Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-09-05T20:26:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Sousa, Ricardo Fernandes - 2013.pdf: 1680814 bytes, checksum: f4604f4259d8cf5c69abc38770aced56 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-05T20:26:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Sousa, Ricardo Fernandes - 2013.pdf: 1680814 bytes, checksum: f4604f4259d8cf5c69abc38770aced56 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-14 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Veredas (a type of wetland) are humid ecosystems, generally associated to hydromorphic soils and shallow water table, which occur frequently in the neighborhood of the springs and watercourses in the Cerrado region. The objective of this work was to study the soil of wetlands located in conserved and altered environments (agricultural areas and pastures), by determining the organic matter fractions, and biological attributes of the soil. The study was carried out in the central region of Cerrado biome, in the state of Goiás (Brazil), in wetlands situated in the City of Bela Vista de Goiás. Three wetlands were selected for soil sampling, as follows: a preserved wetland, surrounded by natural vegetation (cerrado); an area disturbed, with the occurrence of pasture around it; and another wetland also disturbed, with the occurrence of annual crops (agriculture) in its surroundings. The samplings were taken during the dry season, in months of July and August of 2012, along reference lines arranged according to their position in the slope, in the upper, middle and lower position, in approximate direction of the drain line of the wetland. Samples were collected at two depths: 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm. The variables studied were: Total soil organic carbon and nitrogen, and soil C:N ratio; C and N contents, and C:N ratios of the particulate and mineral-associated organic matter; fulvic acid, humic acid and humin, and humic acids to fulvic acids ratio, C contents of humic substances and its ratio to total soil organic carbon; carbon and nitrogen contents, and C:N ratio of the microbial biomass; microbial quotient; microbial biomass N to soil total nitrogen ratio; basal soil respiration; metabolic quotient; and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolytic activities in soil. In the lower position of slope the total soil organic C and N contents (in both depths), and levels of organic carbon in particulate organic matter, humic substances and soil microbial biomass (to 10 cm depth only), are smaller in the agriculture surrounding environment. Also in the lower position of slope in the topsoil, the soil total N, and N levels in particulate organic matter and microbial biomass are significantly larger in the wetland neighboring pastures. In the topsoil, the organic C contents of the mineral-associated soil organic matter fraction are larger in the conserved ecosystem, in all slope positions. In general, the farming in the vicinity of the wetlands promoted changes in soil microbial and biochemical attributes, as well as those related to soil organic matter in these ecosystems, with changes in C and N biogeochemistry processes. These changes are especially pronounced in the lower position of the slopes, with clear differences also between this lower zone and the highest slope positions (upper and middle) of the wetlands. / As veredas são ecossistemas úmidos, geralmente associados a solos hidromórficos e ao afloramento do lençol freático, ocorrendo com frequência nas proximidades das nascentes e cursos d’água da região do Cerrado. Este trabalho objetivou estudar os solos de áreas úmidas (veredas) situadas em ambientes conservados e antropizados (em áreas agrícolas e de pecuária), por meio da determinação de frações da matéria orgânica e atributos biológicos (microbiológicos e bioquímicos) do solo. O estudo foi realizado na região nuclear do bioma Cerrado, no estado de Goiás, em veredas situadas no município de Bela Vista de Goiás. Foram selecionadas três veredas para amostragem de solo, sendo: uma vereda conservada, circundada por vegetação natural (cerrado); uma área antropizada, com ocorrência de pastagem em seu entorno; e uma outra vereda, também antropizada, com a ocorrência de culturas anuais (agricultura) em seu entorno. As coletas das amostras de solo foram feitas durante a estação seca, nos meses de julho e agosto de 2012, ao longo de linhas de referência dispostas, segundo sua posição no relevo, nos terços superior, médio e inferior de uma das vertentes, acompanhando de modo aproximado o sentido da linha de drenagem da vereda. Foram colhidas amostras em duas profundidades: 0-10 cm e 10-20 cm. As variáveis estudadas foram: carbono orgânico e nitrogênio totais do solo, bem como sua relação C:N; teores de C, N e relações C:N das frações particulada e associada a minerais da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS); frações ácidos fúlvicos, ácidos húmicos e humina; relação entre ácidos húmicos e fúlvicos; C de substâncias húmicas e sua proporção em relação ao carbono orgânico total do solo; carbono, nitrogênio e relação C:N da biomassa microbiana; quociente microbiano; relação N da biomassa microbiana pelo N total do solo; respiração basal; quociente metabólico e atividade enzimática total do solo. Na região de fundo das veredas (terço inferior) os teores de C orgânico e N totais do solo, em ambas as profundidades, bem como os níveis de carbono da matéria orgânica particulada, das substâncias húmicas e da biomassa microbiana do solo, nestes casos até 10 cm, são menores em ambiente vizinho a áreas agrícolas. Também na região de fundo, na camada superficial do solo, os teores de N total, além dos níveis de N da matéria orgânica particulada e da biomassa microbiana, são expressivamente maiores na vereda vizinha a pastagens. Em superfície, os teores de C orgânico da fração da MOS associada aos minerais do solo são maiores no ecossistema conservado, em todas as posições do relevo. De modo geral, o uso agropecuário da terra no entorno das veredas promove alterações em atributos microbiológicos, bioquímicos e relacionados à matéria orgânica do solo nestes ecossistemas, com mudanças na dinâmica biogeoquímica de elementos como C e N. Estas modificações são especialmente pronunciadas na porção inferior das vertentes, com diferenças evidentes também entre esta região de fundo e as posições mais elevadas do relevo das veredas.

