O tema do sagrado é central na antropologia desde a sua origem. Esta pesquisa propõe o enfrentamento da noção através das lentes de Georges Bataille (1897-1962) e Michel Leiris (1901-1990) na França dos anos 1930, tendo em vista o cruzamento de suas experiências intelectuais e de suas formulações teóricas. Toma-se como ponto de partida para a análise a \'sociologia sagrada\' por eles anunciada no Collège de Sociologie (1937-1939), que reclama o sagrado em dupla articulação: ao mesmo tempo que conceito explicativo ele funciona também como uma prática, uma maneira de ver e também de agir sobre o mundo. Em meio aos debates da época empreendidos pela intelectualidade e os movimentos de vanguarda sobre as possíveis formas da ação política, tendo em vista sua ligação com a arte, o sagrado aparece nos trabalhos de Bataille e Leiris como uma alternativa surpreendente. O intuito é rever uma tradição de debates em torno do conceito a partir das formulações radicais e originais destes autores, indicando como se relacionam, cada qual à sua maneira, com a teoria social precedente. / The sacred has been a central subject of anthropological investigations since its origins. This research proposes an approach to the concept through the eyes of George Bataille (1897-1962) and Michel Leiris (1901-1990) in 1930s France, having in sight the crossing of their intellectual experiences and their theoretical formulations. We assume the sacred sociology, proposed by both authors during the years of the Collège de Sociologie (1937-1939), as a starting point to claim the use of the sacred in a double framing: functioning as an explanatory concept, it would also work as a praxis, a way of seeing and acting upon the world. Amid the debates of the time, undertook by intellectuals and the avant-garde movements about the possible paths of political actions and its connections with art forms, the sacred appears in the works of Bataille and Leiris as a striking alternative. The goal is to retrace a tradition of debates involving the concept through both authors formulations at the same time radical and original , showing how they relate, each in their own way, with the former social theory.

L’émergence de l’Afrique dans l’œuvre de Michel Leiris témoigne de sa volonté de connaître l’autre et de se réévaluer par la rencontre de l’autre. Leiris sillonne l’Afrique d’Ouest en Est au cours de la mission Dakar/Djibouti de 1931 à 1933 en tant que secrétaire archiviste de la mission ethnographique et linguistique dirigée par Marcel Griaule. Cette mission est une occasion pour Leiris de rentrer en contact aves les Africains et de s’éloigner pour un moment de l’Europe. Le séjour à Sanga, lui permet de pénétrer dans l’univers sacré des Dogon et d’analyser la symbolique des masques. De même son séjour en Abyssinie le met en contact avec les possédés et les génies zar. L’Éthiopie est le dernier pays visité par Leiris et le pays qui le marque le plus fortement. Les Noirs ne font aucune différence entre Leiris et les autres colons blancs à cette époque de la colonisation. De son contact avec l’Afrique naissent plusieurs ouvrages dont L’Afrique fantôme et La Langue secrète des Dogon de Sanga. Leiris espère par son voyage en Afrique trouver une thérapie à ses maux. Dans cette vaste entreprise, il verra se briser au contact des Africains le mythe du voyage régénérateur et ne parviendra pas à se défaire de ses obsessions. L’Afrique fantôme apporte un témoignage sur la position ambiguë de l’ethnologie de cette époque. En toute objectivité, il essaie de tout dire sur lui et sur ce qu’il ressent en Afrique. Il fait de l’altérité sa principale préoccupation ; de l’Afrique aux Antilles, il s’intéresse aux cultures des Noirs tout en ayant souvent un avis critique à leur egard. Il devient l’ethnologue de lui-même, interrogeant le monde à partir de l’échantillon de catégorie humaine qu’il est, se faisant témoin extérieur, en quelque sorte, de ce qui se déroule en lui et autour de lui. L’Afrique reste un fantôme pour Leiris à l’image d’Emawayish, la Gondarienne d’Éthiopie dont il tombe amoureux pendant son séjour en Abyssinie. / The emergence of Africa in the work of Michel Leiris testifies his willingness to know the other and at the same time to re-evaluate his own self through the encounter with the other. Leiris travels through Africa from the west to the east during the Dakar/Djibouti mission from 1931 to 1933 as the recording archivist of the ethnographic and linguistic mission headed by Marcel Griaule. This mission becomes an occasion for Leiris to get in touch with Africans and to be away from Europe for a moment. His stay in Sanga allows him to enter the sacred universe of Dogon people and to analyse the significance of the masks. As far as that goes, his stay in Abyssinia also gives him the opportunity to be in direct contact with the possessed people and the Zar spirits. Ethiopia is the last country visited by Leiris and it is the country which touches him the most. Blacks do not make any difference between Leiris and the other white colonialists during this particular period of colonisation. His encounter with Africa gives birth to several pieces of work such as Ghost Africa and The Secret Language of Sanga’s Dogons. Leiris hopes that his travel to Africa will help him find a therapy to his problems. In this vast enterprise, he will see the myth of a regenerative travel broken and will not be able to get rid of his obsessions. Ghost Africa is a testimony on the ambiguous position of ethnology of this particular period. Objectively; he tries to say everything on his own self and on what he feels while in Africa. The other becomes his main concern, from Africa to the West Indies; he is interested in the cultures of the black people with often a critical comment on them. He becomes ethnologist himself, questioning the world from the sample of human category that he is, as an external witness somehow, of what is happening in his own self and around him. Africa remains a ghost for Leiris because of the image of Emawayish, the Gondarian of Ethiopia with whom he falls in love during his stay in Abyssinia.

