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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Genomic influences on platelet function

Hayman, Melissa Anne January 2018 (has links)
The study of platelet messenger and micro-RNAs is of increasing interest owing to the fact that platelets contain the machinery to splice and translate mRNA into proteins in response to inhibitory or activating signals. However, the relatively small size (roughly 4000-5000 transcripts) and short half-life of the platelet transcriptome makes this a technically challenging aspect of platelet biology to investigate. The aims of these thesis investigations were therefore to optimise protocols for the isolation of platelets for downstream RNA analyses and function testing, to investigate the functional capabilities of platelet subpopulations rich in RNA, and to understand the functional and transcriptomic impact of gene mutations predicted to influence platelet function. I found that the optimal method for isolating platelets from whole blood is to use simple single step centrifugation to obtain platelet rich plasma. This method is as effective as more involved methods at reducing white blood cell contamination whilst causing minimal platelet activation. Using this method in combination with flow cytometric cell sorting techniques I was able to isolate the newly formed reticulated platelet sub-population and to confirm the link between reticulation status and increased RNA content. Furthermore, using a range of platelet function assays I demonstrated that reticulated platelets are more reactive than non-reticulated platelets. By obtaining blood samples from a patient with a PLA2G4A mutation I was able to show that loss of cPLA2α enzymatic activity alters both platelet function and the expression of certain mRNA transcripts. My investigations using samples from a range of patients with bleeding tendencies show the benefit of combining deep platelet phenotyping with next generation sequencing to understand the causation of bleeding disorders. Together these investigations highlight the utility of genomic DNA and platelet specific mRNA studies in providing novel insights in to pathways regulating platelet reactivity.
2

Identifying conserved microRNAs in a large dataset of wheat small RNAs

Mahdi, Md Safiur Rahman 25 August 2015 (has links)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a vital role in regulating gene expression. Detecting conserved and novel miRNAs in very large genomic datasets generated using next generation sequencing platforms is a new research area in the field of gene regulation, but finding useful miRNA information from a large wheat genome is a challenging research project. We propose to design a toolchain that will identify conserved miRNAs using various software tools such as Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), Bowtie 2, MAFFT and RNAfold. Our toolchain identified 36 wheat conserved miRNA families that matched with 232 experimental sequences. Moreover, we found 87 plant conserved miRNA families that matched between 613 experimental sequences and the miRBase dataset. In addition, we observed significant differential expression for the wheat exposed to the heat stress compared to those exposed to light and UV stresses or no stress (control). / October 2015
3

Análise de expressão de micro RNA em carcinoma urotelial de bexiga / Analysis of micro RNA expression in bladder urothelial carcinoma