Há tendências de expansão da área cultivada com cana-de-açúcar devido ao aumento da demanda mundial por biocombustíveis. Por razões econômicas e legais a colheita da cana-deaçúcar sem queima vem crescendo significativamente. Entretanto, pouco se conhece sobre o efeito desta palhada da cana sobre a dinâmica e estabilidade do carbono no solo. O incremento no teor de carbono no solo pode acarretar benefícios nos âmbitos agronômico, ambiental e até mesmo econômico. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar e comparar os estoques de carbono e nitrogênio do solo e avaliar a qualidade da matéria orgânica por meio da caracterização das substâncias húmicas em área cultivada com cana-de-açúcar com e sem queima da palhada. Foram utilizadas cronossequências de 6 e 12 anos com e sem queima da palhada, além de uma área sob vegetação nativa (usada como referência). As áreas localizam-se na Usina São Martinho, em Pradópolis, estado de São Paulo. O solo é classificado como Latossolo Vermelho distroférico de textura muito argilosa. As áreas com o manejo sem queima da palhada apresentaram maiores estoques de carbono em todas as profundidades avaliadas em comparação as áreas com queima. O incremento obtido entre as áreas de 6 e 12 anos de manejo sem queima foi de 1,77 Mg ha-1 ano-1 de carbono e 0,25 Mg ha-1 ano-1 de nitrogênio para a camada 0-30 cm de profundidade. Quanto aos aspectos químicos relacionados à fertilidade do solo, não ocorreram diferenças significativas em decorrência do manejo da palhada, corroborando aos resultados obtidos pelas análises espectroscópicas de fluorescência. As avaliações espectroscópicas mostraram que entre as áreas de 12 anos de cultivo não ocorreram diferenças no grau de humificação. Já a área de 19 anos sem queima apresentou maior grau de humificação em comparação às demais situações avaliadas nas profundidades de 0-10 e 10-20 cm tanto para os ácidos húmicos como para os ácidos fúlvicos. As análises de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier indicaram maiores concentrações de grupos fenólicos e ácidos carboxílicos na área de 19 sem queima e menores valores para a área sob vegetação nativa nas duas profundidades avaliadas para os ácidos húmicos. Para os ácidos fúlvicos não verificou-se diferenças entre as situações avaliadas. / There is a trend for expansion in the area cultivated with sugarcane, mainly due to the increase in global demand for biofuels. Due to economic and legal reasons unburned sugarcane harvesting system is increasing rapidly. However, little is known about the sugarcane trash effect on carbon dynamics and stability in soils. The increase in soil carbon content can promote benefits on agronomic, environmental and also on economic aspects. In this context, the objective of this study was to quantify and compare soil carbon and nitrogen stocks and to evaluate soil organic matter quality through the characterization of humic substances in areas cultivated with sugarcane under burned and unburned harvesting system. Chronosequences with 6 and 12 years under burned and unburned sugarcane and an adjacent area under native vegetation (used as reference) were evaluated. The areas were located at Sao Martinho Mill, in Pradopolis, Sao Paulo State. The soil is classified as clayey Oxisol (Latossolo Vermelho distroférico de textura muito argilosa). Unburned sugarcane soils presented higher carbon stocks in all evaluated layers compared to the burned areas. The increments of 1.77 and 0.25 Mg ha-1 year-1 on soil carbon and soil nitrogen, respectively, were observed between the 6 and 12 years under unburned sugarcane in the 0-30 cm layer. No significant differences were observed for soil chemical attributes neither for the spectroscopic (fluorescence) analyses due to the harvesting system. Spectroscopic results showed no differences on humification degrees between areas with 12 years under sugarcane. The area with 19 years under unburned sugarcane showed higher humification degree for the 0- 10 and 10-20 cm layers in comparison with the other evaluated areas, not only for the humic acid but also for the fulvic acid. Fourier Transformed Infrared analyses on humic acids indicated higher concentrations of phenolic groups and carboxylic acids in the area under 19-year old unburned sugarcane and lower values in the native vegetation for the two evaluated soil layers. For the fulvic acids no differences were observed among the evaluated areas.