O tema do sagrado é central na antropologia desde a sua origem. Esta pesquisa propõe o enfrentamento da noção através das lentes de Georges Bataille (1897-1962) e Michel Leiris (1901-1990) na França dos anos 1930, tendo em vista o cruzamento de suas experiências intelectuais e de suas formulações teóricas. Toma-se como ponto de partida para a análise a \'sociologia sagrada\' por eles anunciada no Collège de Sociologie (1937-1939), que reclama o sagrado em dupla articulação: ao mesmo tempo que conceito explicativo ele funciona também como uma prática, uma maneira de ver e também de agir sobre o mundo. Em meio aos debates da época empreendidos pela intelectualidade e os movimentos de vanguarda sobre as possíveis formas da ação política, tendo em vista sua ligação com a arte, o sagrado aparece nos trabalhos de Bataille e Leiris como uma alternativa surpreendente. O intuito é rever uma tradição de debates em torno do conceito a partir das formulações radicais e originais destes autores, indicando como se relacionam, cada qual à sua maneira, com a teoria social precedente. / The sacred has been a central subject of anthropological investigations since its origins. This research proposes an approach to the concept through the eyes of George Bataille (1897-1962) and Michel Leiris (1901-1990) in 1930s France, having in sight the crossing of their intellectual experiences and their theoretical formulations. We assume the sacred sociology, proposed by both authors during the years of the Collège de Sociologie (1937-1939), as a starting point to claim the use of the sacred in a double framing: functioning as an explanatory concept, it would also work as a praxis, a way of seeing and acting upon the world. Amid the debates of the time, undertook by intellectuals and the avant-garde movements about the possible paths of political actions and its connections with art forms, the sacred appears in the works of Bataille and Leiris as a striking alternative. The goal is to retrace a tradition of debates involving the concept through both authors formulations at the same time radical and original , showing how they relate, each in their own way, with the former social theory.

No description available.