Dip Júnior, Nelson Gaspar 27 July 2012 (has links)
Introdução: O câncer de bexiga é a segunda neoplasia maligna mais frequente do trato urinário, com 386.000 casos estimados e 150.000 mortes para 2011 no mundo. Noventa e cinco por cento são carcinomas uroteliais (CUB) papilíferos não músculo-invasivos de baixo grau, que apresentam altas taxas de recidiva, mas raramente progridem. Tumores invasivos de alto grau representam 10-20% dos diagnósticos, são altamente agressivos levando à mortalidade elevada. O conhecimento das vias moleculares envolvidas na carcinogênese dessa neoplasia é importante para a identificação de novos marcadores para diagnóstico, acompanhamento, prognóstico e desenvolvimento de novas terapias alvo. Micro RNA (miRNA) são pequenas sequências não codificantes de RNA que regulam a expressão dos genes inibindo a tradução da proteína ou promovendo a degradação do RNA mensageiro, estando atualmente envolvidos em vários processos celulares fisiológicos e patológicos, incluindo o câncer. Objetivos: Caracterizar o perfil de expressão de miRNA no CUB, relacionando-o com os parâmetros prognósticos clássicos para a doença: grau histológico e estadiamento. Além disso, relacionar esse padrão de comportamento dos miRNA com a recidiva tumoral e sobrevida câncer-específica em pacientes tratados cirurgicamente para CUB. Material e Métodos: Catorze miRNA (miR-100, miR-10a, miR-21, miR-205, miR-let7c, miR- 125b, miR-143, miR-145, miR-221, miR-223, miR-15a, miR-16-1, miR-199a e miR- 452) foram isolados de espécimes cirúrgicos de 60 pacientes divididos em 2 grupos: 30 pacientes com CUB não invasivo (pTa) de baixo grau submetidos à RTU de bexiga, 30 com CUB invasivo (pT2-3) de alto grau submetidos à cistectomia radical. O grupo controle é representado por cinco pacientes portadores de bexiga normal sem CUB que realizaram tratamento cirúrgico aberto para tratamento da hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB). O processamento dos miRNA envolveu três fases: (1) extração do miRNA com kit específico, (2) geração do DNA complementar e (3) amplificação do miRNA por PCR quantitativo em tempo real (qRT-PCR). A expressão de cada miRNA foi obtida através do cálculo 2- CT e os RNU-43 e RNU-48 foram utilizados como controles endógenos. Testes estatísticos foram aplicados para estudar as variáveis envolvidas e curvas de Kaplan-Meyer foram usadas para avaliar a sobrevida livre de recidiva (SLR) e sobrevida câncer-específica (SCE). Resultados: Dos 14 miRNA estudados a maioria apresentou subexpressão nos dois grupos de tumor analisados, com exceção do miR-10a para o grupo pTa de baixo grau e do miR-100, 21 e 205 para os tumores pT2/pT3 de alto grau, onde demonstraram-se superexpressos. Essas diferenças de expressão de miRNA entre os dois grupos foram estatisticamente. Quando estudamos a relação entre expressão de miRNA e a evolução dos pacientes através de curvas de sobrevida, observamos que maiores níveis de expressão do miR-21 relacionou-se com menor SLR para tumores pTa. Ainda, maiores concentrações de miR-10a e miR-145 se associaram com menor SLR e maiores níveis de miR-10a com menor SCE para tumores pT2-3. Conclusões: Demonstramos um predomínio de subexpressão de miRNA em xv carcinomas de bexiga. Os miR-100, miR-10a, miR-21 e miR-205 demonstraram diferenças no perfil de expressão para grau e estadiamento dentro dos dois grupos de tumor, sendo capazes de diferenciá-los. Maiores níveis de miR-21 se relacionaram com menor SLR para tumores pTa de baixo grau, enquanto maiores concentrações de miR-10a estiveram associadas com menor SLR e SCE para tumores pT2/pT3 de alto grau / Introduction: Bladder cancer (BC) is the second most common malignancy of the urinary tract, with 386,000 cases estimated and 150,000 deaths in 2011. Urothelial carcinomas (UC) represent 95% of BC cases, and knowledge of the molecular pathways associated with BC carcinogenesis is crucial to identify new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and development of new target molecular therapies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA molecules that play important roles in the regulation of gene expression by acting directly on mRNAs, leading to either mRNA degradation or inhibition of translation, involved in many physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. Objectives: To characterize miRNAs expression profiles in UC, associating with classic prognostic factors: grade and stage. Moreover, correlate miRNA expression with tumor recurrence and survival. Material and Methods: Fourteen miRNAs (miR-100, miR-10a, miR-21, miR-205, miR-let7c, miR-125b, miR-143, miR-145, miR-221, miR-223, miR-15a, miR-16-1, miR- 199a e miR-452) were isolated from surgical specimens from 60 patients classified in two groups: 30 patients with low-grade non-invasive pTa UC that underwent TURB, 30 with high-grade invasive pT2/pT3 UC underwent radical cystectomy. The control group consists in five normal bladder tissue taken from patients that underwent retropubic prostatectomy to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). miRNA processing involved three phases: (1) miRNA extraction by specific kits, (2) cDNA generation (3) miRNA amplification through qRT-PCR. Expression profiles were obtained by relative quantification determined by 2-ct method. Endogenous control were RNU-43 and RNU-48. Statistic tests were used to study the prognostic variables and Kaplan-Meyer curves were constructed to analyze disease-free (DFS) and disease-specific (DSS) survivals. Results: All miRNAs were underexpressed in both groups, except miR-10a in pTa and miR-100, 21 and 205 in pT2/pT3 tumors, that where over-expressed. miR-100, miR-21, miR-10a and miR-205 differentialy expressed in both groups and this differences were statistically significant. The Kaplan-Meyer survival curves showed that higher levels of miR-21 were related to shorter DFS for pTa group. Also, higher levels of miR-10a and miR-145 were associated with shorter DFS and higher levels of miR-10a were also related to shorter DSS in pT2/pT3 group. Conclusions: The majority of miRNA were shown to be underexpressed in bladder UC. miR-100, miR-10a, miR-21 and miR-205 were differentially expressed considering tumor grade and stage. The miRNA profile was able to distinguish pTa low grade and pT2-3 high grade tumors. Higher levels of miR- 21 were related to shorter DFS in pTa, while higher levels of miR-10a were associated with shorter DFS and DSS in pT2-3, high grade UC
4

Análise de expressão de micro RNA em carcinoma urotelial de bexiga / Analysis of micro RNA expression in bladder urothelial carcinoma

