Orientador: Flávia Lombardi Lopes / Resumo: O melhoramento genético em bovinos visa a seleção de características para facilitar o manejo, a qualidade da carne, a resistência a doenças e a adaptação ao meio ambiente. Polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) podem gerar grandes efeitos sobre essas características fenotípicas. Os microRNAs são pequenos RNAs não-codificadores que atuam como reguladores da expressão pós-transcricional através de sua ligação a mRNAs alvo. No presente estudo, realizamos o cruzamento de dados entre ~56 milhões de SNPs contra todas as seqüências conhecidas de miRNA bovino e analisamos in silico, seus possíveis efeitos. Seguindo a predição dos alvos, mostramos que 82% dos alvos foram alterados como consequência dos SNPs que ocorrem na região de seed de miRNAs maduros. Em seguida, identificamos variações na Energia Livre Mínima (MFE) que representam a capacidade de alterar a estabilidade das moléculas e, consequentemente, a maturação dos miRNAs. Também encontramos 129 SNPs em miRNAs, que alteraram sua predição com alvos, ocorrendo em regiões de QTL e, por último, a análise dos escores de conservação evolutiva para cada locus de SNP sugeriu que eles têm uma função biológica conservada através do processo evolutivo. Nossos resultados sugerem que os SNPs em microRNAs têm o potencial de alterar os fenótipos bovinos e são de grande valor para a pesquisa de melhoramento genético, bem como para a produção. / Abstract: Genetic improvement of cattle is aimed at selection of characteristics to facilitate the handling, quality of the meat, resistance to diseases and adaptation to the environment. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can generate large effects on these phenotypic characteristics. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that act as regulators of posttranscriptional expression through their binding to target mRNAs. In the present study, we scanned ~56 million SNPs against all known bovine miRNA sequences and analyzed in silico, their possible effects. Following target prediction, we show that 82% of targets were altered as a consequence of SNPs that occur in the seed region of mature miRNAs. Next, we identified variations in the Minimum Free Energy (MFE) which represent the capacity to alter molecule stability and, consequently, the maturation of the miRNAs. We have also found 129 SNPs in miRNAs, with altered target prediction, occurring in QTL regions and, lastly, analysis of evolutionary conservation scores for each SNP locus suggested that they have a conserved biological function through the evolutionary process. Our results suggest that SNPs in microRNAs have the potential to alter bovine phenotypes and are of great value for genetic improvement research, as well as production. / Mestre

Avaliamos os efeitos da glicose elevada (HG, 25 mM) sobre a expressão do microRNA miR-31 em fibroblastos dérmicos obtidos de ratos normoglicêmicos e hiperglicêmicos (30 dias após indução do Diabetes Mellitus com estreptozotocina) e em linhagem de fibroblastos NIH-3T3, cultivadas em baixa concentração de glicose (5 mM) ou HG durante 3 dias. O papel do estresse oxidativo foi avaliado com a adição do antioxidante N-acetil cisteína (NAC) ao meio. A expressão de miR-31 foi estudada por RT-PCR e o comportamento migratório foi avaliado por vídeos. A expressão de miR-31 aumentou 3 vezes em fibroblastos de ratos hiperglicêmicos, enquanto em NIH-3T3 a HG aumentou a expressão de miR-31 em 50 %. Nestas células, o NAC preveniu a elevação de miR-31 e alguns dos efeitos da HG sobre a migração celular. A expressão exógena de miR-31 reproduziu parcialmente o fenótipo de células expostas à HG. Conclusão: HG aumenta a expressão de miR-31 em fibroblastos, contribuindo para a migração deficiente destas células no Diabetes Mellitus. / We evaluated the effects of high glucose (HG, 25 mM) on the expression of microRNA miR-31 in dermal fibroblasts obtained from normoglycemic and hyperglycemic rats (30 days after Diabetes Mellitus induction with streptozotocin) and NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, cultured under low glucose concentration (5 mM) or HG for 3 days. The role of oxidative stress was evaluated with the addition of the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) in the medium. The expression of miR-31 was studied by RT-PCR and cell migration was assessed by videos. The expression of miR-31 increased 3-fold in fibroblasts derived from hyperglycemic rats, and in NIH-3T3 cells HG increased miR-31 expression by 50%. In these cells, NAC prevented the elevation of miR-31 and some of the deleterious effects of HG on cell migration. Exogenous expression of miR-31 partially reproduced the phenotype of cells exposed to HG. Conclusion: HG increases the expression of miR-31 in fibroblasts, contributing to the impairment of migration of these cells observed in Diabetes Mellitus.

