Introdução: o transplante renal é o tratamento de escolha para uma significativa porção dos pacientes com perda crônica terminal da função renal. A rejeição aguda é uma importante complicação pós-transplante e entre outras disfunções agudas tem na biópsia do enxerto o padrão ouro para o seu diagnóstico. No entanto as biópsias apresentam uma série de limitações e riscos sendo necessário que se desenvolva biomarcadores não invasivos capazes de identificar disfunções do enxerto. Objetivos: analisar e quantificar a expressão dos microRNAs miR-142-3p, miR-155 e miR-210 em amostras de sangue periférico, urina e tecido renal coletadas de pacientes que submetidos à transplante renal que desenvolveram disfunção do enxerto. Métodos: estudo com delineamento transversal e executado no Laboratório de Biologia Molecular aplicado à Nefrologia (LABMAN), do Centro de Pesquisa Experimental do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. As amostras são de pacientes submetidos a transplante renal que necessitaram de biópsia, por critério clínico. A expressão dos miRNAs miR-142-3p, miR-155 e miR-210 nos materiais biológicos (tecido renal, sangue periférico e células do sedimento urinário) foi avaliada através da técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase quantitativo em tempo real. Resultados: foi encontrada, no sangue periférico uma diminuição estatisticamente significativa na expressão do miR-142-3p no grupo de pacientes com rejeição aguda (n=23) quando comparado ao grupo com outras causas de disfunção do enxerto (n=68) (P = 0,01). Não houve diferença entre os grupos na expressão do miR-155 e do miR-210, tampouco para o miR142-3p nos demais compartimentos. Conclusão: miR-142-3p mostra uma expressão diferenciada de rejeição aguda de enxertos renais, há um envolvimento deste marcador no grupo de biomarcadores moleculares em potencial para a disfunção do enxerto renal. / Background: kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for a significant portion of patients with end-stage kidney disease. Acute rejection is a major post-transplant complication among other acute disorders and has on graft biopsy the gold standard for diagnosis. Biopsy, however it is an invasive and potentially harmful procedure so it is desirable to develop new noninvasive markers for diagnosing graft dysfunction. Objective: to analyze and quantify the expression of microRNAs miR-142-3p, miR-155 and miR-210 in the peripheral blood, urinary sediment and kidney tissue obtained from patients who developed graft dysfunction after kidney transplantation. Methods: crosssectional study performed at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology applied to Nephrology (Labman), Center of Experimental Research from Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre. The samples are from kidney transplant patients who undertook indication biopsies as a part of investigation of graft dysfunction. Micro-RNAs expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: it was found that in peripheral blood, a significant decrease in the expression of miR-142-3p occurred in patients with acute rejection (n = 23) as compared to the group of patients with other causes of graft dysfunction (n = 68), (P = 0.01). No other significant differences were found in gene expression of miR-155 and miR-210, neither for miR142-3p in the other urine or kidney tissue. Conclusion: miR-142-3p presents differential expression in the peripheral blood of patients with rejecting kidney grafts. The role of miRNAs as biomarkers for kidney graft dysfunction is worth be further explored.

Introdução: o transplante renal é o tratamento de escolha para uma significativa porção dos pacientes com perda crônica terminal da função renal. A rejeição aguda é uma importante complicação pós-transplante e entre outras disfunções agudas tem na biópsia do enxerto o padrão ouro para o seu diagnóstico. No entanto as biópsias apresentam uma série de limitações e riscos sendo necessário que se desenvolva biomarcadores não invasivos capazes de identificar disfunções do enxerto. Objetivos: analisar e quantificar a expressão dos microRNAs miR-142-3p, miR-155 e miR-210 em amostras de sangue periférico, urina e tecido renal coletadas de pacientes que submetidos à transplante renal que desenvolveram disfunção do enxerto. Métodos: estudo com delineamento transversal e executado no Laboratório de Biologia Molecular aplicado à Nefrologia (LABMAN), do Centro de Pesquisa Experimental do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. As amostras são de pacientes submetidos a transplante renal que necessitaram de biópsia, por critério clínico. A expressão dos miRNAs miR-142-3p, miR-155 e miR-210 nos materiais biológicos (tecido renal, sangue periférico e células do sedimento urinário) foi avaliada através da técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase quantitativo em tempo real. Resultados: foi encontrada, no sangue periférico uma diminuição estatisticamente significativa na expressão do miR-142-3p no grupo de pacientes com rejeição aguda (n=23) quando comparado ao grupo com outras causas de disfunção do enxerto (n=68) (P = 0,01). Não houve diferença entre os grupos na expressão do miR-155 e do miR-210, tampouco para o miR142-3p nos demais compartimentos. Conclusão: miR-142-3p mostra uma expressão diferenciada de rejeição aguda de enxertos renais, há um envolvimento deste marcador no grupo de biomarcadores moleculares em potencial para a disfunção do enxerto renal. / Background: kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for a significant portion of patients with end-stage kidney disease. Acute rejection is a major post-transplant complication among other acute disorders and has on graft biopsy the gold standard for diagnosis. Biopsy, however it is an invasive and potentially harmful procedure so it is desirable to develop new noninvasive markers for diagnosing graft dysfunction. Objective: to analyze and quantify the expression of microRNAs miR-142-3p, miR-155 and miR-210 in the peripheral blood, urinary sediment and kidney tissue obtained from patients who developed graft dysfunction after kidney transplantation. Methods: crosssectional study performed at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology applied to Nephrology (Labman), Center of Experimental Research from Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre. The samples are from kidney transplant patients who undertook indication biopsies as a part of investigation of graft dysfunction. Micro-RNAs expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: it was found that in peripheral blood, a significant decrease in the expression of miR-142-3p occurred in patients with acute rejection (n = 23) as compared to the group of patients with other causes of graft dysfunction (n = 68), (P = 0.01). No other significant differences were found in gene expression of miR-155 and miR-210, neither for miR142-3p in the other urine or kidney tissue. Conclusion: miR-142-3p presents differential expression in the peripheral blood of patients with rejecting kidney grafts. The role of miRNAs as biomarkers for kidney graft dysfunction is worth be further explored.