Nelson Gaspar Dip Júnior 27 July 2012 (has links)
Introdução: O câncer de bexiga é a segunda neoplasia maligna mais frequente do trato urinário, com 386.000 casos estimados e 150.000 mortes para 2011 no mundo. Noventa e cinco por cento são carcinomas uroteliais (CUB) papilíferos não músculo-invasivos de baixo grau, que apresentam altas taxas de recidiva, mas raramente progridem. Tumores invasivos de alto grau representam 10-20% dos diagnósticos, são altamente agressivos levando à mortalidade elevada. O conhecimento das vias moleculares envolvidas na carcinogênese dessa neoplasia é importante para a identificação de novos marcadores para diagnóstico, acompanhamento, prognóstico e desenvolvimento de novas terapias alvo. Micro RNA (miRNA) são pequenas sequências não codificantes de RNA que regulam a expressão dos genes inibindo a tradução da proteína ou promovendo a degradação do RNA mensageiro, estando atualmente envolvidos em vários processos celulares fisiológicos e patológicos, incluindo o câncer. Objetivos: Caracterizar o perfil de expressão de miRNA no CUB, relacionando-o com os parâmetros prognósticos clássicos para a doença: grau histológico e estadiamento. Além disso, relacionar esse padrão de comportamento dos miRNA com a recidiva tumoral e sobrevida câncer-específica em pacientes tratados cirurgicamente para CUB. Material e Métodos: Catorze miRNA (miR-100, miR-10a, miR-21, miR-205, miR-let7c, miR- 125b, miR-143, miR-145, miR-221, miR-223, miR-15a, miR-16-1, miR-199a e miR- 452) foram isolados de espécimes cirúrgicos de 60 pacientes divididos em 2 grupos: 30 pacientes com CUB não invasivo (pTa) de baixo grau submetidos à RTU de bexiga, 30 com CUB invasivo (pT2-3) de alto grau submetidos à cistectomia radical. O grupo controle é representado por cinco pacientes portadores de bexiga normal sem CUB que realizaram tratamento cirúrgico aberto para tratamento da hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB). O processamento dos miRNA envolveu três fases: (1) extração do miRNA com kit específico, (2) geração do DNA complementar e (3) amplificação do miRNA por PCR quantitativo em tempo real (qRT-PCR). A expressão de cada miRNA foi obtida através do cálculo 2- CT e os RNU-43 e RNU-48 foram utilizados como controles endógenos. Testes estatísticos foram aplicados para estudar as variáveis envolvidas e curvas de Kaplan-Meyer foram usadas para avaliar a sobrevida livre de recidiva (SLR) e sobrevida câncer-específica (SCE). Resultados: Dos 14 miRNA estudados a maioria apresentou subexpressão nos dois grupos de tumor analisados, com exceção do miR-10a para o grupo pTa de baixo grau e do miR-100, 21 e 205 para os tumores pT2/pT3 de alto grau, onde demonstraram-se superexpressos. Essas diferenças de expressão de miRNA entre os dois grupos foram estatisticamente. Quando estudamos a relação entre expressão de miRNA e a evolução dos pacientes através de curvas de sobrevida, observamos que maiores níveis de expressão do miR-21 relacionou-se com menor SLR para tumores pTa. Ainda, maiores concentrações de miR-10a e miR-145 se associaram com menor SLR e maiores níveis de miR-10a com menor SCE para tumores pT2-3. Conclusões: Demonstramos um predomínio de subexpressão de miRNA em xv carcinomas de bexiga. Os miR-100, miR-10a, miR-21 e miR-205 demonstraram diferenças no perfil de expressão para grau e estadiamento dentro dos dois grupos de tumor, sendo capazes de diferenciá-los. Maiores níveis de miR-21 se relacionaram com menor SLR para tumores pTa de baixo grau, enquanto maiores concentrações de miR-10a estiveram associadas com menor SLR e SCE para tumores pT2/pT3 de alto grau / Introduction: Bladder cancer (BC) is the second most common malignancy of the urinary tract, with 386,000 cases estimated and 150,000 deaths in 2011. Urothelial carcinomas (UC) represent 95% of BC cases, and knowledge of the molecular pathways associated with BC carcinogenesis is crucial to identify new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and development of new target molecular therapies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA molecules that play important roles in the regulation of gene expression by acting directly on mRNAs, leading to either mRNA degradation or inhibition of translation, involved in many physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. Objectives: To characterize miRNAs expression profiles in UC, associating with classic prognostic factors: grade and stage. Moreover, correlate miRNA expression with tumor recurrence and survival. Material and Methods: Fourteen miRNAs (miR-100, miR-10a, miR-21, miR-205, miR-let7c, miR-125b, miR-143, miR-145, miR-221, miR-223, miR-15a, miR-16-1, miR- 199a e miR-452) were isolated from surgical specimens from 60 patients classified in two groups: 30 patients with low-grade non-invasive pTa UC that underwent TURB, 30 with high-grade invasive pT2/pT3 UC underwent radical cystectomy. The control group consists in five normal bladder tissue taken from patients that underwent retropubic prostatectomy to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). miRNA processing involved three phases: (1) miRNA extraction by specific kits, (2) cDNA generation (3) miRNA amplification through qRT-PCR. Expression profiles were obtained by relative quantification determined by 2-ct method. Endogenous control were RNU-43 and RNU-48. Statistic tests were used to study the prognostic variables and Kaplan-Meyer curves were constructed to analyze disease-free (DFS) and disease-specific (DSS) survivals. Results: All miRNAs were underexpressed in both groups, except miR-10a in pTa and miR-100, 21 and 205 in pT2/pT3 tumors, that where over-expressed. miR-100, miR-21, miR-10a and miR-205 differentialy expressed in both groups and this differences were statistically significant. The Kaplan-Meyer survival curves showed that higher levels of miR-21 were related to shorter DFS for pTa group. Also, higher levels of miR-10a and miR-145 were associated with shorter DFS and higher levels of miR-10a were also related to shorter DSS in pT2/pT3 group. Conclusions: The majority of miRNA were shown to be underexpressed in bladder UC. miR-100, miR-10a, miR-21 and miR-205 were differentially expressed considering tumor grade and stage. The miRNA profile was able to distinguish pTa low grade and pT2-3 high grade tumors. Higher levels of miR- 21 were related to shorter DFS in pTa, while higher levels of miR-10a were associated with shorter DFS and DSS in pT2-3, high grade UC
5