Os microRNAs (miRNAs) são pequenos RNAs não codificadores, de cerca de 20 bases de comprimento, capazes de regular negativamente a expressão gênica após a transcrição. A ação regulatória destas moléculas é indispensável para o funcionamento adequado de diversos processos biológicos, dentre eles o desenvolvimento e a manutenção da musculatura esquelética. Com o objetivo de caracterizar a população de miRNAs presentes na musculatura esquelética adulta de frangos, foi construída uma biblioteca de miRNAs a partir do músculo peitoral de indivíduos jovens (21 dias pós-eclosão). Um total de 576 clones foi sequenciado e as sequências obtidas foram agrupadas por similaridade em 98 grupos, dentre os quais 47 corresponderam à miRNAs conhecidos, 30 à outros tipos de RNA e seis à possíveis novos miRNAs. Estes dados poderão subsidiar estudos funcionais subsequentes, que visem entender a função exercida por cada uma destas moléculas na musculatura esquelética. Buscando-se associar a ocorrência e expressão dos miRNAs ao controle da miogênese, foi analisada a expressão de três miRNAs identificados na biblioteca (miR-125b, miR-221 e miR-206), envolvidos na regulação do balanço entre proliferação e diferenciação celular, mecanismo determinante da miogênese. A análise foi realizada por PCR quantitativa em diferentes estádios do desenvolvimento (nove e 17 dias embrionário e 21 dias pós-eclosão) e entre duas linhagens de frango com potencial divergente para crescimento e ganho de massa muscular. Não houve diferença significativa na expressão dos miRNAs entre as linhagens em nenhum dos estádios aferidos, entretanto, foi possível traçar a ontogenia destas moléculas ao longo do desenvolvimento do animal, o que permitiu inferências sobre as condições morfológicas e fisiológicas das células musculares em cada um dos estádios analisados. Por fim, com o objetivo de associar os dados de expressão obtidos para os miRNAs, à variações na expressão de genes alvo, aferimos a expressão de três genes: SRF, Fstl e Pola1; onde o primeiro é regulado pelo miR-133a (cuja expressão não foi aferida devido à questões metodológicas) e os dois últimos pelo miR-206. A análise foi feita também por PCR quantitativa, entre as linhagens e em diferentes estádios do desenvolvimento. Foi possível visualizar, apenas nos estádios embrionários, a relação entre a expressão do miR-206 e seus genes alvo, com uma coerência entre o aumento na expressão do miR-206 e a diminuição na expressão de Pola1 e Fstl1. A determinação do perfil de expressão dos três genes ao longo do desenvolvimento muscular permitiu inferências sobre a ação destas moléculas no balanço entre proliferação e diferenciação nas linhagens de corte e postura / MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a class of small and noncoding RNAs, about 20-nucleotides long that negatively regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally. The regulatory action of these molecules is essential for the proper functioning of various biological processes, including the development and maintenance of skeletal muscles. To identify miRNAs that might be important for the skeletal muscle development, we constructed a miRNA library from pectoral skeletal muscle of 21º days after birth chickens. A total of 576 clones were sequenced and these sequences were collapsed into 98 clusters. Sequence analysis identified 47 small RNAs that show significant similarities with published miRNAs, 30 with others noncoding RNAs and six sequences clusters could be identified as potentially novel miRNAs. These data may support subsequent functional studies aimed at understanding the function performed by each of these molecules in skeletal muscle of chicken. To further associate the miRNA presence with the gene expression in the controlling of myogenesis the expression patterns of tree miRNAs identified in the library (miR-125b, miR-221 e miR-206) were analyzed. These miRNAs are involved in the balance between proliferation and differentiation mechanisms that control myogenesis. The expressions of these miRNAs were measured using quantitative RT-PCR. We analyzed samples from two embryos stages (9 and 17 days) and one adult stage (21º days after birth) in two chicken lines with different potential to growth and gain of muscle mass. There were no significant differences between