A aplicação de biossólidos em solos agrícolas e/ou florestais é uma prática aceitável, tanto como forma de disposição destes materiais, quanto de melhorar as características físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo. No entanto, pouco se sabe dos impactos decorrentes desta utilização e dos seus efeitos sobre a estrutura das comunidades microbianas dos solos e sua capacidade metabólica. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar alterações quanti-qualitativas na diversidade metabólica dos microrganismos do solo após a adição de biossólidos e identificar possíveis indicadores de alteração de qualidade do solo. O delineamento experimental constituiu-se de 4 doses de biossólidos da ETE-Franca, equivalentes à 6, 12, 24 e 48 Mg ha-1, mantendo-se um controle sem adição de biossólido. Foram utilizadas 4 repetições por tratamento, compreendendo 20 sub-parcelas. Estas sub-parcelas foram incubadas por 1, 2, 4, 8 e 16 semanas, perfazendo um total de 120 parcelas. Após o período de incubação, amostras de solo foram coletadas para as determinações de pH, C-biomassa, Respiração Basal (RB), Respiração Induzida pelo Substrato (RIS), Quociente Metabólico (qCO2) e Diversidade Metabólica. Houve um aumento transiente do pH nos tratamentos com as maiores doses de biossólido, em relação ao controle. Após 16 semanas de incubação os solos com biossólidos apresentaram pH mais baixo do que o controle sem biossólido. O C-biomassa apresentou comportamento semelhante, com os valores decrescendo e tendendo a estabilização, em relação ao controle sem biossólido. A atividade metabólica com base na RB, RIS e MHM indicou uma indução transiente no metabolismo da microbiota do solo nos tratamentos com as maiores doses de biossólido, tanto no início quanto no final do período de incubação. Os maiores valores de qCO2 nos solos com as maiores quantidades de biossólidos sugerem a ocorrência de condições estressantes para a microbiota e sucessão de populações microbianas. A utilização de substratos de C pela comunidade microbiana foi substancialmente influenciada pela quantidade de biossólido adicionado ao solo e pelo período de incubação. Os maiores valores de Riqueza de Substratos (S) e Diversidade Metabólica (H) observados nos tratamentos que receberam as maiores quantidades de biossólido, no início do período de incubação, são indicativos de um estímulo da microbiota nativa e da contribuição de novas células microbianas decorrentes da adição do biossólido. As similaridades entre os perfis de utilização de substratos C diminuíram com o aumento da concentração de biossólido no solo, em relação ao controle sem biossólido, e aumentaram em função do período de incubação, sugerindo uma indução transiente na diversidade metabólica do solo em função da aplicação de biossólido da ETE-Franca. Solos que receberam altas doses de biossólidos apresentaram atividades metabólicas não observadas no solo sem biossólidos, no início do período de incubação, e perderam algumas atividades no final do período de incubação, em relação ao controle sem biossólido. No geral, os resultados sugerem que a aplicação de biossólidos da ETE-Franca no solo argiloso utilizado provoca um distúrbio na fisiologia da microbiota do solo e que aplicações sucessivas de altas doses de biossólido podem ocasionar alterações significativas na capacidade metabólica dos solos. / The use of biosolids in agricultural and/or forestry soils has been an acceptable practice to dispose as well as to improve physical, chemical and biological soil properties. However, the impacts of biosolids application on microbial community structures and metabolic diversity in agricultural soils are relatively unknown. The aim of this work was to determine quantitative and qualitative alterations in the metabolic diversity of a clay soil upon treatment with biosolids. A clay soil was amended with the equivalent to 6, 12, 24 and 48 Mg ha-1 of biosolids from the City of Franca (SP) Sewage Treatment Plant. A control without biosolids was also used. Four repetitions per treatment were used, totalizing 20 sub-parcels. Sub-parcels were incubated for 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks, after incorporating the biosolids, totaling 120 microcosms. After the incubation period, soil samples were collected to determine pH, Basal Respiration (BR), Substrate Induced Respiration (SIR), C-biomass, Metabolic Quotient (qCO2) and