Étude du rôle des monocytes / macrophages et des micro-ARNs dans les anévrismes de l’aorte abdominale / Monocytes / macrophages and micro-RNAs in abdominal aortic aneurysm

Raffort, Juliette 23 October 2018 (has links)
L’anévrisme de l’aorte abdominale (AAA) représente un problème majeur de santé publique et est associé à des taux extrêmement élevés de mortalité en cas de rupture aortique. Il est classiquement associé à l’athérosclérose et aux facteurs de risque cardiovasculaires, à l’exception du diabète qui jouerait un rôle protecteur dans la maladie. Bien que certaines études aient montré une infiltration de macrophages et une modification de l’expression des micro-ARNs dans la paroi anévrismale, leurs rôles respectifs dans le développement de l’AAA ne sont pas encore totalement élucidés. Même si les modèles expérimentaux classiques sont utiles pour adresser cette question, ils ne miment pas parfaitement la physiopathologie humaine. Nous avons développé un nouveau modèle d’AAA associant application topique d’élastase et neutralisation systémique du TGFβ permettant de reproduire les principales caractéristiques de l’AAA humain et induisant une rupture aortique. Les objectifs de ce travail étaient de: -1/ Caractériser le phénotype des monocytes/ macrophages dans ce modèle murin d’AAA. -2/ D’étudier l’expression des micro-ARNs dans ce modèle. -3 / Les mécanismes impliqués dans la relation négative entre diabète et AAA étant à ce jour peu connus, le 3ème objectif était de mettre en place une étude clinique afin d’étudier l’expression des micro-ARNs chez des patients diabétiques ayant un AAA.L’application d’élastase associée à la neutralisation du TGFβ chez des souris C57/Bl6j entrainait une augmentation significative de la densité de macrophages infiltrés dans le tissu aortique anévrismal. L’analyse des tissus aortiques a montré des modifications significatives des marqueurs des macrophages pro-inflammatoires dits « M1 » et des marqueurs des macrophages impliqués dans la réparation tissulaire, dits « M2 ». Afin de mieux comprendre le rôle des macrophages dans ce modèle murin, des injections de clodronate ont été réalisées pour dépléter ces cellules. L’injection de clodronate diminuait de façon significative la dilatation anévrismale et prévenait la rupture. Ceci était associé à une préservation de la matrice extracellulaire et une modification de l’expression de certains marqueurs des macrophages, dont l’arginase-1 (ARG1), molécule impliquée dans la réparation tissulaire. La proportion de macrophages exprimant l’ARG1 augmentait en fonction de la sévérité de l’AAA. Enfin, la neutralisation du TGFβ induisait une diminution significative d’un type particulier de monocytes dits « Sat-Mono», impliqués dans la fibrose. Cette étude a ainsi montré le rôle des macrophages dans le développement et la rupture anévrismale avec une modification de leur phénotype. 752 micro-ARNs ont ensuite été analysés dans le tissu aortique, ce qui a permis d’identifier les micro-ARNs dont l’expression était modifiée dans ce modèle par rapport au groupe contrôle. Enfin, l’expression des micro-ARNs a été recherché chez l’homme en mettant en place une étude clinique. Bien que l’AAA chez l’homme soit classiquement associé à l’athérosclérose et aux facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire, il est paradoxalement négativement associé au diabète. Les mécanismes en cause sont encore peu connus. Nous avons comparé l’expression des micro-ARNs entre des patients diabétiques et non-diabétiques présentant un AAA. Cette étude pilote a permis d’identifier des cibles potentielles impliquées dans l’association négative entre diabète et AAA. / Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a major public health concern and is associated with extremely high rates of mortality in case of aortic rupture. AAA is most often associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk factors, except diabetes that may rather play a protective role in the disease. Even though several studies have highlighted an infiltration of macrophages and changes of the expression of micro-RNAs in the aneurysmal wall, their role in AAA is still not fully understood. While experimental animal models are very useful to address this question, none of them perfectly mimics human pathophysiology. We recently created a new murine model of AAA based on topic application of elastase on the aorta associated with systemic TGFβ neutralization which reproduces the main human features of AAA and leads to fatal aortic rupture. The aims of this study were: -1/ Characterize the phenotype of monocytes/ macrophages in this murine model of AAA. -2/ Study the expression of micro-RNAs in this model. -3/ As the mechanisms involved in the negative association between diabetes and AAA are still poorly known, the third goal was to mount a clinical study to compare the expression of micro-RNAs between diabetic and non-diabetic patients with AAA. Topic application of elastase associated with systemic TGFβ neutralization in C57/Bl6j male mice led to a significant increase of macrophage infiltration in the aneurysmal tissue. This was associated with changes of the gene expression of the markers of the pro-inflammatory macrophages, called “M1” and of the macrophages involved in wound healing, called “M2”. To investigate the role of macrophages in this model, we used liposomes containing clodronate injections to deplete these cells. This led to significant decrease of the aortic dilatation and prevented rupture. This was associated with a better preservation of the extracellular matrix and significant changes in the gene expression of the markers of macrophages including arginase-1 (ARG1), a molecule involved in would healing. The proportion of macrophages expressing ARG1 increased with the severity of the AAA. At last, TGFβ neutralization led to a significant decrease of a population of macrophages involved in fibrosis, called “Sat-Mono”. This study highlighted the role and the phenotypic changes of macrophages during AAA development. We then analyzed the expression of 752 micro-RNAs in the aneurysmal aortic tissue which allowed identifying the micro-RNAs whose expression varied in the murine model. At last, the expression of micro-RNAs was investigated in patients with AAA. We compared the expression of micro-RNAs between diabetic and non-diabetic patients with AAA. This pilot study led to the identification of micro-RNAs that could potentially represent new targets involved in the negative association between diabetes and AAA.
6