the lines about these miRNAs expression. But, we could predict an overview of these miRNAs expressions during the muscle development of chicken, which allowed inferences about the physiologic and morphologic conditions of the muscles cells in each analyzed stage. Also, to further associate the miRNAs results to variations in the target genes expressions, we analyzed the expression of three genes: SRF, Fstl e Pola1. The first one is target of miR-133a (not analyzed due to methodological problems), and the others are target of miR-206. We analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR different stages and two chicken lines. It was possible to observe, only in the earlier stages, a relationship between the miR-206 expression and the Pola1 and Fstl1 expression, with a consistency between the increased expression of mir-206 and decrease in expression of Pola1 and Fstl1. The determination of the profile of these three gene expressions during the muscle development allowed inferences about the action of these molecules in the balance between proliferation and differentiation process in chicken strains for broiler and layer

It was previously demonstrated that miR-199a was down-regulated in testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) partly caused by hypermethylation of its promoter. More detailed analyses showed that miR-199a-5p, one of its two derivatives, suppressed TGCT invasiveness and proliferation via directing targeting PODXL and MAFB. The biological role of the other derivative, miR-199a-3p in TGCT, remains largely uncharacterized. In this project we identified DNMT3A, the de novo methyltransferase, as a direct target of miR-199a-3p using a 3’-UTR reporter assay. In NT2 (NTera 2) and HT (Hs 1.Tes) cells, miR-199a-3p regulated the expression of endogenous DNMT3A (both DNMT3A1 and DNMT3A2 isoforms), especially DNMT3A2 isoform. In clinical samples, the expression of DNMT3A2 and miR-199a-3p were reciprocally regulated. However, DNMT3A did not regulate miR-199a expression. Further characterization of miR-199a-3p revealed that it negatively regulated DNA methylation partly through targeting DNMT3A. MiR-199a-3p could restore the expression of APC and MGMT via de-methylation in their promoters. Our studies demonstrated the dysregulation of miR-199a-3p in TGCT may provide novel mechanistic insights into TGCT carcinogenesis and suggested a potential therapeutic use of synthetic miR-199a-3p oligonucleotides as effective demethylation agent in the treatment of TGCT. However, since DNMT3A expression did not regulate miR-199a expression, the mechanism of promoter DNA hypermethylation of miR-199a in TGCT needs further investigation. / MiR-199a is encoded by two loci in the human genome, namely, miR-199a-1 on chromosome 19 and miR-199a-2 on chromosome 1. Another microRNA, miR-214, also locates on chromosome 1. Previous study revealed that it is co-transcribed with miR-199a-2, which is directed by miR-199a-2 promoter. However, the biological significance of the co-expression of miR-199a and miR-214 remains largely unknown. In this project, it was determined that miR-199a and miR-214 were concordantly expressed in TGCT. Silencing of DNMT1 increased the expression of miR-199a and miR-214, accompanied by de-methylation in the promoters of miR-199a-1/2. Overexpression of TP53 down-regulated the expression of DNMT1 and increased the expression of mature miR-199-3p/5p and miR-214. In addition, silencing of PSMD10 up-regulated the expression of TP53, while miR-214 over-expression resulted in PSMD10 down-regulation and TP53 up-regulation. Collectively, our findings highlighted a miR-199a/miR-214/PSMD10/TP53/DNMT1 self-regulatory network, which caused the down-regulation of miR-199a, miR-214 and TP53, as well as the up-regulation of DNMT1 and PSMD10 in TGCT. These observations partly explain the mechanism of promoter DNA hypermethylation in miR-199a in TGCT. They also suggest a potential therapeutic approach by targeting the miR-199a/miR-214/PSMD10/TP53/DNMT1 regulatory network in the treatment of TGCT. / 先前的研究證實miR-199a在睾丸生殖細胞腫瘤 (簡稱睾丸癌) 中是低表達的，部分歸因於其啟動子區域過度甲基化。對其功能研究發現miR-199a能抑制睾丸癌細胞的生長，侵襲和轉移，且miR-199a的抑癌屬性應歸功於它的兩個衍生物之一miR-199a-5p。然而，miR-199a的另一個衍生物miR-199a-3p在睾丸癌中的生物學功能仍然在很大程度上是未知的。此研究中，DNMT3A被鑒定為miR-199a-3p的直接靶定目標。在NT2和HT細胞中，miR-199a-3p能調控內源性DNMT3A(DNMT3A1和DNMT3A2)的表達水準，尤其是DNMT3A2。