Introdução: o transplante renal é o tratamento de escolha para uma significativa porção dos pacientes com perda crônica terminal da função renal. A rejeição aguda é uma importante complicação pós-transplante e entre outras disfunções agudas tem na biópsia do enxerto o padrão ouro para o seu diagnóstico. No entanto as biópsias apresentam uma série de limitações e riscos sendo necessário que se desenvolva biomarcadores não invasivos capazes de identificar disfunções do enxerto. Objetivos: analisar e quantificar a expressão dos microRNAs miR-142-3p, miR-155 e miR-210 em amostras de sangue periférico, urina e tecido renal coletadas de pacientes que submetidos à transplante renal que desenvolveram disfunção do enxerto. Métodos: estudo com delineamento transversal e executado no Laboratório de Biologia Molecular aplicado à Nefrologia (LABMAN), do Centro de Pesquisa Experimental do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. As amostras são de pacientes submetidos a transplante renal que necessitaram de biópsia, por critério clínico. A expressão dos miRNAs miR-142-3p, miR-155 e miR-210 nos materiais biológicos (tecido renal, sangue periférico e células do sedimento urinário) foi avaliada através da técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase quantitativo em tempo real. Resultados: foi encontrada, no sangue periférico uma diminuição estatisticamente significativa na expressão do miR-142-3p no grupo de pacientes com rejeição aguda (n=23) quando comparado ao grupo com outras causas de disfunção do enxerto (n=68) (P = 0,01). Não houve diferença entre os grupos na expressão do miR-155 e do miR-210, tampouco para o miR142-3p nos demais compartimentos. Conclusão: miR-142-3p mostra uma expressão diferenciada de rejeição aguda de enxertos renais, há um envolvimento deste marcador no grupo de biomarcadores moleculares em potencial para a disfunção do enxerto renal. / Background: kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for a significant portion of patients with end-stage kidney disease. Acute rejection is a major post-transplant complication among other acute disorders and has on graft biopsy the gold standard for diagnosis. Biopsy, however it is an invasive and potentially harmful procedure so it is desirable to develop new noninvasive markers for diagnosing graft dysfunction. Objective: to analyze and quantify the expression of microRNAs miR-142-3p, miR-155 and miR-210 in the peripheral blood, urinary sediment and kidney tissue obtained from patients who developed graft dysfunction after kidney transplantation. Methods: crosssectional study performed at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology applied to Nephrology (Labman), Center of Experimental Research from Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre. The samples are from kidney transplant patients who undertook indication biopsies as a part of investigation of graft dysfunction. Micro-RNAs expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: it was found that in peripheral blood, a significant decrease in the expression of miR-142-3p occurred in patients with acute rejection (n = 23) as compared to the group of patients with other causes of graft dysfunction (n = 68), (P = 0.01). No other significant differences were found in gene expression of miR-155 and miR-210, neither for miR142-3p in the other urine or kidney tissue. Conclusion: miR-142-3p presents differential expression in the peripheral blood of patients with rejecting kidney grafts. The role of miRNAs as biomarkers for kidney graft dysfunction is worth be further explored.

The hair follicle is a cyclic biological system that progresses through stages of growth, regression, and quiescence, which involves dynamic changes in a program of gene regulation. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are critically important for the control of gene expression and silencing. Here, we show that global miRNA expression in the skin markedly changes during distinct stages of the hair cycle in mice. Furthermore, we show that expression of miR-31 markedly increases during anagen and decreases during catagen and telogen. Administration of antisense miR-31 inhibitor into mouse skin during the early- and midanagen phases of the hair cycle results in accelerated anagen development, and altered differentiation of hair matrix keratinocytes and hair shaft formation. Microarray, qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses revealed that miR-31 negatively regulates expression of Fgf10, the components of Wnt and BMP signaling pathways Sclerostin and BAMBI, and Dlx3 transcription factor, as well as selected keratin genes, both in vitro and in vivo. Using luciferase reporter assay, we show that Krt16, Krt17, Dlx3, and Fgf10 serve as direct miR-31 targets. Thus, by targeting a number of growth regulatory molecules and cytoskeletal proteins, miR-31 is involved in establishing an optimal balance of gene expression in the hair follicle required for its proper growth and hair fiber formation.