Résumé: Ce mémoire consiste en une étude du récit de rêve chez deux auteurs qui ont fait partie du mouvement surréaliste dans leur jeunesse littéraire : Michel Leiris et Raymond Queneau. Dans ce travail, on tente d’une part de décrire la poétique du rêve chez Leiris et Queneau, par diverses analyses qui empruntent surtout à la narratologie et à la linguistique textuelle. D’autre part, nous mesurons la part d’influence du surréalisme dans la conception du rêve de chacun des deux auteurs. Le premier chapitre présente la conception surréaliste du rêve, plus particulièrement celle d’André Breton, telle qu’elle est exposée dans le premier Manifeste du surréalisme et dans les Vases communicants. Cette synthèse est suivie de l’analyse de quelques récits de rêve de Breton issus du recueil Clair de terre, et du périodique la Révolution surréaliste. Les deuxième et troisième chapitres abordent l’écriture du rêve chez Leiris et Queneau. On étudie d’abord les récits de rêve écrits alors que ces auteurs appartenaient au mouvement surréaliste (1924-1929). Ces textes se trouvent dans leurs journaux intimes et dans la revue la Révolution surréaliste. Sont ensuite étudiées certaines œuvres écrites après la période surréaliste qui contiennent des récits de rêve ou qui exploitent le rêve comme structure narrative. Par ces analyses, ce mémoire tente de montrer la contribution du travail sur le rêve à l’élaboration de la poétique personnelle des auteurs Leiris et Queneau. Mots clefs : récit de rêve, Michel Leiris, Raymond Queneau, surréalisme, littérature française. / Abstract: This memoir consists in a study of dream narratives made by two authors who belonged to the surrealist movement in their youth : Michel Leiris and Raymond Queneau. For one, we will describe the dream poetics by Leiris and Queneau, with different analyses on narrative styles and textual linguistics. Secondly, we will determine how much the surrealism influenced each author in his conception of the dream. The first chapter presents the surrealist conception of the dream, particularly with André Breton, as detailed in the first Manifeste du Surréalisme and in Les Vases Communicants. This synthesis is followed by the analysis of some dream narratives by Breton from Clair de Terre and from La Révolution Surréaliste. The second and third chapters are devoted to Leiris and Queneau’s writing of dreams. We will first study their dream narratives as they were part of the surrealist movement (1924-1929). These texts are found in their personal journals and in the publication La Révolution Surréaliste. After, we go through and compare some texts written after the surrealist period that contain dream narratives or use the dream as a narrative structure. With these analyses, this memoir tries to demonstrate the contribution of the dreams and the elaboration of the poetics styles of Leiris and Queneau. Key words : dream narrative, Michel Leiris, Raymond Queneau, surrealism, french litterature.

Ce mémoire propose une réflexion psychanalytique à partir de L'Âge d'homme et de L'Afrique fantôme de Michel Leiris. Il y est montré que la notion freudienne de scène primitive sert de paradigme à l'écriture autobiographique de cet auteur. Cette étude commence par approfondir les récits de rêves dans ces textes. Il s'agit d'emprunter la voie royale vers l'inconscient. Le moi du narrateur adopte une position masochiste devant des femmes phalliques dont il s'éprend. C'est ce qui le fait basculer dans la passion postcourtoise, notion développée par Paul-Laurent Assoun. La Dame se substitue à l'objet perdu et se présente comme une Judith meurtrière. Les nombreuses identifications du narrateur avec des personnages légendaires nous permettent de transposer son existence à l'intérieur d'une mythologie personnelle. L'analyse de ces fantaisies d'identification avec des modèles masculins révèle le sadisme de son surmoi. À Gondar, l'auteur tombe amoureux d'Emawayish, une sorcière éthiopienne, qui devient son double idéal de Lucrèce et Judith. Cette relation amoureuse répète inconsciemment la structure du complexe d'Œdipe. L'Âge d'homme apparaît comme une recherche du corps maternel et l'écriture autobiographique devient le moyen de remédier au sentiment mélancolique de perte d'objet d'amour. / This thesis is a psychoanalytical development based on the books L'Âge d'homme and L'Afrique fantôme by the French writer Michel Leiris. The purpose is to show that the Freudian notion of primitive scene is used as a paradigm for self-exploration and analysis through autobiographical writing. This study begins by detailing the stories of dreams retold by the author in his works. Thus, Leiris is traveling on the royal road that will take him to his unconscious mind. The ego of the narrator adopts a masochist approach to the phallic women he falls in love with. He then shifts to what is called « postcourtoise passion », a concept developed by Paul-Laurent Assoun. The Lady (La Dame) replaces the « lost object » and is transformed into the murderous Judith. The many identifications of the narrator with legendary figures allow us to read his existence through his personal mythology. Upon analysis, these identity fantasies of the author with male models are an indication of the sadism of his superego. In Gondar, the author falls in love with Emawayish, an Ethiopian sorceress who becomes the perfect double of Lucrèce and Judith. This love relationship unconsciously reveals the structure of the Oedipus complex. L’Âge d’homme can be seen as the quest of a man for the maternal body. The experience of self-exploration and analysis writing can be seen as the means to cure the melancholy generated by the loss of the loved object.

