups (n=8/group): NAIVE; NAIVE+Hcy; Sham; Sham+Hcy; castrated and castrated+Hcy. These animals were castrated in the 50th day of life and, after one week, they received an acute treatment with Hcy for 72 hours at each eight hours and were killed one hour after the last dose. In the fourth experiment, thirty two animals were divided into four groups (n=8/group): control, castrated, methionine and castrated+methionine. These animals had been castrated in the 70th day of life, and received methionine in drinking water for 30 days and were killed at the end of treatment. In the homocystinuria model (experiment number one), there were no signs of alterations in lipid peroxidation (LPO) in 28 day rats. However, antioxidant enzyme activities of SOD and GST were increased in Hcy group. As this is a chronic treatment, probably these enzymes are increased to minimize the oxidative damage caused by Hcy. In the second experiment, the effect of the homocystinuria was evaluated in animals with 80 days. It was observed an increase in LPO in the animals that had received Hcy, but it returned to control values with folate administration. The reduction of LPO in the presence of folate confirms its capacity of minimize the damage caused by Hcy. We also observedreduction in the enzyme activities of GST and catalase in the animals receiving Hcy, which also returned to the control values with the administration of folate. It is possible that Hcy increases the hydrogen peroxide concnetration in the myocardium of these animals. From the results obtained, we can suggest that the levels of Hcy can be reduced with folate, since high doses of folate had significantly reduced the levels of oxidative stress caused by Hcy. In the acute model of HHcy (experiment number three), myocardial oxidative stress increased due to the administration of Hcy in the group without estrogen. This result has a positive correlation with mean arterial pressure (MAP), that is, the higher LPO, the higher MAP. This effect was not observed in groups with physiological estrogens levels. It is possible that these findings are related to the antioxidant protection offered by estrogen. Moreover, we observed a reduction in the activity of GST in the group castrated+Hcy, which can be contributing for the oxidative damage observed. In the HHcy model caused by the consumption of methionine (experiment number four), we observedThis result has a negative correlation with the nitric oxide metabolites (Nox) showing that the animals that had an increased ventricular diastolic pressure had presented lesser NO bioavailability. In this model we also observed an increase in the myocardial oxidative stress due to the administration of methionine in the group without estrogen. This result has a positive correlation with LVEDP, that is, the animals with enhanced LPO also presented high ventricular diastolic pressure, indicating a possible participation of oxidative stress in ventricular dysfunction. These animals also presented an increase in the activities of GST and GPx in group castrated+methionine, suggesting that chronic treatment with methionine leads to an adaptation of the enzymatic antioxidant system in the absence of the estrogen.

Sabe-se que concentrações elevadas de homocisteína (Hcy) estão associadas com o aumento do risco de doenças cardiovasculares e com o dano celular causado pela formação das espécies ativas de oxigênio (EAO). Sabe-se também que o estrogênio atua como antioxidante não enzimático envolvido na proteção cardiovascular. Foram objetivos deste trabalho avaliar o efeito da homocistinúria sobre parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em tecido cardíaco; e avaliar o efeito da hiperhomocisteinemia (HHcy) sobre parâmetros de estresse oxidativo e hemodinâmicos em ratas com e sem estrogênio. Este trabalho foi divido em 4 experimentos. No experimento 1 foram utilizados 16 animais divididos em 2 grupos (n= 8/grupo): controle e Hcy. Estes animais receberam tratamento crônico do 6° dia ao 28° dia de vida com doses crescentes de Hcy e foram mortos 1 hora após a última dose.No experimento 2 foram utilizados 30 ratos, divididos em 4 grupos: Salina (n=8); Folato (n=6); Hcy (n=9) e Folato+Hcy (n=7). Estes animais receberam ácido fólico e/ou Hcy do 6° ao 28º dias de vida e foram mortos aos 80 dias de vida. No experimento 3, foram utilizados 64 animais divididos em 6 grupos (n= 8/grupo): NAIVE; NAIVE+Hcy; Sham; Sham+Hcy; castrada e castrada+Hcy. Estes animais foram castrados no 50° dia de vida e, após uma semana, receberam tratamento agudo com Hcy de 8 em 8 horas por 72 horas e foram mortos 1 hora após a última dose. No experimento 4, foram utilizados 32 animais divididos em 4 grupos (n= 8/grupo): controle, castrado, metionina e castrado+metionina. Estes animais foram castrados no 70° dia de vida, receberam metionina na água de beber por 30 dias e foram mortos logo após o final do tratamento. No modelo de homocistinúria (experimento 1), não foram observadas alterações na lipoperoxidação (LPO) cardíaca nos ratos com 28 dias. No entanto, as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes SOD e GST estavam aumentadas no grupo Hcy. Como este é um tratamento crônico, provavelmente estas enzimas estão aumentadas de forma a minimizar o dano oxidativo causado pela Hcy. Já no experimento 2, avaliou-se o efeito da Hhcy a longo prazo, em animais com 80 dias. Houve aumento na LPO dos animais tratados com Hcy que foi previnida com a administração de folato. A redução da LPO na presença do folato confirma sua capacidade de minimizar o dano causado pela Hcy. Observamos ainda adiminuição na atividade das enzimas GST e catalase nos animais tratados com Hcy o que resultaria em aumento da concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio no tecido cardíaco. O tratamento com folato previniu a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes. A partir dos resultados encontrados, podemos sugerir que os níveis de Hcy podem ser reduzidos com folato, uma vez que altas