Metabolic Diversity. A transient increase in soil pH was observed in the treatments with the higher concentrations of biosolids, compared to the control without biosolids. After 16 weeks of incubation, the pH of soils with biosolids was lower than in the control without biosolids. The C-biomass also showed a transient increase in soils with biosolids at early time points, and did not statistically differ from the control at late time points. Transient increases in metabolic activities, based on BR, SIR and AWCD (Average Well Color Development), were observed in soils with the higher concentrations of biosolids at early time points. Higher values of qCO2 in soils with higher concentrations of biosolids at the earliest and latest time points suggests stressing conditions to the microbial community and alterations in microbial community structure. The utilization of C-substrates by the soil microbial community was greatly affected by the concentration of biosolids added and by the incubation time. Higher values of Substrate Richness (S) and Metabolic Diversity (H) in the soils with the higher concentrations of biosolids at early time points indicate that biosolids stimulate the activity of soil microorganisms and contribute with new activities. The similarities between the C-sources utilization profiles in the soil amended with biosolids and the control were lower in soils with the higher concentrations of biosolids. The similarities of C-source utilization profiles in the soils with biosolids and the control increased during the incubation time. Soils amended with the higher concentrations of biosolids showed metabolic activities not observed in the control soil at the early time points. The ability to use several C-sources was lost at the latest time point. In general, the results suggest that the incorporation of biosolids to the clay soil disturbs soil microbial physiology and that the successive application of biosolids to the soil may significantly alter the soil metabolic activities.

A cianobactéria Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, é um dos micro-organismos fotossintetizantes mais estudados e cultivados, e atualmente tem sido utilizado para a produção de biomassa, com elevado conteúdo de proteínas, vitaminas, minerais, aminoácidos essenciais, ácidos graxos poli-insaturados e pigmentos, com potencial uso como complemento alimentar para humanos, bem como em alimentação de animais. No entanto, o cultivo de micro-organismos fotossintetizantes tem uma demanda hídrica bastante alta. Dessa forma, é importante a realização de trabalhos que avaliem a possibilidade de reuso de meio de cultivo de Arthrospira, que, além de reduzir os custos com nutrientes, contemplam o aspecto ambiental, evitando salinização do solo e eutrofização de corpos hídricos. Este trabalho avaliou a reutilização de meios do cultivo de Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis tratados com carvão ativado em pó e diferentes agentes coagulantes. Os efluentes foram obtidos dos cultivos de A. platensis com nitrato de sódio como fonte de nitrogênio em processo descontínuo, em minitanques. Os efluentes passaram por tratamentos físico-químicos com diferentes concentrações de carvão ativado em pó (30, 40 e 50 mg.L-1) e cloreto férrico (6, 10 e 14 mg.L-1) ou sulfato férrico (15, 25 e 35 mg.L-1) para serem reaproveitados em cultivos desse micro-organismo. O reuso de meio no cultivo de A. platensis mostrou resultados aceitáveis, observando-se que o crescimento desta cianobactéria foi satisfatório, com obtenção de concentração celular máxima (Xm) obtida de 1093 mg.L-1 em frasco Erlenmeyer, correspondente ao ensaio com meio tratado com 30 mg.L-1 de carvão ativado em pó (CAP) e 6 mg.L-1 de cloreto férrico. Esses resultados de crescimento celular foram da mesma ordem de grandeza que os resultados de Xm obtidos com meio novo e maiores que aqueles oriundos de crescimentos em meios tratados com sulfato férrico como agente coagulante, cujos valores de concentração celulares máximas não excederam 806 mg.L-1. Os cultivos em meios provenientes de tratamento com cloreto férrico não alteraram a composição da biomassa, chegando a valores de teor protéico da ordem de 47%. Conclui-se que o reuso de meio pode ser viável para a produção de biomassa de A. platensis, reduzindo o custo de produção pelo reuso dos nutrientes. / The cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, one