Résumé: Ce mémoire consiste en une étude du récit de rêve chez deux auteurs qui ont fait partie du mouvement surréaliste dans leur jeunesse littéraire : Michel Leiris et Raymond Queneau. Dans ce travail, on tente d’une part de décrire la poétique du rêve chez Leiris et Queneau, par diverses analyses qui empruntent surtout à la narratologie et à la linguistique textuelle. D’autre part, nous mesurons la part d’influence du surréalisme dans la conception du rêve de chacun des deux auteurs. Le premier chapitre présente la conception surréaliste du rêve, plus particulièrement celle d’André Breton, telle qu’elle est exposée dans le premier Manifeste du surréalisme et dans les Vases communicants. Cette synthèse est suivie de l’analyse de quelques récits de rêve de Breton issus du recueil Clair de terre, et du périodique la Révolution surréaliste. Les deuxième et troisième chapitres abordent l’écriture du rêve chez Leiris et Queneau. On étudie d’abord les récits de rêve écrits alors que ces auteurs appartenaient au mouvement surréaliste (1924-1929). Ces textes se trouvent dans leurs journaux intimes et dans la revue la Révolution surréaliste. Sont ensuite étudiées certaines œuvres écrites après la période surréaliste qui contiennent des récits de rêve ou qui exploitent le rêve comme structure narrative. Par ces analyses, ce mémoire tente de montrer la contribution du travail sur le rêve à l’élaboration de la poétique personnelle des auteurs Leiris et Queneau. Mots clefs : récit de rêve, Michel Leiris, Raymond Queneau, surréalisme, littérature française. / Abstract: This memoir consists in a study of dream narratives made by two authors who belonged to the surrealist movement in their youth : Michel Leiris and Raymond Queneau. For one, we will describe the dream poetics by Leiris and Queneau, with different analyses on narrative styles and textual linguistics. Secondly, we will determine how much the surrealism influenced each author in his conception of the dream. The first chapter presents the surrealist conception of the dream, particularly with André Breton, as detailed in the first Manifeste du Surréalisme and in Les Vases Communicants. This synthesis is followed by the analysis of some dream narratives by Breton from Clair de Terre and from La Révolution Surréaliste. The second and third chapters are devoted to Leiris and Queneau’s writing of dreams. We will first study their dream narratives as they were part of the surrealist movement (1924-1929). These texts are found in their personal journals and in the publication La Révolution Surréaliste. After, we go through and compare some texts written after the surrealist period that contain dream narratives or use the dream as a narrative structure. With these analyses, this memoir tries to demonstrate the contribution of the dreams and the elaboration of the poetics styles of Leiris and Queneau. Key words : dream narrative, Michel Leiris, Raymond Queneau, surrealism, french litterature.

This study sets out to uncover the thus far unexplored affinities between the works of Carlo Emilio Gadda and Michel Leiris, two key figures of twentieth-century literature whose place within the broader European literary panorama has been largely overlooked. Through an inquiry into three interconnected areas – the question of 'community'; the relationship between male self and female other; and writing as a space in which a fractured experience of subjectivity is both played out and exposed – I argue that their works are underpinned by a parallel tension, between a nostalgia for a lost experience of unity and a recognition of its impossibility within a fractured modernity. Chapter One examines the relationship between the individual and the communal. With a focus on Gadda's Giornale di guerra e di prigionia, and Leiris's involvement in a series of key intellectual, literary and political societies of the 1930s and 1940s, it argues that while both authors were drawn to a form of communal integration, both were ultimately thwarted in their attempts to reinstate it. Chapter Two continues this inquiry into the relationship between self and other through an examination of the dysfunctional relationship between individual (male) self and (female) other. With a focus on Leiris's L'Age d'homme and Gadda's Quer pasticciaccio brutto de via Merulana, it questions the extent to which any authentic relationship between male self and female other is ruled out, and examines the association between sexuality and fear that underpins their approach to the sphere of the female at large. The final chapter examines the implications of the authors' shared loss of faith in the notion of a unified, authentic experience of selfhood for their approach to the literary act itself. Through a study of these three key areas, this study thus sets out to respond to the need for further contextualisation of these two key figures of the twentieth-century European literary panorama, in the conviction that a comparative examination will shed new light both on their individual works and on their shared affinity with a number of key tenets of twentieth-century European thought.