Identificação de RNAs longos não-codificadores de proteínas regulados por micro-RNAs / Identification of long non-protein coding RNAs regulated by micro-RNAs

Amaral, Murilo Sena 18 December 2013 (has links)
Estudos recentes têm revelado que a maior parte dos transcritos gerados em células humanas é composta por RNAs não-codificadores de proteínas (ncRNAs). Uma parte desses ncRNAs compreende a classe de RNAs curtos, que possuem menos que 200 nucleotídeos. Os micro-RNAs (miRNAs) fazem parte dessa classe e têm sido alvo de grande interesse, pois são preditos como possíveis reguladores de mais de 60% dos RNAs mensageiros (mRNAs) humanos. Outra classe dos ncRNAs é composta por ncRNAs longos (lncRNAs, com mais de 200 nucleotídeos), que são transcritos a partir de regiões intergênicas e intrônicas do genoma humano e possuem várias funções, muitas delas relacionadas ao controle da expressão de mRNAs. Recentemente, os lncRNAs têm sido caracterizados quanto à sua estrutura e função. No entanto, muito pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos pelos quais os lncRNAs são regulados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar se lncRNAs são regulados por miRNAs em células humanas. Para tanto, identificamos lncRNAs ligados ao complexo de silenciamento induzido por RNA (RISC) em células da linhagem HeLa, utilizando um método aqui desenvolvido de geração de bibliotecas de cDNA direcionadas para sequenciamento em larga escala na plataforma 454/Roche. Em paralelo, sequenciamos os miRNAs ligados ao RISC nestas mesmas células. Os resultados obtidos mostram que centenas de lncRNAs de diversas classes se ligam ao RISC em células HeLa, juntamente com milhares de mRNAs e várias centenas de miRNAs. Entre os miRNAs, encontramos 37 que são preditos como alvejando os lncRNAs detectados. Estes miRNAs constituem possíveis reguladores dos lncRNAs e, portanto, nosso trabalho estabelece um mapa experimental de interações diretas entre lncRNAs e miRNAs. Dentre os lncRNAs identificados ligados ao RISC neste trabalho, destaca-se o TUG1, lincRNA sabidamente envolvido na regulação de genes relacionados à apoptose e ao ciclo celular. Mostramos por ensaio de super-expressão de miRNAs e qPCR que TUG1 é regulado pelo miRNA-148b, um dos miRNAs por nós detectados que possui um sítio alvo altamente conservado em mamíferos localizado na extremidade 3\' de TUG1. Em conjunto, este trabalho contribui para o entendimento da regulação dos níveis de expressão de lncRNAs em células humanas e abre perspectivas para a modulação de miRNAs como estratégia de regulação dos níveis e das funções de lncRNAs. / Recent studies have revealed that the largest fraction of the transcripts generated in human cells is composed of non-protein coding RNAs (ncRNAs). A portion of these RNAs encompasses the class of short RNAs, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are part of this class and are of great interest, as they are predicted to target over 60% of the human messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Another class of ncRNAs is composed of long ncRNAs (lncRNAs, longer than 200 nucleotides), which are transcribed from intergenic and intronic regions of the human genome and have several functions, many of them related to the control of the mRNA expression. Recently, the structure and function of lncRNAs have been characterized. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in lncRNA regulation. This work aimed to evaluate whether lncRNAs are regulated by miRNAs in human cells. For this purpose, we identified lncRNAs bound to the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) in HeLa cells using a method developed here for the generation of strand-specific cDNA libraries for large scale RNA-sequencing in the 454/Roche plataform. In parallel, we sequenced the miRNAs bound to RISC in these cells. Our results show that hundreds of lncRNAs from diverse classes are bound to RISC in HeLa cells, along with thousands of mRNAs and several hundred miRNAs. Among the miRNAs we identified 37 that are predicted to target the detected lncRNAs. These miRNAs are possible regulators of the lncRNAs, and therefore our work establishes an experimental map of direct interactions between lncRNAs and miRNAs. The lncRNA TUG1, a lincRNA involved in the regulation of genes related to apoptosis and cell cycle, was identified among the lncRNAs bound to RISC. We showed by miRNA over-expression and qPCR that TUG-1 is regulated by the miRNA-148b, which is one of the miRNAs detected in our sequencings and has a binding site highly conserved in mammals located at the TUG1 3` end. Taken together, our results contribute to the understanding of the regulation of the lncRNA expression levels in human cells and open perspectives for the modulation of miRNAs as a strategy to regulate the levels and functions of lncRNAs.
7

Micro RNA em adenocarcinoma de próstata: caracterização da expressão em tumores de baixo grau, órgão-confinados / Micro RNA in prostate adenocarcinoma : characterization of expression in low-grade tumors, organ-confined tumours