of the most studied and cultivated photosynthetic microorganisms and, currently has been used for biomass production of biomass, with high contents of protein, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and pigments, with potential use as a dietary supplement for human food supplement and animal feed. However, the cultivation of photosynthetic microorganisms have a very high water demand. Thus, is important to carry out studies evaluating the possibility of reuse of Arthrospira culture medium, which, in addition to reducing the costs of nutrients, include the environmental aspect, preventing soil salinization and eutrophication of water bodies. This work has evaluated the reuse of effluent medium from Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis cultivation treated with powdered activated carbon and different coagulants. The effluent, obtained from A. platensis batch cultivation in bench-scale open ponds, using sodium nitrate as a nitrogen source. The effluent went through physico-chemical treatments employing different concentrations of powdered activated carbon (30, 40, and 50 mg.L-1) and ferric chloride (6, 10, and 14 mg.L-1) or ferric sulphate (15, 25, and 35 mg.L-1) for them to be reused in cultured microorganism. The reuse through the cultivation of A. platensis showed acceptable results, observing that the growth of this cyanobacterium was satisfactory, obtaining maximum cell concentration (Xm) obtained 1093 mg.L-1 in Erlenmeyer flask, corresponding to the assay medium treated with 30 mg.L-1 of powdered activated carbon (PAC) and 6 mg.L-1 ferric chloride. The results of cell growth were the same order of magnitude as the results of Xm obtained with new culture medium and larger than those from growth in media treated with ferric sulfate as a coagulant agent, whose maximum values of cell concentration did not exceed 806 mg.L-1. The cultures in media from treatment with ferric chloride did not alter the composition of the biomass, reaching values of protein content of around 47%. It is concluded that the reuse of cultures medium may be feasible to produce biomass of A. platensis, reducing the production cost by recycling of nutrients.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre_ Carvalho de Moura.pdf: 1339346 bytes, checksum: c6c44c93413060ef90d9799424d1bb5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / wastewater use in agricultural soils has been adapted as an important pratice for agriculture. Due to the reduction of the availability of the quality of water resources is becoming increasingly important to add value to the use of water. The swine wastewater is rich in organic matter, composed of various elements of chemical origin, physical and biological. Its addition in soil and water resources without previous studies and knowledge of its components, can cause changes in the soil, contamination of surface and groundwater, biology changes in these environments, as well as the contribution and accumulation of groups of microorganisms in the environment, including pathogens. Most studies on swine wastewater, mainly in Brazil, are restricted to its physical and chemical components, evaluating its impact directly on the ground, water bodies or in plant productivity. Few studies focus on the microbial composition of this type of waste and especially on the risk of environmental contamination by pathogenic microorganisms or even on the impact of this element in the soil microbial community. Thus these animal manure may have an important role as initiators of infectious diseases in animals and humans. Thus, this thesis consists of two papers. In the first article, a study was done to check the bacterial composition present in swine wastewater, and to verify the possibility of eliminating these microorganisms through the main anaerobic treatment systems used in Brazil. It was evaluated in particular pathogenic microorganisms of gastrointestinal origin of the pigs and microbial environmental markers. The wastewater samples were taken from pig farms that use bio-manure storage tanks and digesters as treatment methods for the waste. The results clearly showed the presence of biomarkers and pathogens in swine wastewater. Despite the possibility of decrease of certain microbial groups throughout the stages of the treatment process, no elimination of pathogens in either treatment systems. Thus, demonstrates