A presente pesquisa investiga o papel da atividade turística no processo de urbanização contemporâneo da Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza (RMF), com base em uma análise comparativa entre o processo de produção e o consumo do espaço atrelado à lógica industrial e ao turismo. À luz da relação dialética entre espaço e sociedade, apresenta as especificidades do processo de urbanização desigual pretérito, lastro para a compreensão dos impactos socioespacias da modalidade de turismo de \"sol e mar\" no território metropolitano. A relevância da pesquisa se sustenta na necessidade de questionar o papel desempenhado pelo Estado na inclusão do turismo, através de políticas públicas, ações e discursos, como uma atividade estratégica no processo de reestruturação social (econômico, político e cultural-ideológico) do Ceará, com o intuito de se inserir nos fluxos de produção e consumo globalizados, reproduzindo os interesses hegemônicos e repercutindo em novos padrões de desigualdades sócio-espaciais. O método consiste em, com base nas proposições teóricas, dados quantitativos e imagens, avaliar as especificidades da urbanização turística na RMF, analisando o processo de estruturação e expansão metropolitana, bem como a urbanização precária desencadeada pela atividade turística; as intervenções de infraestrutura; os impactos no litoral de Fortaleza e na RMF; as intervenções urbanas através do desenho urbano e da arquitetura e sua relação com a construção da imagem turística da Metrópole; as articulações com o mercado imobiliário e o fenômeno urbano da segunda residência; as manifestações espaciais dos meios de hospedagens, sobretudo os resorts; bem como a relação com a preservação do meio ambiente. Embora tenha se levantado, como hipótese central, que as transformações espaciais desencadeadas pelas práticas sociais (econômicas, políticas e cultural-ideológicas) do turismo, constituíam o fator hegemônico do processo de urbanização recente da RMF, verificou-se que concorrem para tal realidade, antigas e novas dinâmicas sociais (industriais, terciárias, imobiliárias) que associadas ao turismo exacerbam o processo de segregação socioespacial e justificam o caráter híbrido do processo de metropolização contemporâneo de Fortaleza. / This research investigates the role of tourism in the contemporary process of urbanization of Fortaleza Metropolitan Region, Ceará, Brazil, based on a comparative analysis between the process of production and consumption of space related to the industrial logic and to tourism. Based on the dialectical relationship between space and society, it presents the specific features of the uneven urbanization process occurred in the past, premise for understanding the impacts of socio-spatial tourism of sun and sea modality on the metropolitan territory. The relevance of the research is grounded in the need to question the role played by the State the inclusion of tourism, through public policies, actions and speeches, as a strategic activity in the process of social restructuring (economical, political and cultural-ideological) of Ceará, with the objective to include in the pattern of globalized production and consumption, reproducing the hegemonic interests and reflecting on new patterns of socio-spatial inequalities. The method is based on theoretical propositions, images and quantitative data to evaluate the peculiarities of tourism urbanization in Fortaleza Metropolitan Region, analyzing the process of structuring and metropolitan expansion, as well as the precarious urbanization caused by tourism; infrastructure interventions; impacts on the coast of Fortaleza and its metropolitan area; urban interventions through urban design and architecture and its relation to the construction of the tourist image of Fortaleza; the links between tourism and real estate market and the urban phenomenon of second home; spatial manifestations of the means of accommodation, especially resorts; and the relationship between tourism and environmental preservation. Although it has risen as the central hypothesis that the spatial changes triggered by social practices (economical, political and cultural-ideological) of tourism, were the hegemonic factor of recent urbanization of Fortaleza Metropolitan Region, it was concluded that old and new social dynamics (industrial, tertiary, real estate) contribute to this reality, when associated with tourism, it exacerbates the process of socio-spatial segregation and justifies the hybrid character of the contemporary process of \"metropolization\" of Fortaleza.