Introdução: A hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) é apontada como um dos mais comuns problemas de saúde associado ao envelhecimento dos homens. A incidência da doença começa a aumentar a partir dos 40 anos de idade, e se torna frequente em cerca de 50% dos homens com 50 anos e em quase 90% dos homens após a oitava década. A etiopatogenia da HPB ainda não foi totalmente elucidada, mas sabe-se que alguns fatores aumentam os riscos de aparecimento do problema. Seu melhor entendimento contribuiria substancialmente para o estabelecimento de um consenso terapêutico para a doença. Nesse sentido, os marcadores moleculares têm sido pesquisados na tentativa de auxiliar ou mesmo suplantar a eficiência dos métodos tradicionais. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) são uma classe de pequenos RNA regulatórios (19-25 nucleotídeos), não codificadores que possuem um papel fundamental no controle da expressão gênica. Essas pequenas moléculas estão envolvidas em vários processos celulares fisiológicos e patológicos. Alguns estudos demonstraram que os miRNAs 143 e 145 têm papel fundamental na diferenciação e proliferação celular da musculatura lisa. A ação de miRNAs na HPB ainda foi pouco explorada. Objetivos: Analisar a expressão do miR-143 e de seus genes e proteínas alvo ERK5 e KRAS e do miR-145 e dos seus genes e proteínas alvo MAP3K3 e MAP4K4, em pacientes portadores de HPB e comparar os perfis de expressão destes com parâmetros clínicos dos pacientes. Material e Métodos: Para análise dos miRNAs e dos seus genes alvo, foram estudados 44 pacientes diagnosticados com HPB submetidos à ressecção transuretral da próstata ou prostatectomia aberta. A análise da expressão foi realizada pela técnica de RT-PCR quantitativo. O grupo controle foi composto de tecido prostático normal de dois pacientes jovens doadores de órgãos. A análise proteica foi feita a partir de 38 pacientes, pela técnica de Western Blotting. Resultados: Os miRNA 143 e 145, apresentaram superexpressão em 62,5% e 73,8% dos casos, respectivamente. O gene ERK5 apresentou subexpressão de 59,4%, evidenciando um possível controle negativo por parte do miR-143. O gene MAP4K4 apresentou subexpressão na totalidade das amostras estudadas, demonstrando um possível controle por parte do miR-145. Os genes KRAS e MAP3K3 apresentaram superexpressão de 79,4% e 61,5% das amostras, respectivamente. De acordo com a expressão proteica, encontramos perfis semelhantes aos da expressão gênica. Foi encontrada maior expressão das proteínas KRAS e MAP3K3. Considerando a expressão gênica e proteica comparadas aos parâmetros clínicos, somente a proteína ERK5 apresentou significância (p=0,019), estando mais presente em pacientes com próstatas > 60 gramas. Conclusão: A superexpressão dos miRNAs 143 e 145 encontrada neste estudo pode estar envolvida na etiopatogenia da HPB alterando a homeostase do tecido fibromuscular principalmente, controlando proliferação e diferenciação. A superexpressão gênica e a forte expressão proteica de KRAS também pode estar envolvida na etiopatogenia da HPB, já que esta molécula quando ativada é responsável pelo estímulo de vias que resultam na proliferação, sobrevivência, motilidade celular e tráfego intracelular. A superexpressão do MAP3K3 pode estar sendo responsável pela angiogênese que ocorre em HPB. A subexpressão de MAP4K4, neste caso possivelmente controlada por miR-145, pode estar deixando de regular negativamente mTOR, gerando uma proliferação celular irregular responsável pela HPB. A detecção das proteínas em níveis semelhantes aos que foram encontrados na expressão gênica reforça estas hipóteses. / Introduction: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common male health problems associated with aging. The incidence of disease starts to increase after 40 years, and compromises half of men in the fifths and almost 90% over 80 years. The pathogenesis of BPH has not been fully elucidated, but it is known that some factors increase the risk of occurrence of the problem. A better understanding of BPH pathogenesis would substantially contribute to the establishment of a therapeutic consensus for the disease. Thus, molecular markers have been investigated attempting to help or even overcome the efficiency of traditional methods. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding regulatory RNA (19-25 nucleotides) that plays a key role in gene expression control. These small molecules are involved in various physiological and pathological cellular processes. Some studies have shown that miRNAs 143 and 145 play a fundamental role in cellular differentiation and proliferation of smooth muscles. The action of miRNAs in BPH has been poorly explored. Objectives: Analyze the expression of miR-143 and its target genes and proteins ERK5 and KRAS and miR-145 and its target genes and proteins MAP3K3 and MAP4K4, in patients with BPH and compare their expression profiles with clinical parameters of patients. Material and Methods: For analysis of miRNAs and its target genes, we studied 44 patients diagnosed with BPH undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate or open prostatectomy. The expression analysis was performed by quantitative RT-PCR. Control group consisted of normal prostate tissue from two young patients organ donors. Protein analysis was done from of 38 patients using Western Blotting technique. Results: miR-143 and 145 presented overexpression in 62.5% and 73.8% of cases, respectively. The ERK5 gene demonstrated underexpression in 59.4%, indicating a possible control by the miR-143. MAP4K4 gene showed underexpression in 100% of samples and could be under a potential control by the miR-145. KRAS and MAP3K3 genes revealed overexpression of 79.4% and 61.5% of cases, respectively. According protein expression, to find similar profiles of gene expression. We found an increased expression of the proteins MAP3K3 and KRAS. Considering the gene expression and protein compared to clinical parameters, only the protein ERK5 showed significance (p = 0.019), being more present in patients with prostates > 60 grams. Conclusions: Overexpression of miRNAs 143 and 145 found in this work may be involved in the pathogenesis of BPH mainly by changing the fibromuscular tissue homeostasis, controlling proliferation and differentiation. Overexpression of KRAS may also be involved in the pathogenesis of BPH, since this molecule when activated can trigger cell proliferation, survival, intracellular trafficking and motility. Overexpression of MAP3K3 can be responsible for BPH angiogenesis. The MAP4K4 underexpression, in this case possibly controlled by miR-145 overexpression, could inhibit mTOR pathway, leading to irregular cell proliferation responsible for disease. Detection of proteins at similar levels to those found in gene expression reinforce our hypothesis.