the possibility of the spread of pathogens and microorganisms in the environment. In the second paper, the objective was to evaluate the effect of application of swine wastewater associated with mineral fertilizer in agriculture, after a long time of application of swine wastewater in the soil microbial community. Thus, samples were collected from soils after 18 production culture cycles, with the application of wastewater from pig farms and assessed the quantitative effects (basal respiration, microbial biomass and metabolic quotient) and qualitative (DGGE, biodiversity indices, correlation between the chemical conditions and soil microbial activity) in the soil microbial community. The results showed that the application of swine wastewater, especially after long time and in higher concentrations, can change the dynamics of soil microbial community, impacting the dump site. The results of these studies show the need for further studies to apply this type of waste in agricultural soils, in order to minimize the risk of environmental contamination and/ or spread of pathogens. / A utilização de água residuária em solos agrícolas vem sendo praticada como importante opção para agricultura. Devido à redução na disponibilidade de recursos hídricos, a reutilização de água residuária vem ganhando espaço na agricultura com a agregação de valor para o uso de água. A água residuária da suinocultura é rica em matéria orgânica, composta por diferentes elementos de origem química, física e biológica. Sua adição no solo e recursos hídricos, sem estudos prévios e conhecimento de seus componentes, pode provocar contaminação de águas superficiais e subterrâneas, alterações da biologia destes ambientes, bem como o aporte e acúmulo de grupos de microrganismos no ambiente, incluindo patógenos. A maior parte dos estudos sobre água residuária da suinocultura, principalmente no Brasil, se restringe aos seus componentes físicos e químicos, avaliando seu impacto diretamente sobre o solo, corpos d´agua ou na produtividade vegetal. Poucos estudos se concentram na composição microbiana deste tipo de resíduo e principalmente sobre o risco de contaminação ambiental por microrganismos patogênicos ou mesmo sobre o impacto deste elemento na comunidade microbiana do solo. Desta forma estes dejetos animais podem apresentar importante papel como iniciadores de doenças infecciosas em animais e seres humanos. Este trabalho de tese é constituído de dois artigos. No primeiro artigo, foi feito um estudo para verificar a composição bacteriana presente na água residuária da suinocultura, bem como verificar a possibilidade de eliminação destes microrganismos através dos principais sistemas de tratamento anaeróbicos utilizados no Brasil. Foram avaliados em especial os microrganismos patogênicos, de origem gastrointestinal dos suínos e bioindicadores microbianos. As amostras de água residuária utilizadas foram provenientes de granjas que utilizavam de sistemas anaeróbicos com esterqueiras e biodigestores no tratamento do resíduo. Os resultados obtidos mostraram claramente a presença de coliformes, mesofilos aeróbios, bolores e leveduras, enterococos e patógenos na água residuária da suinocultura. Apesar da possibilidade de decréscimo de determinados grupos microbianos ao longo das etapas dos processos de tratamento, não houve eliminação de patógenos em nenhum dos dois sistemas de tratamento, o que pode possibilitar a disseminação de microrganismos e patogenos no meio ambiente. No segundo artigo, o objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação da água residuária da suinocultura associada a adubação mineral, em área agrícola, após longo tempo de aplicação, na comunidade bacteriana do solo. Assim, foram coletadas amostras de solo com 18 ciclos de produção, com aplicação de água residuária de suinocultura e avaliados os efeitos quantitativos (respiração basal, biomassa microbiana e quociente metabólico) e qualitativos (DGGE) na comunidade bacteriana do solo. Os resultados mostraram que a aplicação de água residuária da suinocultura, principalmente após longo tempo e em concentrações maiores, pode alterar a dinâmica da comunidade bacteriana do solo, impactando no local de despejo. Os resultados dos artigos mostram a necessidade de maiores estudos para aplicação deste tipo de resíduo na agricultura, a fim de minimizar os riscos de contaminação ambiental e ou disseminação de patógenos.