Tomiyama, Alberto Hiroyuki 18 November 2011 (has links)
Introdução: Os micro RNA (miRNA) são formados a partir de RNA precursores de fita dupla que contém entre 60 a 110 nucleotídeos e formam estruturas do tipo hairpin. Imediatamente após sua transcrição pela RNA polimerase II a enzima Dicer promove a clivagem do RNA precursor em seqüências menores contendo 19 a 22 nucleotídeos. Após a clivagem, o miRNA integra-se ao complexo silenciador induzido pelo RNA (RISC) que o conduz ao seu RNA mensageiro (mRNA) homólogo recém transcrito. Esta associação promove a degradação do mRNA, ou interfere na tradução da proteína caracterizando um grande mecanismo de controle da expressão dos genes. Este mecanismo está relacionado ao desenvolvimento de órgãos e tecidos, e está envolvido no processo de carcinogênese. Nosso objetivo é identificar um perfil de expressão de miRNA que defina o adenocarcinoma de próstata de prognóstico favorável e desfavorável considerando os níveis de PSA e dados anatomopatológicos. Materiais e métodos: Foram selecionados 53 pacientes com tumores desfavoráveis (mediana do escore de Gleason igual a 8, 79,2% estadiados pT3, mediana de PSA 10,1 ng/mL e mediana do volume tumoral de 23%) e 45 considerados favoráveis (mediana do escore de Gleason igual a 5, 80% estadiados pT2, mediana de PSA de 7,8 ng/mL e mediana do volume tumoral de 11,5%). O controle foi representado por 7 pacientes com hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB). Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a prostatectomia radical pelo mesmo cirurgião. Os espécimes cirúrgicos foram examinados na sua totalidade pelo mesmo patologista. A análise dos miRNA foi feita a partir de tecido congelado e tecido incluído em parafina usando a técnica da reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real quantitativa (qRT-PCR) utilizando primers e sondas Taqman® específicas. O RNU43 foi usado como controle interno. Resultados: Com exceção dos miRNA 199a, 21, 15a, 16 e 25 que se mostraram subexpressos tanto nos casos desfavoráveis como nos favoráveis, houve uma diminuição global na expressão dos miRNA com redução estatisticamente significativa na expressão dos miRNA 143, 145 e 146a, 191, 218 e Let7c em tumores desfavoráveis em relação aos tumores favoráveis. Conclusão: Demonstramos que no processo de transição entre os carcinomas favoráveis e desfavoráveis de próstata existe uma perda global na expressão de miRNA que podem ser importantes controladores de expressão de uma série de genes relacionados a progressão desta neoplasia. Dados experimentais avaliando o papel desses miRNA devem ser conduzidos para que possamos definir seu papel na evolução do câncer de próstata / Introduction: micro RNA (miRNA) are formed from double-stranded RNA precursors that contain between 60-110 nucleotides and form structures such as hairpin. Immediately after their transcription by RNA polymerase II, the enzyme Dicer promotes the cleavage of precursor RNA sequences containing minor 19-22 nucleotides. After cleavage, the miRNA is part of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that leads to its messenger RNA (mRNA) newly transcribed counterpart. This association promotes the degradation of mRNA, or interferes with the protein translation characterizing a great mechanism for controlling gene expression. This mechanism is related to the development of organs and tissues, and may be involved in the process of carcinogenesis. Our goal is to identify a miRNA expression profile that distinguishes prostate adenocarcinoma of favorable and unfavorable prognosis considering the PSA and pathological findings. Material and Methods: We studied 53 patients with tumors considered unfavorable (Median of Gleason score 8, 79.2% staged pT3, median of PSA 10.1 ng/mL and median of tumor volume of 23%) and 45 considered favorable (Median of Gleason score 5, 80% staged pT2, median of PSA 7.8 ng/mL and median of tumor volume of 11.5%). The control group was represented by seven patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). All patients underwent radical prostatectomy by the same surgeon. The surgical specimen was examined entirely by the same pathologist. The analysis of miRNA was made from frozen and paraffin embedded tissue by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using the Taqman® specific primers and probes. The RNU43 was used as a internal control. Results: Except for miRNAs 199a, 21, 15a, 16 e 25 that were underexpressed by both favorable and unfavorable prostate cancer, there was a global decrease of all miRNAs studied, and some differences were statistically significant as miRNAs 143, 145 e 146a, 191, 218 e Let7c that were underexpressed in unfavorable carcinomas compared favorable tumor. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that in the process of transition between favorable and unfavorable prostate cancer there is a global loss of expression of miRNAs. These molecules can be important controllers of a series of genes related to cancer progression. Experimental studies are needed in order to comprehend the role of these genes in prostate carcinogenesis
8

Micro RNA em adenocarcinoma de próstata: caracterização da expressão em tumores de baixo grau, órgão-confinados / Micro RNA in prostate adenocarcinoma : characterization of expression in low-grade tumors, organ-confined tumours