Introdução: A hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) é apontada como um dos mais comuns problemas de saúde associado ao envelhecimento dos homens. A incidência da doença começa a aumentar a partir dos 40 anos de idade, e se torna frequente em cerca de 50% dos homens com 50 anos e em quase 90% dos homens após a oitava década. A etiopatogenia da HPB ainda não foi totalmente elucidada, mas sabe-se que alguns fatores aumentam os riscos de aparecimento do problema. Seu melhor entendimento contribuiria substancialmente para o estabelecimento de um consenso terapêutico para a doença. Nesse sentido, os marcadores moleculares têm sido pesquisados na tentativa de auxiliar ou mesmo suplantar a eficiência dos métodos tradicionais. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) são uma classe de pequenos RNA regulatórios (19-25 nucleotídeos), não codificadores que possuem um papel fundamental no controle da expressão gênica. Essas pequenas moléculas estão envolvidas em vários processos celulares fisiológicos e patológicos. Alguns estudos demonstraram que os miRNAs 143 e 145 têm papel fundamental na diferenciação e proliferação celular da musculatura lisa. A ação de miRNAs na HPB ainda foi pouco explorada. Objetivos: Analisar a expressão do miR-143 e de seus genes e proteínas alvo ERK5 e KRAS e do miR-145 e dos seus genes e proteínas alvo MAP3K3 e MAP4K4, em pacientes portadores de HPB e comparar os perfis de expressão destes com parâmetros clínicos dos pacientes. Material e Métodos: Para análise dos miRNAs e dos seus genes alvo, foram estudados 44 pacientes diagnosticados com HPB submetidos à ressecção transuretral da próstata ou prostatectomia aberta. A análise da expressão foi realizada pela técnica de RT-PCR quantitativo. O grupo controle foi composto de tecido prostático normal de dois pacientes jovens doadores de órgãos. A análise proteica foi feita a partir de 38 pacientes, pela técnica de Western Blotting. Resultados: Os miRNA 143 e 145, apresentaram superexpressão em 62,5% e 73,8% dos casos, respectivamente. O gene ERK5 apresentou subexpressão de 59,4%, evidenciando um possível controle negativo por parte do miR-143. O gene MAP4K4 apresentou subexpressão na totalidade das amostras estudadas, demonstrando um possível controle por parte do miR-145. Os genes KRAS e MAP3K3 apresentaram superexpressão de 79,4% e 61,5% das amostras, respectivamente. De acordo com a expressão proteica, encontramos perfis semelhantes aos da expressão gênica. Foi encontrada maior expressão das proteínas KRAS e MAP3K3. Considerando a expressão gênica e proteica comparadas aos parâmetros clínicos, somente a proteína ERK5 apresentou significância (p=0,019), estando mais presente em pacientes com próstatas > 60 gramas. Conclusão: A superexpressão dos miRNAs 143 e 145 encontrada neste estudo pode estar envolvida na etiopatogenia da HPB alterando a homeostase do tecido fibromuscular principalmente, controlando proliferação e diferenciação. A superexpressão gênica e a forte expressão proteica de KRAS também pode estar envolvida na etiopatogenia da HPB, já que esta molécula quando ativada é responsável pelo estímulo de vias que resultam na proliferação, sobrevivência, motilidade celular e tráfego intracelular. A superexpressão do MAP3K3 pode estar sendo responsável pela angiogênese que ocorre em HPB. A subexpressão de MAP4K4, neste caso possivelmente controlada por miR-145, pode estar deixando de regular negativamente mTOR, gerando uma proliferação celular irregular responsável pela HPB. A detecção das proteínas em níveis semelhantes aos que foram encontrados na expressão gênica reforça estas hipóteses. / Introduction: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common male health problems associated with aging. The incidence of disease starts to increase after 40 years, and compromises half of men in the fifths and almost 90% over 80 years. The pathogenesis of BPH has not been fully elucidated, but it is known that some factors increase the risk of occurrence of the problem. A better understanding of BPH pathogenesis would substantially contribute to the establishment of a therapeutic consensus for the disease. Thus, molecular markers have been investigated attempting to help or even overcome the efficiency of traditional methods. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding regulatory RNA (19-25 nucleotides) that plays a key role in gene expression control. These small molecules are involved in various physiological and pathological cellular processes. Some studies have shown that miRNAs 143 and 145 play a fundamental role in cellular differentiation and proliferation of smooth muscles. The action of miRNAs in BPH has been poorly explored. Objectives: Analyze the expression of miR-143 and its target genes and proteins ERK5 and KRAS and miR-145 and its target genes and proteins MAP3K3 and MAP4K4, in patients with BPH and compare their expression profiles with clinical parameters of patients. Material and Methods: For analysis of miRNAs and its target genes, we studied 44 patients diagnosed with BPH undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate or open prostatectomy. The expression analysis was performed by quantitative RT-PCR. Control group consisted of normal prostate tissue from two young patients organ donors. Protein analysis was done from of 38 patients using Western Blotting technique. Results: miR-143 and 145 presented overexpression in 62.5% and 73.8% of cases, respectively. The ERK5 gene demonstrated underexpression in 59.4%, indicating a possible control by the miR-143. MAP4K4 gene showed underexpression in 100% of samples and could be under a potential control by the miR-145. KRAS and MAP3K3 genes revealed overexpression of 79.4% and 61.5% of cases, respectively. According protein expression, to find similar profiles of gene expression. We found an increased expression of the proteins MAP3K3 and KRAS. Considering the gene expression and protein compared to clinical parameters, only the protein ERK5 showed significance (p = 0.019), being more present in patients with prostates > 60 grams. Conclusions: Overexpression of miRNAs 143 and 145 found in this work may be involved in the pathogenesis of BPH mainly by changing the fibromuscular tissue homeostasis, controlling proliferation and differentiation. Overexpression of KRAS may also be involved in the pathogenesis of BPH, since this molecule when activated can trigger cell proliferation, survival, intracellular trafficking and motility. Overexpression of MAP3K3 can be responsible for BPH angiogenesis. The MAP4K4 underexpression, in this case possibly controlled by miR-145 overexpression, could inhibit mTOR pathway, leading to irregular cell proliferation responsible for disease. Detection of proteins at similar levels to those found in gene expression reinforce our hypothesis.

