Federal, state and local laws entitle the public to have an active role in the transportation decision making process. However, it remains difficult to engage the public in the long range planning process. The laws requiring public involvement are intentionally vague and don’t prescribe specific approaches, so there is little consistency in public participation approaches and many state, regional, and local transportation agencies choose to do only what is necessary to meet minimum requirements (PBS&J, 2009). The purpose of this study is to examine public participation in transportation planning with specific focus on how the characteristics of public participation, the level of engagement, and deliberation affect the extent to which transportation planning decisions are reflective of public input received. A quantitatively driven mixed methods study was completed in three phases using secondary data, exclusively. Phase I included a review of each Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) and a study of the public involvement procedures that were used to develop each MPO’s Metropolitan Transportation Plan (MTP). Phase II focused on the input that was gathered by each MPO for public participation activities conducted during the development of the MTP. In Phase III, the results of Phases I and II were used to conduct a cross tabulation analysis to determine if there was a relationship between the characteristics of public participation, the level of engagement of participation, and the use of deliberation, and the degree to which public input was reflected in the MTP. The findings of this study indicate support for literature based in levels of engagement and the use of deliberation. Despite the design of the participation plan, transportation decisions reflect public input more often when MPOs have broad outreach to the public, higher levels of engagement, and use deliberative public participation techniques. Implications for policy and practice, and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Alors que le transport fluvial et les ports fluviaux ont contribué au développement des métropoles, ils ont respectivement connu depuis 1945 une chute des trafics et une déconnexion progressive du tissu urbain. Les modes de production et de distribution des marchandises suivent aujourd'hui une logique routière, mais les politiques de transport, européennes, nationales et métropolitaines, encouragent de plus en plus le recours à des échanges plus durables. L'Ile-de-France, qui se distingue des pays de l'Europe du Nord en termes d'infrastructures et comme en termes de débouchés portuaires, connait néanmoins une croissance des trafics fluviaux. Cette croissance est à mettre en lien avec la présence d'une grande métropole fluviale et d'un ensemble de sites portuaires. Cette thèse met en évidence l'organisation portuaire et des échanges fluviaux à l'échelle de l'Ile-de-France et de l'axe Seine. Elle montre l'originalité de cette organisation en Europe et le fait qu'elle ne se retrouve pas dans d'autres grandes villes européennes. Pour établir ce fait, il s'avère utile de recourir à la fois à l'analyse statistique des trafics portuaires et à des entretiens auprès des acteurs portuaires et métropolitains pour cerner les contradictions entre leurs attentes et leurs démarches respectives. Les résultats soulignent une adaptation des sites portuaires aux besoins de la métropole, par l'autorité portuaire qui a encouragé la spécialisation des trafics et leur mise en réseau, afin de justifier leur présence dans les territoires urbains. L'autorité portuaire Ports de Paris a ainsi dû développer une politique d'aménagement et d'insertion urbaine de ses sites à l'échelle régionale. Cependant, le manque de coordination et de compréhension entre les acteurs portuaires et urbains est le principal frein, pour l'acceptabilité des sites portuaires dans les territoires métropolitains / While waterways and inland ports have contributed to the development of cities, since 1945 they have respectively known a traffic decrease and a progressive disconnection from the urban area. Actual freight production and distribution