Le XXe siècle occidental est marqué par un recul de la religiosité, alors que le rationalisme hérité des Lumières, le positivisme et la justice sont des valeurs qui régissent et normalisent l’espace social. Pourtant, le sacrifice (dont l’étymologie sacrum facere signifie « faire un acte sacré »), même s’il est rendu inadmissible en raison de la violence gratuite qu’il suppose, continue de fasciner, et ce, malgré que les divinités n’aient plus de valeur de régulation sociale. Antonin Artaud, Laure (Colette Peignot), Michel Leiris et Unica Zürn ont une pratique d’écriture qui emprunte à l’imaginaire sacrificiel, peuplé de figures mythiques, en plus d’aspirer à l’efficacité de la performance rituelle. Ainsi, le sacrifice rituel offre un répertoire de figures et de motifs mythiques, d’une part, et propose des formes agissantes qui influencent les créateurs, d’autre part. Le champ de la poïétique invite à interroger les oeuvres littéraires en regard de leur processus créateur. Les oeuvres à l’étude se prêtent tout particulièrement à une étude poïétique en raison de leur nature processuelle, parfois inachevées, et de la présence de commentaires autoréflexifs sur la création. Si on considère que tout texte contient le récit de sa propre création, il est possible de penser les oeuvres littéraires comme des traces d’un processus créateur qui, lorsque lié au sacrifice rituel, cherche à défricher un espace sacré en même temps qu’il enclenche un processus éthopoïétique de dé-subjectivation. Sacrifice rituel et création sont deux moyens de « passer à l’acte » (l’acte d’écriture, l’acte de la mise à mort), permettant aux écrivaines et aux écrivains de soumettre leur existence à une forme signifiante. La poïétique, interrogée à l’aune du sacrifice rituel, permet de penser les continuités, les transvasements et les ruptures entre existence et écriture. / Western 20th century is characterized by a decline of religiosity, while modern societies are governed and normalized by rationalism, positivism and justice as guiding values. Sacrifice, of which latin etymology sacrum facere means “to do a sacred act”, implies a ritual act of violence. Even if sacrifice had become inacceptable because of the free violence on which it’s based on, and even if gods have lost their power of social regulation, sacrifice continues to fascinate. The writings of Antonin Artaud, Laure (Colette Peignot), Michel Leiris and Unica Zürn are inspired by sacrificial rituals : writers borrow mythological figures linked to sacrificial scenes and they are motivated by the efficiency of ritual performances. Ritual sacrifice offers multiple mythological figures and patterns, and proposes effective forms that impact writing. The field of “poïétique” investigates the creative path preceding published writings. The works studied in this thesis are particularly suited for a “poïetique” reading because of their processual character – some of them are considered unfinished – and because of the presence of self-reflective comments about the creative process. Considering that all texts contain the story of its own creation, it is possible to think of the works as tracks of the writing in process. When creation has to do with ritual sacrifice, it leads to the opening of sacred spaces and activates a process of de-subjectification. Ritual sacrifice and creation are two ways of taking action that allow writers to give their existence a meaningful shape. Thinking about the sacrifice through the field of “poïétique” is a way to reflect upon the continuum, the transfer or the disruption between existence and writing.

Le surréalisme africain nécessite d’interroger la part de l’influence du surréalisme français. La terminologie implique, en effet, un lien entre l’écriture africaine et le mouvement français. Ce lien est mis en place à la fois par la critique et par les dialogues entre les deux univers. Senghor incite à considérer la part indépendante de ce surréalisme en évoquant un surréalisme négro-africain. Nous dégageons alors, derrière d’apparentes similitudes, des différences notables qui révèlent un surréalisme au service d’une compréhension du monde purement africaine. Le surréalisme africain serait l’expression de la perception traditionnelle africaine dont la forme s’apparente à celle mise en place par le mouvement parisien sans qu’il y ait nécessairement eu influence. / African Surrealism requires the question from the influence of French surrealism. Terminology implies, indeed, a link between African writing and the French movement. This link is established by both critics and the dialogues between the two worlds. Senghor encouraged to consider independent part of this surrealism evoking a black negro-african surrealism. We disclaim then behind apparent similarities, differences which reveal a surrealism in the service of understanding the world purely African. African surrealism is an expression of the traditional African perception whose shape is similar to that introduced by the Parisian movement without necessarily had influence.