Tesi realitzada a l'Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC IDIBAPS) / Les patologies renals s’han convertit en una problemàtica a nivell mundial, en l’actualitat poden afectar a una de cada 9 persones al llarg de la seva vida i porten associats elevats costos econòmics. Malgrat els últims avenços científics i millores en el tractament d’aquestes patologies, el transplantament renal i la diàlisi continuen sent les dues úniques opcions terapèutiques efectives en el tractament de la insuficiencia renal. La regeneració de l’epiteli renal és determinant en la recuperació del pacient ja que determina que es pugui restablir la funcionalitat d’aquest òrgan. L’obtenció de precursors renals a partir de cèl•lules mare que puguin integrar-se i regenerar el ronyó lesionat s’ha convertit en una àrea de recerca biomèdica molt important. L’objecte d’estudi d’aquesta tesi va ser conèixer els mecanismes involucrats en la diferenciació de les cèl•lules mare embrionàries (ESCs) i les cèl•lules mare adiposes (ASCS) cap al llinatge epitelial renal ja que aquestes cèl•lules poden ser una potencial font d’aquests precursors renals amb capacitat regenerativa. Recentment s’ha descobert que els miRNAs, que tenen la funció de regular l’expressió gènica en l’etapa post-transcripcional, són essencials en la diferenciació de les cèl•lules mare i s’han trobat miRNAs específics que regulen la diferenciació a un llinatge cel•lular en concret. En aquest sentit, el nostre objectiu general en aquest treball va ser estudiar el paper dels miRNAs en la diferenciació de cèl•lules mare a progenitors epitelials renals. Per això, primer de tot es van realitzar experiments de diferenciació en que els cossos embrionaris (EBs) induïts a partir de les cèl•lules mare embrionàries (ESCs) es van cultivar amb un medi de cultiu suplementat amb all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) i activina A, i les cèl•lules mare adiposes (ASCs) amb un medi amb una concentració fisiológica de glucosa suplementat amb ATRA. Amb aquests protocols de diferenciació, es van obtenir cèl•lules amb característiques de progenitors renals. Els EBs cultivats amb el protocol de diferenciació expressaven els marcadors de l’organogènesi renal inicial (Pax2, WT1, Wnt4, Notch2 i Wnt9b). Les ASCs cultivades amb ATRA varen canviar la seva morfologia a una morfologia epitelial i van expressar marcadors tant de l’organogènesi renal inicial (Pax2, WT1, Wnt4, Six2 i Megalina) com els marcadors epitelials (Citoqueratina 18, E-caderina). Un anàlisis de miRNAs va demostrar que la família de miRNAs let-7 es sobreexpressava durant la diferenciació dels EBs i que el miRNA let-7e més concretament era essencial en l’expressió dels marcadors Pax2, Wt1i Wnt4 ja que la seva silenciació disminuïa l’expressió d’aquests gens. En les ASCs, en canvi, es va demostrar que el miRNA let-7e també augmentava en la diferenciació i que a més tenia característiques d’inductor de la diferenciació, essent essencial en l’expressió tant dels marcadors de l’organogènesi renal (Pax2, Wt1, Wnt4, Megalina) com del marcador epitelial CK18. Profunditzant en el paper del miRNA let-7e en la diferenciació, es va demostrar amb experiments de Western blot, que el miRNA let-7e modula els nivells de β-catenina a través d’un mecanisme que implica la inhibició de la PKCβ i la conseqüent disminució en la fosforilació de la GSK3β (Ser-9) i que això és imprescindible per la correcta diferenciació de les ESCs. Per altra banda, en les ASCs es va demostrar utilitzant l’assaig del gen reporter de la luciderasa, que el miRNA let-7e inhibeix directament l’expressió de la metal•loproteinasa 9 i que d’aquesta manera modula la diferenciació de les ASCs al llinatge epitelial renal. / Role of miRNA in stem cell differentiation Renal diseases have become a worldwide problem that can affect one in nine people throughout their life. Despite recent scientific advances, kidney transplantation and dialysis are still the only two effective therapeutic options in renal failure. The regeneration of the epithelium is critical for patient recovery as it determines the restoration of the kidney functionality. Cell precursors obtained from renal stem cells that can regenerate and integrate the injured kidney have become an important research area. The aim of our study was to determine the mechanisms involved in the differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and adipose stem cells (ASCs) to renal epithelial lineage as these cells can be a source of these renal precursors with regenerative potential. It was recently discovered that miRNAs, which have the function of regulating gene expression in the post-transcriptional level, are essential in the differentiation of stem cells. In this sense, our main objective was to study the role of miRNAs in stem cells differentiation to renal epithelial progenitors. For this purpose, We have carried out experiments of stem cells differentiation. Embryoid bodies (EBs) from ESCs were cultured with activin A and ATRA and ASCs where cultured in a medium with physiological concentration of glucose supplemented with ATRA, obtaining progenitor cells with renal epithelial characteristics. EBs expressed the early kidney organogenesis markers (Pax2, WT1, Wnt4, Notch2 Wnt9b) and ASCs changed their morphology to a more epithelial one and expressed both markers of kidney organogenesis (Pax2, WT1, Wnt4, SIX2 i Megalin) and epithelial markers (cytokeratin-18 and E-cadherin). Furthermore, miRNA analysis and the subsequent overexpression and silencing of the miRNA let-7e in stem cells, demonstrates that this miRNA has characteristics of differentiation inductor and that is essential in the expression of both kidney organogenesis markers and epithelial markers. Furthermore, the ESCs, let-7e miRNA modulates β-catenin levels through a mechanism involving inhibition of PKCβ and the consequent decrease in the phosphorylation of GSK3 (Ser-9). Moreover, it was demonstrated using the luciferase assay, that the miRNA let-7e directly inhibits expression of gelatinase B (MMP9) in ASCs and thereby modulates its renal epithelial differentiation.