Alberto Hiroyuki Tomiyama 18 November 2011 (has links)
Introdução: Os micro RNA (miRNA) são formados a partir de RNA precursores de fita dupla que contém entre 60 a 110 nucleotídeos e formam estruturas do tipo hairpin. Imediatamente após sua transcrição pela RNA polimerase II a enzima Dicer promove a clivagem do RNA precursor em seqüências menores contendo 19 a 22 nucleotídeos. Após a clivagem, o miRNA integra-se ao complexo silenciador induzido pelo RNA (RISC) que o conduz ao seu RNA mensageiro (mRNA) homólogo recém transcrito. Esta associação promove a degradação do mRNA, ou interfere na tradução da proteína caracterizando um grande mecanismo de controle da expressão dos genes. Este mecanismo está relacionado ao desenvolvimento de órgãos e tecidos, e está envolvido no processo de carcinogênese. Nosso objetivo é identificar um perfil de expressão de miRNA que defina o adenocarcinoma de próstata de prognóstico favorável e desfavorável considerando os níveis de PSA e dados anatomopatológicos. Materiais e métodos: Foram selecionados 53 pacientes com tumores desfavoráveis (mediana do escore de Gleason igual a 8, 79,2% estadiados pT3, mediana de PSA 10,1 ng/mL e mediana do volume tumoral de 23%) e 45 considerados favoráveis (mediana do escore de Gleason igual a 5, 80% estadiados pT2, mediana de PSA de 7,8 ng/mL e mediana do volume tumoral de 11,5%). O controle foi representado por 7 pacientes com hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB). Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a prostatectomia radical pelo mesmo cirurgião. Os espécimes cirúrgicos foram examinados na sua totalidade pelo mesmo patologista. A análise dos miRNA foi feita a partir de tecido congelado e tecido incluído em parafina usando a técnica da reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real quantitativa (qRT-PCR) utilizando primers e sondas Taqman® específicas. O RNU43 foi usado como controle interno. Resultados: Com exceção dos miRNA 199a, 21, 15a, 16 e 25 que se mostraram subexpressos tanto nos casos desfavoráveis como nos favoráveis, houve uma diminuição global na expressão dos miRNA com redução estatisticamente significativa na expressão dos miRNA 143, 145 e 146a, 191, 218 e Let7c em tumores desfavoráveis em relação aos tumores favoráveis. Conclusão: Demonstramos que no processo de transição entre os carcinomas favoráveis e desfavoráveis de próstata existe uma perda global na expressão de miRNA que podem ser importantes controladores de expressão de uma série de genes relacionados a progressão desta neoplasia. Dados experimentais avaliando o papel desses miRNA devem ser conduzidos para que possamos definir seu papel na evolução do câncer de próstata / Introduction: micro RNA (miRNA) are formed from double-stranded RNA precursors that contain between 60-110 nucleotides and form structures such as hairpin. Immediately after their transcription by RNA polymerase II, the enzyme Dicer promotes the cleavage of precursor RNA sequences containing minor 19-22 nucleotides. After cleavage, the miRNA is part of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that leads to its messenger RNA (mRNA) newly transcribed counterpart. This association promotes the degradation of mRNA, or interferes with the protein translation characterizing a great mechanism for controlling gene expression. This mechanism is related to the development of organs and tissues, and may be involved in the process of carcinogenesis. Our goal is to identify a miRNA expression profile that distinguishes prostate adenocarcinoma of favorable and unfavorable prognosis considering the PSA and pathological findings. Material and Methods: We studied 53 patients with tumors considered unfavorable (Median of Gleason score 8, 79.2% staged pT3, median of PSA 10.1 ng/mL and median of tumor volume of 23%) and 45 considered favorable (Median of Gleason score 5, 80% staged pT2, median of PSA 7.8 ng/mL and median of tumor volume of 11.5%). The control group was represented by seven patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). All patients underwent radical prostatectomy by the same surgeon. The surgical specimen was examined entirely by the same pathologist. The analysis of miRNA was made from frozen and paraffin embedded tissue by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using the Taqman® specific primers and probes. The RNU43 was used as a internal control. Results: Except for miRNAs 199a, 21, 15a, 16 e 25 that were underexpressed by both favorable and unfavorable prostate cancer, there was a global decrease of all miRNAs studied, and some differences were statistically significant as miRNAs 143, 145 e 146a, 191, 218 e Let7c that were underexpressed in unfavorable carcinomas compared favorable tumor. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that in the process of transition between favorable and unfavorable prostate cancer there is a global loss of expression of miRNAs. These molecules can be important controllers of a series of genes related to cancer progression. Experimental studies are needed in order to comprehend the role of these genes in prostate carcinogenesis
9

Identificação de RNAs longos não-codificadores de proteínas regulados por micro-RNAs / Identification of long non-protein coding RNAs regulated by micro-RNAs