在臨床樣本中，DNMT3A2的表達水準與miR-199a-3p的表達水準呈負相關。但DNMT3A並不能調控miR-199a的表達水準。進一步研究顯示過表達miR-199a-3p能減少APC和MGMT啟動子區域甲基化而恢復其表達水準。研究證實異常表達的miR-199-3p可能在睾丸癌的癌變過程中發揮作用，並提出一個潛在的治療方案，即使用miR-199a -3p作為有效的去甲基化藥劑治療睾丸癌。然而睾丸癌中導致miR-199a啟動子區域過度甲基化的機制有待進一步研究。 / 在人類基因組中，miR-199a-1(位於19號染色體)和miR-199a-2(位於1號染色體)都編碼miR-199a。同時miR -214也位於1號染色體，研究表明miR-214與miR-199a-2由miR-199a-2啟動子介導共同轉錄，但miR-199a和miR- 214共同表達的生物學意義仍未知。此研究中，miR-199a和miR-214在睾丸癌中的表達呈現一致性。沉默DNMT1後miR-199a和miR-214的表達水準顯著提高，並伴隨著miR-199a-1/2啟動子區域的DNA去甲基化。在NT2細胞中。過表達TP53能下調DNMT1的表達水準，同時上調miR-199-3p/5p和miR- 214的表達水準。此外，過表達miR -214能導致PSMD10表達水準的下調以及TP53表達水準的上調。綜上所述，我們提出一個miR-199a/miR-214/PSMD10/TP53/DNMT1自我調控網路，此調控通路能引起睾丸癌中miR-199a，miR-214和TP53表達水準的下調，以及DNMT1和PSMD10表達水準的上調，且部分解釋睾丸癌中miR-199a啟動子區域過度甲基化的機制，同時該調控網路可作為治療睾丸癌的一個潛在靶點。 / Chen, Bifeng. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-127). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 20, December, 2016). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

Au Yeung Chi Lam. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 204-221). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

p16INK4a (p16) traps the cell at the restriction point of the cell cycle by binding to cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 thus preventing the phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRB). As p16 accumulates the cell stops dividing and becomes senescent. This study investigates the modulation of p16 function by the putative membrane protein ABCB5 and a group of five putative oncogenic microRNAs (oncomiRs). ABCB5 is a poorly characterised member of the B-subfamily of human ATP Binding Cassette transporters. ABCB5 is reportedly transcribed into four transcripts, one of which could potentially encode a full-length transporter (ABCB5fl) whilst a second could encode a half-transporter (ABCB5β). The other two transcripts (ABCB5α and ABCB5γ) could only encode short polypeptides. Exogenous expression of ABCB5fl and ABCB5β was achieved in HEK293T cells, but the recombinant protein expressed poorly and localised to the endoplasmic reticulum. Point mutations introduced into the ATP catalytic domain failed to improve expression levels suggesting that protein function was not deleterious to the cell. Exogenous expression in HEK293T cells also allowed commercial antibodies purportedly raised against ABCB5 isoforms to be tested. Several were found not to recognise ABCB5 necessitating re-interpretation of published data. However, one antibody recognised both ABCB5fl and ABCB5β, and was subsequently used to evaluate protein expression levels in other cell types.siRNA knockdown of ABCB5 in human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) caused a concomitant reduction in p16 expression and an increase in cellular proliferation. Differential siRNAs and RT-qPCR analyses demonstrated ABCB5β to be the relevant transcript with respect to the reduction in p16 expression; however, no native ABCB5β protein was detected in HMECs. Together these data lead to the hypothesis that the ABCB5β transcript may act as a long noncoding RNA to regulate p16. Exogenous expression of each of five distinct putative oncomiRs in HMECs was found to increase cellular proliferation and, surprisingly, increase p16 expression. These results mirror a phenotype commonly observed in p16-positive basal-like breast cancer (BLBC), an aggressive form of breast cancer with poor prognosis and few treatment options. Bioinformatic analysis of the predicted target genes for these oncomiRs identified multiple transcriptional regulators of pRB. These predictions, together with the work performed in a cellular model of p16-positive BLBC, suggest that the oncomiRs may cause unrestricted cell proliferation by indirectly reducing transcription of the pRB gene, RB1. In the absence of pRB, p16 expression is induced via a previously reported oncogeneinduced senescence-like positive feedback loop. These data, and previously published observations, suggest that a similar mechanism may explain the basis of p16-positive BLBC.

Teng, Yufei. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 175-193). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese.

Cheung, Hing Yau Coty. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-132). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese.