O treinamento físico aeróbio (TFA) foi estabelecido como uma conduta importante capaz de alterar a musculatura esquelética humana. Os microRNAs (miRs) surgiram como importantes reguladores de processos biológicos, modulando a expressão de genes pós-transcricionalmente. Os myomiRs são miRs específico do músculo esquelético, em especial o miR-206, que é necessário para uma eficiente regeneração das fibras musculares esqueléticas. No entanto, a expressão do miR-206 em resposta ao TFA, não é completamente comprendida. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar os padrões de expressão dos myomiRs na musculatura esquelética humana. Doze voluntários saudáveis foram biopsiados pré e pós-treinamento físico. As expressões gênicas e proteicas envolvidas na miogênese foram observadas, incluindo; PAX-7, MYF5, MYOD, MRF4, MYOG, CD31 e FSTL. Além disso, a freqüência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial média (PAM), consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max), fluxo sanguineo no antebraço (FSA) e condutância vascular no antebraço (CVA), foram avaliados. Ademais, os myomiRs foram analisados por PCR em tempo real. O treinamento físico aeróbio foi realizado durante 16 semanas. Todas as variáveis foram reavaliadas após o treinamento. Os indivíduos apresentaram um aumento nas expressões dos myomiRs, em especial do miRs-206 de 93%. Estas alterações foram acompanhadas por aumento nas expressões dos genes; PAX-7, MYOD, MYF5, MFR4, MYOG e FSTL, respectivamente. No entanto, quando analisamos as expressões proteicas, houve redução na FSTL e PAX-7, de 24%, 29%, respectivamente. Além disso, em MYOD, CD31, MYOG e MHC houve aumentos de 21%, 41%, 79% e 94%, respectivamente. Ademais, houve uma diminuição na frequência cardíaca de reposuso de 12,5% e aumentos no VO2pico, FSA e CVA de 14,1%, 68%, 63%, respectivamente. Estes resultados sugerem que em indivíduos saudáveis o miRs-206 é altamente expresso após o treinamento físico aeróbio, dessa forma, modulando localmente processos miogênicos regenerativos em homens saudáveis / Endurance training (ET) has been established as an important phenotype capable of altering the human skeletal muscle. MicroRNAs (miRs) have emerged as important regulators of numerous biological processes by modulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. The myomiRs are particulars miRs of muscles, in special skeletal muscle-specific miR-206 that is required for efficient regeneration muscle fiber. However, the expression of myomiRs and in special miR-206 in response to ET in human skeletal muscle is not completely understood. Twelve healthy volunteers were biopsied pre and post period endurance training. Most of the biological processes involved in the transcriptional regulation were observed, including PAX-7, MYF5, MYOD, MRF4, MYOG, CD31 and FSTL, analyzed by real time PCR. Moreover, heart rate (HR), mean blood pressure (MBP), maximal exercise capacity (VO2peak) forearm blood flow (FBF) and forearm vascular conductance (FVC) were evaluated. The myomiRs levels analyzed by real-time PCR. Endurance training was performed for 16 weeks. All variables were re-assessed following completion of the training period. After endurance training, the individuals showed an increase in myomiRs, in special of 93% in human skeletal muscle in miRNA-206 levels. These alterations were accompanied by increase in PAX-7, MYOD, MYF5, MFR4, MYOG and FSTL gene expression, respectively. However, when analyzed by western blot comparing pre and post period there were reduction in FSTL of 24% and PAX-7 of 29% in protein levels, but in MYOD, CD31, MYOG and MHC there were increase of 21%, 41%, 79% and 94% in protein levels, respectively. In addition, there was a decrease in hear rate of 12.5% and increases in VO2peak of 14.1%, FBF of 68% and FVC of 63%.These results suggest that in healthy individuals the miR-206 is highly expressed after endurance training, thus modulating locally important parts in myogenic processes in humans

O treinamento físico aeróbio (TFA) foi estabelecido como uma conduta importante capaz de alterar a musculatura esquelética humana. Os microRNAs (miRs) surgiram como importantes reguladores de processos biológicos, modulando a expressão de genes pós-transcricionalmente. Os myomiRs são miRs específico do músculo esquelético, em especial o miR-206, que é necessário para uma eficiente regeneração das fibras musculares esqueléticas. No entanto, a expressão do miR-206 em resposta ao TFA, não é completamente comprendida. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar os padrões de expressão dos myomiRs na musculatura esquelética humana. Doze voluntários saudáveis foram biopsiados pré e pós-treinamento físico. As expressões gênicas e proteicas envolvidas na miogênese foram observadas, incluindo; PAX-7, MYF5, MYOD, MRF4, MYOG, CD31 e FSTL. Além disso, a freqüência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial média (PAM), consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max), fluxo sanguineo no antebraço (FSA) e condutância vascular no antebraço (CVA), foram avaliados. Ademais, os myomiRs foram analisados por PCR em tempo real. O treinamento físico aeróbio foi realizado durante 16 semanas. Todas as variáveis foram reavaliadas após o treinamento. Os indivíduos apresentaram um aumento nas expressões dos myomiRs, em especial do miRs-206 de 93%. Estas alterações foram acompanhadas por aumento nas expressões dos genes; PAX-7, MYOD, MYF5, MFR4, MYOG e FSTL, respectivamente. No entanto, quando analisamos as expressões proteicas, houve redução na FSTL e PAX-7, de 24%, 29%, respectivamente. Além disso, em MYOD, CD31, MYOG e MHC houve aumentos de 21%, 41%, 79% e 94%, respectivamente. Ademais, houve uma diminuição na frequência cardíaca de reposuso de 12,5% e aumentos no VO2pico, FSA e CVA de 14,1%, 68%, 63%, respectivamente. Estes resultados sugerem que em indivíduos saudáveis o miRs-206 é altamente expresso após o treinamento físico aeróbio, dessa forma, modulando localmente processos miogênicos regenerativos em homens saudáveis / Endurance training (ET) has