A produção arquitetônica de Rem Koolhaas e seu Office for Metropolitan Architecture pode ser considerada, sem o risco de se incorrer em exageros, uma das mais influentes do fim do século XX e início do século XXI. Figuras influentes da arquitetura contemporânea passaram por seu escritório e trabalharam sob sua tutela, diversas publicações dedicam edições inteiras às suas obras e seu reconhecimento internacional torna-se incontestável após ser laureado em 2000 com o prêmio Pritzker. Apesar do reconhecimento, o caminho que Koolhaas trilhou junto a seu escritório desde sua fundação, em 1972, até as primeiras obras concluídas e o reconhecimento da crítica especializada, em 1992, é relativamente desconhecido, com a maior parte do material disponível dispersado em periódicos diversos. Percebe-se também que publicações que analisam projetos do OMA tendem a abordar a obra através de seu valor simbólico ou sócio-econômico, com uma tendência a relacionar diretamente a biografia de Koolhaas e seus textos às formas produzidas. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo organizar, sistematizar e categorizar informações sobre as duas primeiras décadas de produção do OMA—1972 a 1992, coincidindo com o período abordado por Koolhaas em seu tomo S, M, L, XL. Através da análise formal dos projetos, com ênfase nos diferentes tipos de estrutura utilizados em projetos ao longo da carreira do OMA, pretende-se elucidar a transformação das estratégias projetuais do escritório e reiterar a presença da tradição moderna nos projetos de Koolhaas. / Rem Koolhaas and his Office for Metropolitan Architecture projects can be considered, without the risk of exaggeration, one of the most influential body of works of the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st. Influential professionals in contemporary architecture worked at the office and learned from Koolhaas’s teachings, several magazines dedicate entire issues to his works, and his international recognition became indisputable after he was awarded the Pritzker Prize in 2000. Although Koolhaas and his office were internationally recognized, the path that led to this recognition-from its foundation in 1972 to its first works being built and subsequent success with specialized critics in 1992-is relatively unknown, with most of the available material being spread out among different magazines. It is also noteworthy that the critics who analyze Koolhaas’s work projects tend to approach the work through its symbolic or socio-economic value, with a tendency to directly relate the biography of Koolhaas and his texts to the forms of his designs. This dissertation aims to organize, systematize and categorize information on the first two decades of OMA’s production — from 1972 to 1992, coinciding with the period covered by Koolhaas in his book S, M, L, XL. Through a formal analysis of his works, focusing on the different types of structure utilized in projects throughout the years, this dissertation intends to clarify the office’s transformation of design strategies and reaffirm the continuation of the modern tradition present in Koolhaas’s work.

Encrypted data transmission is becoming increasingly more important as information security is vital to modern communication networks. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a promising method based on the quantum properties of light to generate and distribute unconditionally secure keys for use in classical data encryption. Significant progress has been achieved in the performance of QKD point-to-point transmission over a fibre link between two users. The transmission distance has exceeded several hundred kilometres of optical fibre in recent years, and the secure bit rate achievable has reached megabits per second, making QKD applicable for metro networks. To realize quantum encrypted data transmission over metro networks, quantum keys need to be regularly distributed and shared between multiple end users. Optical switching has been shown to be a promising technique for cost-effective QKD networking, enabling the dynamic reconfiguration of transmission paths with low insertion loss. In this thesis, the performance of optically switched multi-user QKD systems are studied using a mathematical model in terms of transmission distance and secure key rates. The crosstalk and loss limitations are first investigated theoretically and then experimentally. The experiment and simulation both show that negligible system penalties are observed with crosstalk of -20 dB or below. A practical quantum-safe metro network solution is then reported, integrating optically-switched QKD systems with high speed reconfigurability to protect classical network traffic. Quantum signals are routed by rapid optical switches between any two endpoints or network nodes via reconfigurable connections. Proof-of-concept experiments with commercial QKD systems are conducted. Secure keys are continuously shared between virtualised Alice-Bob pairs over effective transmission distances of 30 km, 31.7 km, 33.1 km and 44.6 km. The quantum bit error rates (QBER) for the four paths are proportional to the channel losses with values between 2.6% and 4.1%. Optimising the reconciliation and clock distribution architecture is predicted to result in an estimated maximum system reconfiguration time of 20 s, far shorter than previously demonstrated. In addition, Continuous Variable (CV) QKD has attracted much research interest in recent years, due to its compatibility with standard telecommunication techniques and relatively low cost in practical implementation. A wide band balanced homodyne detection system built from modified off-the-shelf components is experimentally demonstrated. Practical limits and benefits for high speed CVQKD key transmission are demonstrated based on an analysis of noise performance. The feasibility of an optically switched CV-QKD is also experimentally demonstrated using two virtualised Alice-Bob pairs for the first time. This work represents significant advances towards the deployment of CVQKD in a practical quantum-safe metro network. A method of using the classical equalization technique for Inter-symbol-interference mitigation in CVQKD detection is also presented and investigated. This will encourage further research to explore the applications of classical communication tools in quantum communications.