use road-only mode, but European, national and metropolitan transport policies encourage more sustainable mode of transport. Although the Ile-de-France region is disadvantaged in terms of infrastructure and maritime ports opportunities facing the countries of Northern Europe, Seine river traffic is growing. A large river metropolis and a set of inland ports may explain this feature. This doctoral thesis aims to identify how river ports have followed a different organization from other European territories, due to the presence of Paris. It is therefore useful to use both statistical analysis of port traffic and interviews with Port Authority and metropolitan actors, to identify contradictions in their expectations and their respective approaches. The results highlight an adaptation of inland port to the needs of the metropolis, through traffic specialization and networking, in order to justify their presence in urban areas. Hence, the Port Authority Ports de Paris has developed a policy planning to ensure urban integration of its inland ports. However, lack of coordination and understanding between Port Authority and urban actors are the main obstacles to the acceptability of inland ports in metropolitan areas

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / Aangesien 'n nasionale register vir maligniteit nie bestaan waarin informasie ten opsigte van kanker onder die verskillende bevolkings groepe van Suid-Afrika nagegaan kan word nie, kan die verspreidings patroon alleenlik bepaal word deur spesifieke projekte. Die resultaat is dat daar nog nie 'n geheelbeeld vir kanker in Suid-Afrika bestaan nie. Wat mondkanker betref, is kennis fragmentaries. Inligting oor die ver spreiding daarvan onder die Kaapse Kleurlingbevolkingsgroep is beperk en net sekere aspekte daarvan is tot hede uitgelig. Die doel van hierdie studie is om mondkanker na te gaan in die Kaapse Kleurlingbevolkingsgroep wat woonagtig is in die Skiereiland van die Kaap die Goeie Hoop. Met hierdie oogmerk, is alle mondkankergevalle wat in die Groote Schuur- en Tygerberg-hospitale behandel is, van 1970 tot 1975, nagegaan. Bewys wyse van vergelyking en ook om die invloed van eie kultuur en akkulturasie na te gaan, is aandag gegee aan ondkankergevalle van Kleurlinge woonagtig in die Skiereiland en dié in die platteland wat in die Skiereiland behandeling ondergaan het. Verder is vergelykings ook getref tussen die,Kaapse Maleier wat die Moslem-geloof aanhang en die Kaapse Kleurling wat nie hierdie geloof aanhang nie. Die mondkankerpatroon van die Indiërs wat in die Skiereiland woonagtig is, is ook nagegaan. Bewys wyse van vergelyking en ook om die invloed van eie kultuur en akkulturasie na te gaan, is aandag gegee aan mondkankergevalle van Kleurlinge woonagtig in die Skiereiland en dié in die platteland wat in die Skiereiland behandeling ondergaan het. Verder is vergelykings ook getref tussen die,Kaapse Maleier wat die Moslem-geloof aanhang en die Kaapse Kleurling wat nie hierdie geloof aanhang nie. Die mondkankerpatroon van die Indiërs wat in die Skiereiland woonagtig is, is ook nagegaan. Ten slotte is die genoemde groepe se mondkankerpatroon vergelyk met dié gevind onder die ander groepe wat in Suid-Afrika bestudeer is, dié in die res van Afrika en ook met dié in die ander kontinente.

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A presente pesquisa investiga dois momentos do planejamento metropolitano em Belo Horizonte a partir do estudo das experiências do PLAMBEL e do PDDI-RMBH, buscando compreendê-las à luz das transformações socioespaciais e econômicas da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (RMBH). O primeiro momento refere-se à elaboração e implantação do Plano de Desenvolvimento Integrado Econômico e Social da RMBH (PDIES-RMBH, de 1975) pelo PLAMBEL, autarquia estadual responsável pelo planejamento da RMBH durante o regime militar. Já o segundo momento diz respeito à retomada do planejamento da RMBH na década de 2000 a partir da constituição do novo arranjo institucional de gestão metropolitana e do processo de elaboração do Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Integrado da RMBH (PDDI-RMBH, de 2011), coordenado pela Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Foram comparadas as propostas de desenvolvimento e de organização territorial dos dois planos com as configurações socioespaciais e a estrutura econômica da RMBH nos dois momentos distintos, assim como investigadas as eventuais relações entre os programas e projetos implantados e as transformações na organização metropolitana. O estudo também identificou os paradigmas de planejamento subjacentes à concepção metodológica dos dois planos, através da análise contextualizada da abordagem integrada e tecnocrática do PDIES e do enfoque participativo e transdisciplinar do PDDI. Quanto às propostas de ordenamento territorial dos planos, o estudo indicou que, enquanto a concepção do PDIES pautou-se numa compreensão instrumental do espaço metropolitano, no sentido de prepará-lo funcionalmente ao crescimento econômico e à industrialização a partir da implantação de grandes infraestruturas regionais, a concepção do PDDI avançou na direção de uma abordagem centrada na redução das desigualdades socioespaciais e na incorporação das diversidades socioambientais, a partir de uma estrutura territorial mais compacta e organizada em rede. Em relação às continuidades e rupturas entre o PLAMBEL e o novo modelo de planejamento da RMBH, concluiu-se que as perspectivas mais democráticas e inclusivas em gestação abrem maiores possibilidades para a construção coletiva de um processo de planejamento duradouro e legítimo do que o modelo autoritário vigente durante o regime militar, apesar dos entraves socioeconômicos e político-institucionais ao enfrentamento da questão metropolitana no Brasil. / This research investigates two different periods of metropolitan planning in Belo Horizonte, based on the study of the experiences of PLAMBEL and PDDI-RMBH, attempting to understand them in the light of the socio-spatial and economic transformations of the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte (RMBH). The first period refers to the development and implementation of the Plan for the Integrated Economic and Social Development of the RMBH (PDIES-RMBH, 1975) by PLAMBEL, state authority responsible for the planning of the RMBH during the military regime. The second period refers to the resumption of RMBH\'s metropolitan planning in the decade of 2000, through the creation of a new institutional arrangement of metropolitan management and of the Master Plan of Integrated Development of the RMBH (PDDI-RMBH, 2011), coordinated by the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG). The development and territorial organization proposals of both plans were compared with the socio-spatial configuration and economic structure of the RMBH in both periods. Incidental relations between the implemented programs and projects and the transformations in the organization of the RMBH were investigated. The study also identified the planning paradigms subjacent to the methodological conception of both plans, through a contextualized analysis of the PDIES\'s integrated technocratic approach and the PDDI\'s participative, transdisciplinary focus. As to the spatial planning proposals of both plans, the study showed that while the conception of the PDIES was based on an instrumental view of the metropolitan space, with the purpose of functionally preparing it for industrialization and economic growth through the implementation of large regional infrastructures, the conception of the PDDI was guided by an approach focused on reducing socio-spatial inequalities and incorporating RMBH\'s socio-environmental diversity through a more compact, network based territorial structure. Regarding the continuities and disruptions between the new planning model for the RMBH and PLAMBEL, it was concluded that the more democratic and more inclusive perspectives of the new moment open larger possibilities for the collective structuring of a long-lasting and legitimate planning process than the authoritarian model which governed during the military regime, in spite of the socioeconomic and political-institutional obstacles to tackling the metropolitan question in Brazil.