been established as an important phenotype capable of altering the human skeletal muscle. MicroRNAs (miRs) have emerged as important regulators of numerous biological processes by modulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. The myomiRs are particulars miRs of muscles, in special skeletal muscle-specific miR-206 that is required for efficient regeneration muscle fiber. However, the expression of myomiRs and in special miR-206 in response to ET in human skeletal muscle is not completely understood. Twelve healthy volunteers were biopsied pre and post period endurance training. Most of the biological processes involved in the transcriptional regulation were observed, including PAX-7, MYF5, MYOD, MRF4, MYOG, CD31 and FSTL, analyzed by real time PCR. Moreover, heart rate (HR), mean blood pressure (MBP), maximal exercise capacity (VO2peak) forearm blood flow (FBF) and forearm vascular conductance (FVC) were evaluated. The myomiRs levels analyzed by real-time PCR. Endurance training was performed for 16 weeks. All variables were re-assessed following completion of the training period. After endurance training, the individuals showed an increase in myomiRs, in special of 93% in human skeletal muscle in miRNA-206 levels. These alterations were accompanied by increase in PAX-7, MYOD, MYF5, MFR4, MYOG and FSTL gene expression, respectively. However, when analyzed by western blot comparing pre and post period there were reduction in FSTL of 24% and PAX-7 of 29% in protein levels, but in MYOD, CD31, MYOG and MHC there were increase of 21%, 41%, 79% and 94% in protein levels, respectively. In addition, there was a decrease in hear rate of 12.5% and increases in VO2peak of 14.1%, FBF of 68% and FVC of 63%.These results suggest that in healthy individuals the miR-206 is highly expressed after endurance training, thus modulating locally important parts in myogenic processes in humans

The genus Mycobacterium represents more than 120 species of bacteria including the pathogenic M. tuberculosis, the etiological agent of tuberculosis. The host mounts a robust inflammatory and cell-mediated response to contain the spread of pathogenic mycobacteria. While macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs) and neutrophils are known to facilitate early responses, the effector functions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are critical for containment of the mycobacteria. The type I T helper (Th1) subset of CD4+ T cell population orchestrates the protective immunity through cytokines like interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-12, IL-23 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α However, it is known that despite such responses, host can only contain but not eradicate the infection. Additionally, infection of over one-third of the world’s population with pathogenic mycobacteria is a testimony of its success as a pathogen. Much of its success is attributed to the multiple evasion strategies employed such as inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion, secretion of reactive oxygen intermediates antagonistic proteins like superoxide dismutase and catalase, downregulation of antigen presentation to T cells, downregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, skewing the immune balance toward the less effective Th2 responses, inhibition of autophagy, induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and immunosuppressive cytokines etc. Thus, an effective check on the infection would be possible if we understand the mechanisms underlying such evasion and survival strategies. In this perspective, evaluation of the host-pathogen interactions in terms of integration of key signaling centers, particularly that during mycobacteria-macrophage or mycobacteria-DC interactions, would underscore as a critical requisite to detail the immune responses and its regulation. This study addresses three such immune evasion and survival strategies employed by the mycobacteria; downregulation of IFN-γ-induced autophagy in macrophages, expansion of Tregs by modulating DC phenotype and finally epigenetic regulation of genes involved in foamy macrophage generation. Autophagy is one of the major immune mechanisms engaged to clear intracellular infectious agents. It contributes to both innate and adaptive immune responses to infections and plays an essential role in restricting intracellular pathogens and delivering pathogen-derived antigens for major histocompatibility complex class II presentation. Nonetheless, several pathogens, especially viruses such as herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza; and bacteria like Mycobacteria, Shigella and Listeria exhibit multiple mechanisms to evade autophagy. However, the identities and contributions of host signaling molecules and mechanisms by which pathogens modulate autophagy have not been explored in depth. Here, we demonstrate that M. bovis BCG, Shigella flexneri and Listeria monocytogenes but not Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli inhibit IFN-γ-induced autophagy in macrophages by evoking selective and robust activation of WNT and sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathways via mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Utilization of macrophages derived from mir155-null mice or by conventional siRNA or miRNA mimics emphasized the role for mTOR-responsive epigenetic modifications in the induction of microRNAs, miR-155 and miR-31 to fine-tune autophagy. Importantly, cellular levels of PP2A, a phosphatase, were regulated by miR-155 and miR-31. Diminished expression of PP2A led to inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, a negative regulator and a nodal link that regulate WNT and SHH pathways. This facilitated the prolonged activation of WNT and SHH signaling pathways. Further, sustained WNT and SHH signaling effectuated the expression of anti-inflammatory lipoxygenases (ALOX5 and ALOX15), which in tandem inhibited IFN-γ-induced janus kinase (JAK)- signal transducer of activated (STAT) signaling and contributed to evasion of autophagy. Together, we