A presente pesquisa investiga o papel da atividade turística no processo de urbanização contemporâneo da Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza (RMF), com base em uma análise comparativa entre o processo de produção e o consumo do espaço atrelado à lógica industrial e ao turismo. À luz da relação dialética entre espaço e sociedade, apresenta as especificidades do processo de urbanização desigual pretérito, lastro para a compreensão dos impactos socioespacias da modalidade de turismo de \"sol e mar\" no território metropolitano. A relevância da pesquisa se sustenta na necessidade de questionar o papel desempenhado pelo Estado na inclusão do turismo, através de políticas públicas, ações e discursos, como uma atividade estratégica no processo de reestruturação social (econômico, político e cultural-ideológico) do Ceará, com o intuito de se inserir nos fluxos de produção e consumo globalizados, reproduzindo os interesses hegemônicos e repercutindo em novos padrões de desigualdades sócio-espaciais. O método consiste em, com base nas proposições teóricas, dados quantitativos e imagens, avaliar as especificidades da urbanização turística na RMF, analisando o processo de estruturação e expansão metropolitana, bem como a urbanização precária desencadeada pela atividade turística; as intervenções de infraestrutura; os impactos no litoral de Fortaleza e na RMF; as intervenções urbanas através do desenho urbano e da arquitetura e sua relação com a construção da imagem turística da Metrópole; as articulações com o mercado imobiliário e o fenômeno urbano da segunda residência; as manifestações espaciais dos meios de hospedagens, sobretudo os resorts; bem como a relação com a preservação do meio ambiente. Embora tenha se levantado, como hipótese central, que as transformações espaciais desencadeadas pelas práticas sociais (econômicas, políticas e cultural-ideológicas) do turismo, constituíam o fator hegemônico do processo de urbanização recente da RMF, verificou-se que concorrem para tal realidade, antigas e novas dinâmicas sociais (industriais, terciárias, imobiliárias) que associadas ao turismo exacerbam o processo de segregação socioespacial e justificam o caráter híbrido do processo de metropolização contemporâneo de Fortaleza. / This research investigates the role of tourism in the contemporary process of urbanization of Fortaleza Metropolitan Region, Ceará, Brazil, based on a comparative analysis between the process of production and consumption of space related to the industrial logic and to tourism. Based on the dialectical relationship between space and society, it presents the specific features of the uneven urbanization process occurred in the past, premise for understanding the impacts of socio-spatial tourism of sun and sea modality on the metropolitan territory. The relevance of the research is grounded in the need to question the role played by the State the inclusion of tourism, through public policies, actions and speeches, as a strategic activity in the process of social restructuring (economical, political and cultural-ideological) of Ceará, with the objective to include in the pattern of globalized production and consumption, reproducing the hegemonic interests and reflecting on new patterns of socio-spatial inequalities. The method is based on theoretical propositions, images and quantitative data to evaluate the peculiarities of tourism urbanization in Fortaleza Metropolitan Region, analyzing the process of structuring and metropolitan expansion, as well as the precarious urbanization caused by tourism; infrastructure interventions; impacts on the coast of Fortaleza and its metropolitan area; urban interventions through urban design and architecture and its relation to the construction of the tourist image of Fortaleza; the links between tourism and real estate market and the urban phenomenon of second home; spatial manifestations of the means of accommodation, especially resorts; and the relationship between tourism and environmental preservation. Although it has risen as the central hypothesis that the spatial changes triggered by social practices (economical, political and cultural-ideological) of tourism, were the hegemonic factor of recent urbanization of Fortaleza Metropolitan Region, it was concluded that old and new social dynamics (industrial, tertiary, real estate) contribute to this reality, when associated with tourism, it exacerbates the process of socio-spatial segregation and justifies the hybrid character of the contemporary process of \"metropolization\" of Fortaleza.

O presente trabalho apresenta uma reflexão a respeito da relação entre o planejamento (e construção) de redes de transporte rápido de massa e a produção do espaço urbano. Na busca por critérios de projeto de rede como instrumento de transformação do espaço, recorreu-se ao estudo histórico da formação das redes de Londres e Paris, dois casos notórios. A partir dessas experiências, puderam ser levantados alguns aspectos referentes à contraposição entre dois modelos de traçado presentes na atividade de planejamento de transporte para São Paulo ao longo dos últimos anos. Por fim, uma proposta de rede de transporte de massa para a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo foi ensaiada, a título de exercício, com o fim de complementar a reflexão esboçada e a síntese dos elementos apreendidos. / This research presents a reflection on the relationship between rapid transport network planning (as well as building) and the production of urban space. In the search for network planning criteria as a tool for space transformation, we explored the historical course of London and Paris network formation, two reputable cases. From those experiences, we selected some aspects related to the contrast between two types of layout present in São Paulo transport planning activity over the past years. Finally, as an exercise, we suggest a rapid transit network for the Metropolitan Region of Sao Paulo to supplement the outlined reflection and the element selection synthesis.