Introdução: O transplante renal (TR) é o tratamento de escolha para uma significativa porção de pacientes com perda crônica terminal da função renal. Apesar dos progressos obtidos, a disfunção inicial do enxerto (DIE) permanece como uma importante complicação precoce muitas vezes levando à necessidade da biópsia renal. Essa, apesar de suas limitações, riscos e custos, é considerada padrão ouro para a avaliação das disfunções dos enxertos renais. Assim sendo é imprescindível estudar e buscar biomarcadores não invasivos capazes de diagnosticar as agressões aos transplantes renais, em especial na fase de DIE, quando os parâmetros funcionais não estão disponíveis. Objetivo: Analisar e quantificar a expressão do micro Ácido Ribonucleico (miRNA) mi RNA-146a-5p em amostras de sangue periférico e tecido renal de pacientes que desenvolveram disfunção do enxerto associados a lesões de isquemia e reperfusão após transplante renal. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal. Os pacientes submetidos a transplante renal que necessitarem de biópsia devido à presença de DIE foram convidados a participar da pesquisa e a assinarem o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. As amostras foram armazenadas no período de março de 2013 a abril de 2017. Posteriormente foi avaliada a expressão do micro RNA (miR-146 a-5p) em tecido renal e em sangue periférico. Resultados: Em amostras de biópsia renal, encontramos um aumento estatisticamente significativo na expressão de miR-146a-5p no grupo de disfunção inicial do enxerto (DIE, n=33) versus grupo de pacientes estáveis (STA, n=13), P= 0,019 no grupo de pacientes com rejeição aguda (RA, n=9) versus grupo de DIE não observamos diferença significativa, P=0,106, assim como o grupo de pacientes estáveis versus RA não observamos diferença significativa, P= 1,000. Diferença na análise global P = 0,008. No entanto, em amostras de sangue periférico encontramos aumento na expressão gênica de miR-146a-5p no grupo de DIE versus pacientes STA , porém, não foi estatisticamente significativo, P= 0,083. Não houve correlação entre a expressão miR-146a-5p nos diferentes grupos de biópsia e sangue periférico, P=0,541. Conclusão: A expressão do miR 146a-5p apresentou expressão gênica distinta na disfunção inicial do enxerto em amostras de biópsias, podendo vir a ser considerado potencial biomarcador de lesão de isquemia e reperfusão renal. / Introduction: Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for a significant portion of patients with chronic terminal loss of renal function. Despite the progress achieved, delayed graft function DGF remains an important early complication. Graft biopsy, despite its limitations, risks and costs, is considered a gold standard for the diagnosis of graft dysfunction. Therefore, it is imperative to study and search for noninvasive biomarkers capable of diagnosing injuries to kidney transplants, especially in the DGF period when functional parameters are not available. The objective of the present study was to analyze and quantify the expression of miRNA-146a -5p ribonucleic micro-acids (miRNAs) in peripheral blood and renal tissue samples obtained from patients who underwent renal transplantation and developed DGF which is associated with lesions of ischemia and reperfusion injuries, after renal transplantation. Methods: This is controlled cross-sectional study involving transplant recipients, between March 2013 and April 2017, that underwent DGF and received a graft biopsy. Patients had their tissue and peripheral blood samples stored and latter analyzed for the expression of the micro-RNA: miR-146a-5p in renal tissue and blood. (Continuatiation) Results: In graft tissue samples a statistically significant increase in miR-146a-5p expression in the initial graft dysfunction group (DIE, n=33) was observed in the comparison with the group of stable patients (STA, n=13) group, P=0,019. The difference wasn’t significant in the comparison with the acute rejection (AR, n=9) group versus group DIE, P=0,106, as well stable patients group versus AR we didn’t observe a significant difference, P=1,000 . Overall group significance P=0.008. However, in peripheral blood samples we found an increase in miR-146a-5p gene expression in the DIE group versus STA patients, however, it was not statistically significant, P = 0.083. There was no correlation between expression miR-146a-5p in the renal tissue and peripheral blood samples, P=0,541. Conclusion: We concluded that miR-146a-5p expression has a distinct pattern of expression in the setting of DGF and has the potential of becoming a biomarker for ischemia and reperfusion injury in kidney transplant recipients.