Murilo Sena Amaral 18 December 2013 (has links)
Estudos recentes têm revelado que a maior parte dos transcritos gerados em células humanas é composta por RNAs não-codificadores de proteínas (ncRNAs). Uma parte desses ncRNAs compreende a classe de RNAs curtos, que possuem menos que 200 nucleotídeos. Os micro-RNAs (miRNAs) fazem parte dessa classe e têm sido alvo de grande interesse, pois são preditos como possíveis reguladores de mais de 60% dos RNAs mensageiros (mRNAs) humanos. Outra classe dos ncRNAs é composta por ncRNAs longos (lncRNAs, com mais de 200 nucleotídeos), que são transcritos a partir de regiões intergênicas e intrônicas do genoma humano e possuem várias funções, muitas delas relacionadas ao controle da expressão de mRNAs. Recentemente, os lncRNAs têm sido caracterizados quanto à sua estrutura e função. No entanto, muito pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos pelos quais os lncRNAs são regulados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar se lncRNAs são regulados por miRNAs em células humanas. Para tanto, identificamos lncRNAs ligados ao complexo de silenciamento induzido por RNA (RISC) em células da linhagem HeLa, utilizando um método aqui desenvolvido de geração de bibliotecas de cDNA direcionadas para sequenciamento em larga escala na plataforma 454/Roche. Em paralelo, sequenciamos os miRNAs ligados ao RISC nestas mesmas células. Os resultados obtidos mostram que centenas de lncRNAs de diversas classes se ligam ao RISC em células HeLa, juntamente com milhares de mRNAs e várias centenas de miRNAs. Entre os miRNAs, encontramos 37 que são preditos como alvejando os lncRNAs detectados. Estes miRNAs constituem possíveis reguladores dos lncRNAs e, portanto, nosso trabalho estabelece um mapa experimental de interações diretas entre lncRNAs e miRNAs. Dentre os lncRNAs identificados ligados ao RISC neste trabalho, destaca-se o TUG1, lincRNA sabidamente envolvido na regulação de genes relacionados à apoptose e ao ciclo celular. Mostramos por ensaio de super-expressão de miRNAs e qPCR que TUG1 é regulado pelo miRNA-148b, um dos miRNAs por nós detectados que possui um sítio alvo altamente conservado em mamíferos localizado na extremidade 3\' de TUG1. Em conjunto, este trabalho contribui para o entendimento da regulação dos níveis de expressão de lncRNAs em células humanas e abre perspectivas para a modulação de miRNAs como estratégia de regulação dos níveis e das funções de lncRNAs. / Recent studies have revealed that the largest fraction of the transcripts generated in human cells is composed of non-protein coding RNAs (ncRNAs). A portion of these RNAs encompasses the class of short RNAs, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are part of this class and are of great interest, as they are predicted to target over 60% of the human messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Another class of ncRNAs is composed of long ncRNAs (lncRNAs, longer than 200 nucleotides), which are transcribed from intergenic and intronic regions of the human genome and have several functions, many of them related to the control of the mRNA expression. Recently, the structure and function of lncRNAs have been characterized. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in lncRNA regulation. This work aimed to evaluate whether lncRNAs are regulated by miRNAs in human cells. For this purpose, we identified lncRNAs bound to the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) in HeLa cells using a method developed here for the generation of strand-specific cDNA libraries for large scale RNA-sequencing in the 454/Roche plataform. In parallel, we sequenced the miRNAs bound to RISC in these cells. Our results show that hundreds of lncRNAs from diverse classes are bound to RISC in HeLa cells, along with thousands of mRNAs and several hundred miRNAs. Among the miRNAs we identified 37 that are predicted to target the detected lncRNAs. These miRNAs are possible regulators of the lncRNAs, and therefore our work establishes an experimental map of direct interactions between lncRNAs and miRNAs. The lncRNA TUG1, a lincRNA involved in the regulation of genes related to apoptosis and cell cycle, was identified among the lncRNAs bound to RISC. We showed by miRNA over-expression and qPCR that TUG-1 is regulated by the miRNA-148b, which is one of the miRNAs detected in our sequencings and has a binding site highly conserved in mammals located at the TUG1 3` end. Taken together, our results contribute to the understanding of the regulation of the lncRNA expression levels in human cells and open perspectives for the modulation of miRNAs as a strategy to regulate the levels and functions of lncRNAs.
10

Identification of micro-RNAs and their messenger RNA targets in Prostate cancer and Biological fluids

Sharma, Kanika 01 January 2014 (has links)
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in the United States that affects men today. To better treat this disease accurate biomarkers and successful therapeutic treatments are needed. A novel approach to understand the mechanisms behind prostate cancer tumor formation lies in identifying dysregulated micro-RNAs (miRNAs), which are a class of small (18-24 nucleotides) non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally by either inhibiting protein synthesis or signaling messenger-RNA for degradation. Multiple miRNAs were discovered in our highly tumorigenic and metastatic prostate cancer progression model M12 cell line compared to its weakly tumorigenic P69 parental cell line. Various analyses such as human panel analyses, single-miR analyses and patient tumor biopsy samples were analyzed to determine dysregulated miRNAs that contributed to the progression and metastasis of prostate cancer. Together with performing experiments to identify miRNAs, a de novo next generation sequencing approach was applied to identify miRNAs naturally present in biological fluids of normal and healthy subjects. Since, these miRNAs are highly dysregulated in many diseases, including cancer, they can act as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets to improve treatments for prostate cancer. Essential miRNAs studied for this research were miR-17-3p that is known to target the ErbB2 mRNA; miR-299-5p that directly targets osteopontin (OPN) mRNA, and miR-147b that directly targets many mRNAs, such as COL4A2, ALDH5A1, NDUFA4, SDHD, and IER5. A wide range of miRNAs were identified in six biological fluids: venous blood, menstrual blood, vaginal fluid, semen, saliva, and feces. There were some miRNAs that were common to all 6 body fluids, some unique to each body fluid, and some miRNAs that literature suggested could potentially be biomarkers or normalizers for body fluid characterization.

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