This study assessed the influence of landscape development on stream-associated amphibians in forested riparian areas within the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan region. Human alteration of landscapes may dramatically affect the ecology of neighboring aquatic systems. It was hypothesized that lotic amphibians would be negatively associated with greater amounts of landscape development and positively associated with forested area within the surrounding watershed. Thirty-seven 1st-3rd order streams were sampled between June 21st and September 21st in 2011. Streams potentially providing adequate habitat for stream-obligate amphibians were randomly selected. Amphibians were surveyed along 30-meter stream transects using an active-cover search (ACS). Environmental variables associated with development in surrounding landscapes were measured in situ. GIS delineation was conducted to define landscape-scale variables at stratified distances from riparian networks up-stream of each site via the utilization of the 2006 NLCD dataset and a finer-scale, regional dataset compiled by the Institute for Natural Resources (INR). Amphibians were detected at seventeen of the thirty-seven sampled streams. The most commonly detected species were Dicamptadon tenebrosus, Plethadon vehiculum and Plethadon dunni. Streams where amphibians were observed had lower average water temperature and conductivity, coarser stream substrate and were located on public property more often than streams where no amphibians were detected. Landscape variables were most significant to amphibians within 100 and 200 meters of the upstream stream network. Occupancy of a site by facultative species was best explained by the proportion of mixed forest in the surrounding watershed (R2=0.343, p<0.001). Occupancy of a stream by obligate species was best predicted by measurements of water quality and in-stream cover (Water Temperature: R2=0.275, p<0.001; Water Conductivity: R2=0.248, p<0.001; Cover: R2=0.323, p<0.001). Occupancy of stream refugia by all observed amphibians was positively influenced by higher percentages of forest cover and lower percentages of urban development and herbaceous vegetation in the surrounding watershed. Results of this study indicate that urban refugia must contain adequate riparian forest area, coarse stream substrate and clean, cool water to sustain stream-amphibian communities. Protection of remnant forested headwater stream networks is essential to the conservation of lotic amphibians in this urbanized region.

This thesis aims to investigate local conditions of high-tech industry development in the Portland/Vancouver CMSA. To do so, the research proceeds in four major stages. First, it is analyzed how historical factors contributed to the rise of high-tech industries in the CMSA. The second part consists of mapping the distribution pattern of hightech establishments. The U.S. Bureau of Census' County Business Patterns statistics are used to calculate the number of high-tech establishments and employees by branch (SIC code) and county; two high-tech directories help to identify the exact firm locations. Thirdly, an explanatory set of locational factors is established, based on interviews with various regional and local economic development agencies and on a review of relevant economic theories. Finally, the impact of state and local policies on high-tech firm locational decisions is elaborated. The development of high-tech industries in the Portland/Vancouver CMSA can be divided up into three phases. While the first phase (1945 to 1974) is mainly distinguished by local entrepreneurship, the second phase (1975 to 1984) is characterized by an in-migration of high-tech firms headquartered outside the Pacific Northwest. Beginning in 1985 (phase III), Japanese high-tech investment became the most significant growth factor. High-tech establishments are not evenly distributed over the metropolitan area, but their locations are rather marked by distinctive clusters. Recent high-tech industry development is largely a suburban phenomenon, avoiding inner-city areas and the CMSA's eastside with its traditional metalworking industry base. Most Californian and foreign-owned high-tech companies have established only standardized branch production and assembly facilities in the Portland/Vancouver CMSA to take advantage of low business costs. Although the high quality of life enables high-tech firms to recruit easily scientific, engineering, and technical personnel to the CMSA, the majority of companies has not yet set up R&D centers. Main reason is the missing link to a prominent research university nearby. Therefore, state and local policies have shifted their focus from attracting foreign branch plants to improving the quality of educational institutions.