doses de folato reduziram consideravelmente os níveis de estresse oxidativo gerado pela Hcy. No modelo de HHcy aguda (experimento 3), o estresse oxidativo cardíaco aumentou em função da administração de Hcy no grupo sem estrogênio. Este resultado se correlaciona positivamente com a pressão arterial (PA), ou seja, os animais com maior LPO também apresentaram uma maior PA. Este efeito não foi observado nos grupos com níveis estrogênicos fisiológicos. Acredita-se que estes resultados sejam devidos à proteção antioxidante oferecida pelo estrogênio. Além disso, observamos uma diminuição na atividade da GST nos animais castrados+Hcy, o que pode estar contribuindo para o dano oxidativo observado. Já no modelo de HHcy causado pelo consumo de metionina (experimento 4), observamos um aumento na PDFVE no grupo castrado+metionina que se correlaciona negativamente com os metabólitos do NO. Este resultado mostra que os animais que tiveram disfunção ventricular apresentaram uma menor biodisponibilidade do NO. Neste modelo observamos também um aumento no dano oxidativo cardíaco em função da administração de metionina no grupo sem estrogênio. Este resultado se correlaciona positivamente com a PDFVE, ou seja, os animais com maior LPO também apresentam uma maior pressão ventricular diastólica, indicando uma possível participação do estresse oxidativo na disfunção ventricular. Estes animais ainda apresentaram um aumento na atividade das enzimas antioxidantes GST e GPx no grupo castrado+metionina, sugerindo que o tratamento crônico levou a uma adaptação do sistema antioxidante enzimático na ausência do estrogênio. / It is known that high concentrations of homocysteine (Hcy) are associated with the increase of risk of cardiovascular disease and of cellular damage caused by the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is also known that the estrogen acts as a non enzymatic antioxidant involved in cardiovascular protection. In this work we evaluated the effect of homocystinuria on myocardial oxidative stress parameters, and the effect of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) on the same parameters and also on hemodynamics in rats with and without estrogen. Four experiments were performed. In experiment number one, sixteen animals were divided in 2 groups (n=8/group): control and Hcy. These animals received chronic treatment from the 6th to the 28th day of life with increasing doses of Hcy and were killed one hour after the last dose. In the second experiment, thirty rats were divided into four groups: Saline (n=8); Folate (n=6); Hcy (n=9) and Folate+Hcy (n=7).These animals had received folic acid and/or Hcy from the 6th to the 28th day of life and had been killed with 80 days of life. In the third experiment, fourty eight animals were divided in 6 groups (n=8/group): NAIVE; NAIVE+Hcy; Sham; Sham+Hcy; castrated and castrated+Hcy. These animals were castrated in the 50th day of life and, after one week, they received an acute treatment with Hcy for 72 hours at each eight hours and were killed one hour after the last dose. In the fourth experiment, thirty two animals were divided into four groups (n=8/group): control, castrated, methionine and castrated+methionine. These animals had been castrated in the 70th day of life, and received methionine in drinking water for 30 days and were killed at the end of treatment. In the homocystinuria model (experiment number one), there were no signs of alterations in lipid peroxidation (LPO) in 28 day rats. However, antioxidant enzyme activities of SOD and GST were increased in Hcy group. As this is a chronic treatment, probably these enzymes are increased to minimize the oxidative damage caused by Hcy. In the second experiment, the effect of the homocystinuria was evaluated in animals with 80 days. It was observed an increase in LPO in the animals that had received Hcy, but it returned to control values with folate administration. The reduction of LPO in the presence of folate confirms its capacity of minimize the damage caused by Hcy. We also observedreduction in the enzyme activities of GST and catalase in the animals receiving Hcy, which also returned to the control values with the administration of folate. It is possible that Hcy increases the hydrogen peroxide concnetration in the myocardium of these animals. From the results obtained, we can suggest that the levels of Hcy can be reduced with folate, since high doses of folate had significantly reduced the levels of oxidative stress caused by Hcy. In the acute model of HHcy (experiment number three), myocardial oxidative stress increased due to the administration of Hcy in the group without estrogen. This result has a positive correlation with mean arterial pressure (MAP), that is, the higher LPO, the higher MAP. This effect was not observed in groups with physiological estrogens levels. It is possible that these findings are related to the antioxidant protection offered by estrogen. Moreover, we observed a reduction in the activity of GST in the group castrated+Hcy, which can be contributing for the oxidative damage observed. In the HHcy model caused by the consumption of methionine (experiment number four), we observedThis result has a negative correlation with the nitric oxide metabolites (Nox) showing that the animals that had an increased ventricular diastolic pressure had presented lesser NO bioavailability. In this model we also observed an increase in the myocardial oxidative stress due to the administration of methionine in the group without estrogen. This result has a positive correlation with LVEDP, that is, the animals with enhanced LPO also presented high ventricular diastolic pressure, indicating a possible participation of oxidative stress in ventricular dysfunction. These animals also presented an increase in the activities of GST and GPx in group castrated+methionine, suggesting that chronic treatment with methionine leads to an adaptation of the enzymatic antioxidant system in the absence of the estrogen.