A hipertrofia cardíaca é uma adaptação do coração frente a estímulos de crescimento, sejam eles patológicos e irreversíveis como a sobrecarga de pressão ou de volume, ou fisiológicos e reversíveis como a gravidez e o exercício físico. A hipertrofia derivada de estímulos patológicos é conhecida como mal adaptativa enquanto que a hipertrofia proveniente de estímulos ditos fisiológicos é conhecida como benéfica ou adaptativa. Embora ambas hipertrofias tenham fatores em comum no que diz respeito ao crescimento do cardiomiócito e adaptações moleculares, elas acabam divergindo para desfechos completamente diferentes. A hipertrofia patológica evolui para um quadro de disfunção cardíaca ao passo que a hipertrofia fisiológica não acarreta nenhum dano funcional ao miocárdio. Essa linha tênue entre um fenótipo e outro envolve mecanismos celulares complexos que ainda precisam ser esclarecidos. Dentro deste cenário, os microRNAs aparecem como reguladores de diversos processos celulares, e têm sido associados ao crescimento miocárdico. Portanto, nosso objetivo foi comparar o padrão de expressão de microRNAs entre os modelos de hipertrofia fisiológica, induzido por natação (SWIM), e o modelo de hipertrofia patológica, induzida por bandeamento aórtico transtorácico (TAC). As análises foram realizadas após 28 dias para o modelo de natação, e 35 dias para o modelo de TAC. A comparação foi realizada através da técnica de microarranjo de microRNAs (Affymetrix). Interessantemente, apenas 20 microRNAs apresentaram níveis de expressão distinta entre os dois modelos de hipertrofia. Destes, 12 microRNAs apresentaram aumento de expressão (miR-193a-3p, miR-299a-5p, miR- 127-5p, miR-214-5p, miR-188-5p, miR-326-3p, miR-6395, miR-547-3p, miR-199a-5p, miR-381-3p, miR-223-3p e miR-199b-5p) e 8 estavam com seus níveis diminuídos (miR11 708-5p, miR-30c-1-3p, miR-22-5p, miR-6921-5p, miR-30a-3p, miR-30e-3p, miR-27a-5p and miR-6975-5p) no grupo TAC em relação ao grupo SWIM. Além disso, apenas 3 microRNAs, miR-21a-5p, miR-206-3p e miR-1983, apresentaram aumento de expressão tanto no grupo TAC quanto no grupo SWIM em comparação aos grupos SHAM e Sedentário, respectivamente. Após isso, foi realizada uma busca por possíveis alvos destes microRNAs na base de dados KEGG Pathway que identificou 4 rotas enriquecidas (665 genes) entre os alvos dos microRNAs reduzidos, e 80 rotas (3394 genes) fortemente associadas aos microRNAs que estavam aumentados no grupo TAC comparado ao SWIM. Conclui-se que existem microRNAs específicos para o desenvolvimento da hipertrofia cardíaca fisiológica, bem como patológica conforme os dados obtidos na análise de microarranjo. Além disso, os possíveis alvos destes microRNAs parecem estar envolvidos em rotas bastante envolvidas no crescimento celular, sobrevivência e adaptação cardíaca. / Cardiac hypertrophy is a heart adaptation in response to growth stimuli whether pathological and irreversible such as pressure overload or physiological and reversible as pregnancy and exercise. Hypertrophy because of pathological stimuli is known as mal adaptive while the one that comes from physiological triggers is known as beneficial or adaptive. Although both have similarities about cardiomyocyte growth and molecular adaptations, they diverge to distinct outcomes. The pathological hypertrophy evolves to a pattern of cardiac dysfunction while the physiological one does not cause any damage to the heart. This tenuous line between those phenotypes involves complex cellular mechanisms that need to be clarified. In this context, microRNAs are considered as regulators of many biological processes, and have been associated to myocardial growth. Therefore, our aim was to compare microRNA expression between physiological (swiminduced) and pathological (TAC-induced) hypertrophy. The analysis was performed after 28 days for SWIM protocol and 35 days for TAC model. The comparison was done using microRNA microarray technology (Affymetrix). Interestingly, only 20 microRNAs were differential expressed between both models. Out of those, 12 were up regulated (miR- 193a-3p, miR-299a-5p, miR-127-5p, miR-214-5p, miR-188-5p, miR-326-3p, miR-6395, miR-547-3p, miR-199a-5p, miR-381-3p, miR-223-3p and miR-199b-5p) while 8 were down regulated in TAC group compared to SWIM group. Besides, only 3 microRNAs, miR-21a-5p, miR-206-3p and miR-1983, were upregulated in TAC and SWIM model compared to SHAM and SED groups. After that, a search at KEGG Pathway database retrieved 4 pathways (665 genes) enriched with targets from microRNAs downregulated and 80 pathways (3394 genes) enriched with targets from up-regulated microRNAs in in 13 TAC group compared to SWIM group. In conclusion, there are microRNAs specific committed to the physiological cardiac hypertrophy development as well to the pathological cardiac growth as observed in our microarray data. Furthermore, the possible targets of those microRNAs could be involved in pathways associated with cellular growth, survival and cardiac adaptation.