L'action collective métropolitaine des entreprises ordonnatrices de la globalisation. Analyse comparée des stratégies d'influence à Londres et en Ile-de-France / The metropolitan collective action of globalizing companies: a comparative analysis of strategies of influence in the London and Paris regions

Research has indicated that adolescents hold both negative and positive attitudes and have common misconceptions about breastfeeding that appear to result from their limited knowledge and reduced exposure to breastfeeding. The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitudes toward breastfeeding of adolescent male and female secondary school students. The study also sought to elicit information on factors that may influence the decision regarding future infant feeding methods. Self-efficacy theory was the theoretical framework to guide the study. This quantitative descriptive study, using a cross-sectional design, involved consenting secondary school students' completing a self-report questionnaire. The study employed purposive sampling and included 1845 males and females in both year-nine and year-12 at designated metropolitan and rural secondary schools in 2001. Analyses of the data were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (version 10.7). Statistical procedures involved chi-square analysis, Student's independent t-test and univariate analysis of variance. Spearman's rank order correlation coefficient was used to describe the relationship between the secondary school student respondents' knowledge of and their attitudes toward breastfeeding. The study results indicate that overall Western Australian adolescent secondary school students have less than ideal knowledge of breastfeeding which is consistent with findings from other studies. Higher breastfeeding knowledge scores were reported in year-12 for both male and female students. For both year groups, female students had higher breastfeeding knowledge scores than male students. With regards to attitudes toward breastfeeding, students had a tendency for neutral responses to attitude questions. / However, overall and for both year groups, female students were found to be more positive towards breastfeeding than male students. The comparison of rural to metropolitan students found that metropolitan students had higher breastfeeding knowledge and were more positive towards breastfeeding than rural students. The metropolitan students were also more inclined to consider breastfeeding future children than rural students. Consideration of breastfeeding future children was similar for both male and female students. Comparison of the combination of gender, year and site revealed higher breastfeeding knowledge and more positive attitudes to breastfeeding in both rural and metropolitan female year-12 respondents. Sources of efficacy information, particularly persuasion/education, were more prominent in female secondary school respondents than male secondary school respondents when considering factors influencing adolescent attitudes toward breastfeeding. The adolescent's acceptance of gender identity could be argued as a reason for the more positive breastfeeding attitudes in female respondents. Students who were breastfed or exposed to breastfeeding either through role models (ie mothers), reading about breastfeeding, media or family influence had greater knowledge and were more positive towards breastfeeding. This study suggests that breastfeeding and lactation information needs to be addressed in the early years of development in order to increase breastfeeding knowledge and promote positive attitudes. Information pertinent to the health benefits of breastfeeding needs to be included in health and nutrition education and addressed through targeted education programs. / Education and health promotion activities could be guided using the four sources of efficacy information in relation to the benefits of breastfeeding. Opportunities for the role modelling of positive breastfeeding attitudes, and consistent support from the school-based health professionals may assist to reduce the adolescent student's unmet informational needs in relation to breastfeeding. A recommendation from this study is the provision of lactation and breastfeeding education for community-based high school nurses as these health professionals are a key element in health education and health promotion in the school setting.

Accountability has become a key issue in the delivery of human services, and counsellors have been challenged to demonstrate that what they do makes a difference and that what they do meets the needs of the system in which they work. Thus proponents of the consultancy model such as Dinkmeyer (1973) have urged counsellors to move from the crisis-oriented approach in which only a few benefit from counsellor services to a consultative role which involves the counsellor with the total system. In 1979 the author was appointed to the Metropolitan West District of Sydney. This is an area with many social problems such as high unemployment, single parent families and families receiving social welfare benefits. Many students attending school are adversely affected by their home environment. To compound the problem a difference in value systems exists between home and school, which is a source of frustration to both teachers and students. As a result many children were referred for counselling because they were behaviour problems in the classroom. It was not possible for the counsellor to see all the students referred so other strategies needed to be employed. From discussions with teachers concerning the management of students who were behaviour problems it became apparent that teacher training had left them ill-equipped to deal with the student behaviours they were facing. A Classroom Management and Interpersonal Skills programme was designed and presented to a group of Primary school teachers in one of the schools to which the author was appointed. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the programme was based on the statistical analysis of pretest and post-test measures of teachers and students of those teachers participating in the programme. In addition to reporting on outcomes of the programme this study provides a theoretical rationale for its development. The statistical evidence does not strongly support the effectiveness of the programme. However there are some trends, particularly in the teacher data, which suggest that the programme was effective in bringing about teacher attitude change towards students. Teachers' written evaluations of the programme, together with informal feedback, indicate the programme was successful in providing some of the answers to behaviour problems which occur in the classroom. A corollary to the presentation of the programme has been a reduction in the number of children referred to the author as "behaviour problems". This has provided more time to work with infant children and parents, both counsellor functions which the administrative staff see as significant, and to continue in the role as a consultant to teachers.