A presente pesquisa investiga dois momentos do planejamento metropolitano em Belo Horizonte a partir do estudo das experiências do PLAMBEL e do PDDI-RMBH, buscando compreendê-las à luz das transformações socioespaciais e econômicas da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (RMBH). O primeiro momento refere-se à elaboração e implantação do Plano de Desenvolvimento Integrado Econômico e Social da RMBH (PDIES-RMBH, de 1975) pelo PLAMBEL, autarquia estadual responsável pelo planejamento da RMBH durante o regime militar. Já o segundo momento diz respeito à retomada do planejamento da RMBH na década de 2000 a partir da constituição do novo arranjo institucional de gestão metropolitana e do processo de elaboração do Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Integrado da RMBH (PDDI-RMBH, de 2011), coordenado pela Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Foram comparadas as propostas de desenvolvimento e de organização territorial dos dois planos com as configurações socioespaciais e a estrutura econômica da RMBH nos dois momentos distintos, assim como investigadas as eventuais relações entre os programas e projetos implantados e as transformações na organização metropolitana. O estudo também identificou os paradigmas de planejamento subjacentes à concepção metodológica dos dois planos, através da análise contextualizada da abordagem integrada e tecnocrática do PDIES e do enfoque participativo e transdisciplinar do PDDI. Quanto às propostas de ordenamento territorial dos planos, o estudo indicou que, enquanto a concepção do PDIES pautou-se numa compreensão instrumental do espaço metropolitano, no sentido de prepará-lo funcionalmente ao crescimento econômico e à industrialização a partir da implantação de grandes infraestruturas regionais, a concepção do PDDI avançou na direção de uma abordagem centrada na redução das desigualdades socioespaciais e na incorporação das diversidades socioambientais, a partir de uma estrutura territorial mais compacta e organizada em rede. Em relação às continuidades e rupturas entre o PLAMBEL e o novo modelo de planejamento da RMBH, concluiu-se que as perspectivas mais democráticas e inclusivas em gestação abrem maiores possibilidades para a construção coletiva de um processo de planejamento duradouro e legítimo do que o modelo autoritário vigente durante o regime militar, apesar dos entraves socioeconômicos e político-institucionais ao enfrentamento da questão metropolitana no Brasil. / This research investigates two different periods of metropolitan planning in Belo Horizonte, based on the study of the experiences of PLAMBEL and PDDI-RMBH, attempting to understand them in the light of the socio-spatial and economic transformations of the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte (RMBH). The first period refers to the development and implementation of the Plan for the Integrated Economic and Social Development of the RMBH (PDIES-RMBH, 1975) by PLAMBEL, state authority responsible for the planning of the RMBH during the military regime. The second period refers to the resumption of RMBH\'s metropolitan planning in the decade of 2000, through the creation of a new institutional arrangement of metropolitan management and of the Master Plan of Integrated Development of the RMBH (PDDI-RMBH, 2011), coordinated by the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG). The development and territorial organization proposals of both plans were compared with the socio-spatial configuration and economic structure of the RMBH in both periods. Incidental relations between the implemented programs and projects and the transformations in the organization of the RMBH were investigated. The study also identified the planning paradigms subjacent to the methodological conception of both plans, through a contextualized analysis of the PDIES\'s integrated technocratic approach and the PDDI\'s participative, transdisciplinary focus. As to the spatial planning proposals of both plans, the study showed that while the conception of the PDIES was based on an instrumental view of the metropolitan space, with the purpose of functionally preparing it for industrialization and economic growth through the implementation of large regional infrastructures, the conception of the PDDI was guided by an approach focused on reducing socio-spatial inequalities and incorporating RMBH\'s socio-environmental diversity through a more compact, network based territorial structure. Regarding the continuities and disruptions between the new planning model for the RMBH and PLAMBEL, it was concluded that the more democratic and more inclusive perspectives of the new moment open larger possibilities for the collective structuring of a long-lasting and legitimate planning process than the authoritarian model which governed during the military regime, in spite of the socioeconomic and political-institutional obstacles to tackling the metropolitan question in Brazil.

Transportation in the United States is responsible for a disproportionate amount of global greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to climate change. To address the issue, strategies that seek to mitigate transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions and adapt transportation systems to the threats of a more inhospitable climate should be developed through the transportation planning process. The transportation plans and related documentation of 60 metropolitan planning organizations, 13 domestic cities, and 27 large international cities were reviewed to ascertain if climate change considerations are being incorporated into transportation planning. The review of transportation plans revealed that climate change considerations are often not incorporated into the planning process, especially in regard to adapting transportation systems to the effects of climate change due to the inherent uncertainties in climate data and risk analysis. On the other hand, greenhouse gas mitigation is more frequently included in the planning process, when compared to climate change adaptation, because the required data collection techniques and analysis tools are better developed and already in place within many planning organizations. This research has shown that there is much room for improvement in terms of including climate change into transportation planning through a variety of recommendations presented in the body of this thesis. Many of the identified mitigation and adaptation recommendations could be worked into existing transportation planning requirements, processes, and strategies at the metropolitan and local level. However, due to the influence by federal and state governments on the planning process, completely addressing climate change through transportation systems will require these high levels of government to redefine transportation regulations and planning requirements in addition to partnering with metropolitan planning organizations and local governments to develop more reliable climate data and increase its availability.