have identified novel molecular mechanisms and host factors that are crucial to control autophagy and help the bacterial pathogens like mycobacteria to evade the host immune responses. Much of the protective immunity against mycobacterial infection is mediated by Th1 CD4+ T cells. However, suppressive T cell populations such as CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs or a less effective Th2 cells are exploited by mycobacteria to subvert the protective host immune response. In this perspective, the molecular mechanisms underlying mycobacteria-induced Treg expansion are unclear. Utilizing cues from the previous reports from others’ and our laboratory, we explored the role for host signaling pathways such as SHH, WNT and NOTCH1 signaling during mycobacteria-mediated DC maturation and Treg generation/expansion. We demonstrate that while inhibition of SHH signaling markedly reduced the ability of the infected DCs to expand Tregs, NOTCH1 signaling functioned to suppress M. bovis BCG-induced Treg expansion. Though SHH and NOTCH1 signaling did not regulate the DC maturation during infection in terms of the maturation markers CD1a, HLA-DR, CD40, CD83, CD80 and CD86, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-2, IL-1β and IL-6 were moderately NOTCH1-responsive and suppressed by SHH signaling. Further, M. bovis BCG-induced SHH signaling and Treg expansion was mediated by the classical phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-mTOR-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) cascade. Recent studies have attributed the role for programmed death ligand (PD-L)1 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-catalyzed prostaglandin (PG)E2 during expansion of Tregs. Experiments utilizing pharmacological inhibitors and conventional siRNAs indicated that both PD-L1 and COX-2/PGE2 were induced upon M. bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis infection in DCs and were regulated by SHH signaling. While SHH-responsive transcription factor, GLI1 arbitrated COX-2 expression, mycobacteria-stimulated SHH signaling was found to suppress miR-324 and miR-338, bonafide miRNAs that target PD-L1, to aid increased expression of PD-L1 and Treg expansion. This highlights the bi-functional role of SHH signaling during mycobacterial infection of DCs. Further, we found interesting cross-regulation of NOTCH and SHH pathway functions during M. bovis BCG infection of DCs. Inhibition of NOTCH1 signaling resulted in elevated expression of infection-induced PD-L1 whereas inhibition of SHH signaling showed increased transcripts of JAGGED2 (JAG2), a NOTCH1 ligand, and NOTCH intracellular domain (NICD), a marker for NOTCH activation. Thus, our results demonstrate that Mycobacterium directs a fine-balance of host signaling pathways and molecular regulators in DCs to determine the functional outcome of the immune responses including Tregs expansion that favours its survival. Foamy macrophages (FMs) are integral components of granulomas during mycobacterial pathogenesis. FMs are one of the morphotypes differentiated from macrophages characterized by the presence of lipid bodies (LBs)/droplets. The lipids provide nutrients to mycobacteria, leading to an enhanced ability to survive and replicate in host FMs. LBs are also known to regulate lipid metabolism, membrane trafficking, intracellular signaling and inflammatory mediator production. Interestingly, LBs are stores for various immune mediators including arachidonic acid, COX-2, ALOX5, ALOX15 and leukotrienes, underscoring the significance of FMs in the current study. However, molecular mechanisms that regulate intracellular lipid accumulation in FMs in the course of mycobacterial infection are not clear. Here, we analyzed the role for one of the histone modifications widely implicated in shaping the immune responses, Histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), a known marker for gene silencing. While the trimethylation of H3K27 is catalyzed by EZH2, a component of Polycomb-repressive complex (PRC)2, Jumonji C (JmjC) domain protein (JMJD3) is a well-established H3K27me3 demethylase. Unlike M. smegmatis, infection of macrophages with M. tuberculosis or M. bovis BCG displayed JMJD3-dependent LB formation. Supporting this observation, the genes involved in lipid biosynthesis (Ascl1, Adrp, Psap) and uptake (Fat (CD36) and Msr1) were significantly upregulated with M. tuberculosis or M. bovis BCG infection of macrophages in a JMJD3- and TLR2-dependent manner. Abca1 and Abcg1, genes assisting in lipid export were downregulated or remained unchanged with M. tuberculosis or M. bovis BCG infection. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed a reduced H3K27me3 mark on the promoters of the selected genes that were upregulated on mycobacterial infections. Corresponding, elevated recruitment of JMJD3 to these promoters was observed. Interestingly, NOTCH1 signaling-responsive MUSASHI (MSI), an evolutionarily conserved RNA-binding protein that inhibits translation of the mRNA, was found to positively regulate infection-induced JMJD3 expression. MSI targeted a transcriptional repressor of JMJD3, Msx2-interacting nuclear target protein (MINT/ SPEN), in the infected macrophages to aid in FM formation. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence experiments utilizing in vivo murine granuloma model using M. bovis BCG substantiated these observations. Thus, our study has unveiled novel roles for JMJD3 and its regulators in epigenetic regulation of LB generation in FMs. Altogether, we have established significant roles for several new host factors and inhibitory, survival mechanisms employed by pathogenic mycobacteria. Emphasis on functions of miRNAs and epigenetic regulation in the study has underscored the importance of fine-tuning immune responses during mycobacterial pathogenesis to determine the cell-fate and shape the course of infection. Further understanding and evaluation of these molecular regulators bears potential importance in disease control by aiding the search for effective drugs and therapeutics.