Bacillus cereus est une bactérie aéro-anaérobie facultative à Gram positif ubiquiste pouvant s’adapter à de nombreux environnements et s’y développer. C’est un agent pathogène de l’homme capable de produire tout un éventail de protéines extracellulaires et de toxines jouant un rôle majeur dans la pathogénicité de ce micro-organisme. B. cereus croit suivant un métabolisme de type respiratoire en aérobiose et fermentaire en anaérobiose en l’absence d’accepteur final d’électrons. En aérobiose, la chaine respiratoire est une source majeure des dérivés réactifs de l'oxygène (ROS) endogènes. En anaérobiose, les ROS endogènes sont générés en réponse au stress oxydant secondaire au stress nutritionnel et au stress réducteur, lorsque les cultures sont réalisées à bas potentiel d’oxydo-réduction (POR). Les résidus méthionines (Met) sont particulièrement sensibles à l’oxydation par les ROS. L’oxydation des Met conduit à la formation de méthionine sulfoxyde (Met(O)), un dérivé oxydé stable détectable par spectrométrie de masse (MS). L'oxydation des résidus Met est réversible : leur réduction est catalysée par des méthionines sulfoxyde réductases (Msr). Pour déterminer le rôle de l’oxydation des résidus Met, nous avons réalisé une étude exhaustive par MS de la dynamique de l’exoprotéome de la souche ATCC 14579 (pBClin 15) de B. cereus en aérobiose (pO2 = 100%) et en anaérobiose (pO2 = 0%) à haut (POR initial = +140 mV) et bas potentiel redox (PORi= -350 mV). Les résultats ont montré que la dynamique des toxines était représentative de la dynamique de l’exoprotéome à la fois en termes d’abondance relative de protéines et d’oxydation des Met dans les trois conditions testées. L’analyse des résultats suggèrent que (i) l’abondance des toxines et leur taux de méthionines oxydés reflètent le niveau d’oxydation cellulaire et (ii) la sécrétion de toxines au cours de la croissance cellulaire contribue au maintien de l'homéostasie redox intracellulaire en piégeant les ROS endogènes, en particulier en phase active de croissance en aérobiose et en fin de croissance en anaérobiose. Pour étayer l’hypothèse selon laquelle, les Met des protéines extracellulaires, et des toxines en particuliers sont des composants de la machinerie cellulaire antioxydante, nous avons construit une souche mutante ne synthétisant plus MsrAB et comparer le protéome et l’exoprotéome de cette souche mutante avec celle de la souche parentale en aérobiose et anaérobiose à haut POR. Cette étude a mis en évidence l’implication de MsrAB mais également du plasmide cryptique pBClin15 dans la sécrétion des toxines et le maintien de l'homéostasie redox intracellulaire / Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive aerobic or facultative anaerobic worldwide-distributed bacterium. In addition, B. cereus is a human pathogen able to produce a range of extracellular enzymes and toxins playing a major role in the virulence of the bacteria. In presence of oxygen, B. cereus performs respiration. Without oxygen or other electron acceptors, it performs mixed-acid fermentation. Under aerobiosis, the respiratory electron transport chain is a major source of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under anaerobiosis, endogenous ROS are generated in response to reductive stress (mainly under high-reductive anaerobiosis) and to starvation (nutrient stress), i.e. in response to secondary oxidative stresses. Methionine residues (Met) of proteins are vulnerable to oxidation by free radicals. Oxidation of Met leads to the formation of methionine sulfoxide (Met (O)), a stable by-product detectable by mass spectrometry (MS). Met(O) can be reduced back to Met by the action of methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr). To determine the role of oxidation of Met residues, B. cereus exoproteome time courses were monitored by MS under low oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) anaerobiosis (initial ORP = +140 mV and pO2 = 0%), high-ORP anaerobiosis (iORP = -350 mV and pO2 = 0%), and aerobiosis (pO2 = 100%). The results indicated that toxin-related proteins were the most representative of the exoproteome changes, both in terms of protein abundance and their Met(O) content in the presence and in the absence of oxygen. The analysis results suggest that (i) the abundance of toxins and their oxidized methionines rates reflect the cellular oxidation level and (ii) the secretion of toxins during growth helps to maintain redox homeostasis by keeping endogenous ROS at bay, during the exponential growth phase under aerobic conditions and at the end of growth under anaerobiosis. To support our hypothesis that Met residues of extracellular proteins, particulars of toxins are components of the cellular machinery antioxidant, we constructed a mutant strain by deleting the gene of MsrAB and compare the cellular proteome and exoproteome of this mutant strain with the wild-type strain under aerobiosis and high-ORP anaerobiosis. This study highlighted the involvement of MsrAB but also pBClin15 plasmid in the secretion of toxins and maintain of the intracellular redox homeostasis.