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Cette thèse croise les concepts de planification, de gouvernance et de transit-oriented development (TOD) par une étude de la production, de la mise en débat et de l'adoption du plan métropolitain d'aménagement et de développement (PMAD) de la Communauté métropolitaine de Montréal (CMM). Elle expose les résultats de quatre années de recherche qualitative sur les impacts de l'épisode du PMAD et de la stratégie TOD de la CMM sur les pratiques planificatrices et les processus décisionnels du Grand Montréal à l'échelle métropolitaine. Elle révèle que la planification métropolitaine et l'objectif de coordination du transport et de l'aménagement en général ainsi que le PMAD et le concept de TOD en particulier y sont des instruments de gouvernance. Les chapitres 2, 3 et 4 présentent la problématique, le terrain d'enquête et la démarche méthodologique de cette recherche. Le chapitre 5 relate l'épisode du PMAD en analysant son contenu, les procédures par lesquelles la CMM l'a produit, mis en débat et adopté, les réactions des parties prenantes de la région quant à ces aspects et la façon dont elles comptent assurer le suivi de sa mise en œuvre. Le chapitre 6 illustre comment cet épisode a fait du PMAD un instrument de gouvernance pour le Grand Montréal en décortiquant le rôle de la participation publique, des médias, des acteurs des milieux régional et local, des élus, de la CMM et de la société civile de la région au sein de ce processus de changement de registre de la planification et de la gouvernance les déployant sur des bases plus stratégiques et collaboratives. Le chapitre 7 montre que cet épisode a aussi fait du TOD un instrument de gouvernance pour le Grand Montréal en détaillant les tenants et aboutissants du processus d'appropriation, de marchand(is)age et d'instrumentalisation du concept par les élites politiques et techniques à des fins de marketing territorial et de construction de capital politique ouvrant la voie à la stabilisation d'une gouvernance en matière d'aménagement métropolitain. Il se dégage de cette thèse que ces profondes transformations que subissent actuellement la planification et la gouvernance exacerbent le caractère symbiotique de la relation qui les unit. / This dissertation crosses the concepts of planning, governance and transit-oriented development (TOD) through a study of the production, debate and adoption of the Montreal Metropolitan Community (MMC)'s Metropolitan Land Use and Development Plan (MLUDP). It presents the results of four years of qualitative research on the impacts of the MMC's MLUDP episode and TOD strategy on the Greater Montreal Area's metropolitan planning practices and decision-making processes. It reveals that metropolitan planning and the transportation-land use coordination objective in general as well as the MLUDP and the TOD concept in particular are governance instruments for the region. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 present the problem, field of investigation and methodology of this research. Chapter 5 describes the MLUDP episode by analysing its content, the procedures by which the MMC produced, debated and adopted it, the area’s stakeholders' reaction to these issues and how they intend to ensure the monitoring of its implementation. Chapter 6 illustrates how this episode has made the MLUDP a governance instrument for the Greater Montreal Area by scrutinising the role of public participation, the media, stakeholders of the local and regional scales, the elected officials, the MMC and the area's civil society in this process of registry change for planning and governance deploying them on more strategic and collaborative bases. Chapter 7 shows that this episode also made TOD a governance instrument for the Greater Montreal Area by detailing the ins and outs of the process of appropriation, bargaining/merchandising and instrumentalisation of the concept by the political and technical elites for territorial marketing and political capital construction purposes paving the way for the stabilisation of a governance on metropolitan land use and development. It emerges from this dissertation that the profound transformations currently affecting planning and governance exacerbate the symbiotic nature of the relationship that unites them.