Orientador: Ely Nahas / Banca: Lucia Helena Sipauba Tavares / Banca: Elcio Liborio Balota / Resumo: A rotação de culturas é um processo de cultivo que pode modernizar e aumentar o rendimento da atividade agropecuária de forma sustentável agregando maior qualidade ao solo. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: (I) avaliar o efeito dos sistemas culturais em plantio direto conduzidos em rotação de culturas e monitorar as alterações das propriedades microbiológicas bioindicadoras da qualidade do solo; (II) investigar as mudanças bioquímicas nos solos decorrentes da adição de diferentes tamanhos de resíduos de soja e milho durante o período de incubação. Foram determinados as biomassas microbianas- C, N e P (CBM, NBM e PBM, respectivamente), a atividade respiratória (C-CO2) e das enzimas desidrogenase, fosfatase e urease, conteúdo do carbono orgânico (Corg), carbono solúvel (Csol), fósforo orgânico (Porg), matéria orgânica (MO), potencial de mineralização do N. O quociente metabólico (qCO2) e microbiano (qMIC) do solo foram calculados. Experimento (I): A avaliação foi realizada em amostras de solo coletadas após a colheita das culturas de verão do ano agrícola 2007/2008, na camada de 0-0,15 m de profundidade em um experimento conduzido sob sistema de semeadura direta, por seis anos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com esquema de faixas com três repetições. As sequências utilizadas foram as monoculturas de soja (Glycine max L.) (SS) e de milho (Zea mays L.) (MM) e a rotação de culturas soja/milho (SM). As culturas de inverno foram milho, girassol (Helianthus anuus L.), nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus L.), milheto (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke), guandu (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) e crotalária (Crotalária juncea L.). O conteúdo da biomassa microbiana-C, N e P do solo aumentou significativamente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Crop rotation is a practice of growing dissimilar plants that can modernize and increase the farm economy in a sustainable form for adding more quality to the soil. The aims of this study were: (I) evaluate the effect of crop sequences under no-tillage systems on changes in the soil microbiological properties; (II) investigate the biochemistries changes during the incubation of the soil added with different sizes particles of soybean and corn. There were determined the contents of microbial biomass-C, N and P, the production of C-CO2, the activities of the enzymes dehydrogenase, urease and phosphatase, the organic carbon (Corg), soluble carbon (Csol), organic phosphorous (Porg) and organic matter (MO) contents and the potential of mineralization N. The soil metabolic (qCO2) and microbial (qMIC) quotients were calculated. Experiment (I): The evaluation was performed in soil samples collected after the summer crops harvest, on 2007/2008 growing season, at 0-0.15 m soil depth layer on an experiment conducted under no-tillage system through six years. The experimental had a completely randomized block design, in strips plots with three replications. The crop sequences were continuous soybean (Glycine max L.) (SS), continuous corn (Zea mays L.) (MM), and crop rotation soybean/corn (SM). Winter crops were corn, sunflower (Helianthus anuus L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and sunn hemp (Crotalária juncea L.). The content of microbial biomass-C, N and P in the soil increased significantly in crop sequence SM compared to continuous crop. The interactions SM-millet and MMsorghum influenced the content of biomass-C, SM-hemp and SM-millet in the biomass-N content... (Summary complete electronic access click below) / Mestre

A aplicação de biossólidos em solos agrícolas e/ou florestais é uma prática aceitável, tanto como forma de disposição destes materiais, quanto de melhorar as características físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo. No entanto, pouco se sabe dos impactos decorrentes desta utilização e dos seus efeitos sobre a estrutura das comunidades microbianas dos solos e sua capacidade metabólica. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar alterações quanti-qualitativas na diversidade metabólica dos microrganismos do solo após a adição de biossólidos e identificar possíveis indicadores de alteração de qualidade do solo. O delineamento experimental constituiu-se de 4 doses de biossólidos da ETE-Franca, equivalentes à 6, 12, 24 e 48 Mg ha-1, mantendo-se um controle sem adição de biossólido. Foram utilizadas 4 repetições por tratamento, compreendendo 20 sub-parcelas. Estas sub-parcelas foram incubadas por 1, 2, 4, 8 e 16 semanas, perfazendo um total de 120 parcelas. Após o período de incubação, amostras de solo foram coletadas para as determinações de pH, C-biomassa, Respiração Basal (RB), Respiração Induzida pelo Substrato (RIS), Quociente Metabólico (qCO2) e Diversidade Metabólica. Houve um aumento transiente do pH nos tratamentos com as maiores doses de biossólido, em relação ao controle. Após 16 semanas de incubação os solos com biossólidos apresentaram pH mais baixo do que o controle sem biossólido. O C-biomassa apresentou comportamento semelhante, com os valores decrescendo e tendendo a estabilização, em relação ao controle sem biossólido. A atividade metabólica com base na RB, RIS e MHM indicou uma indução transiente no metabolismo da microbiota do solo nos tratamentos com as maiores doses de biossólido, tanto no início quanto no final do período de incubação. Os maiores valores de qCO2 nos solos com as maiores quantidades de biossólidos sugerem a ocorrência de condições estressantes para a microbiota e sucessão de populações microbianas. A utilização de substratos de C pela comunidade microbiana foi substancialmente influenciada pela quantidade de biossólido adicionado ao solo e pelo período de incubação. Os maiores valores de Riqueza de Substratos (S) e Diversidade Metabólica (H) observados nos tratamentos que receberam as maiores quantidades de biossólido, no início do período de incubação, são indicativos de um estímulo da microbiota nativa e da contribuição de novas células microbianas decorrentes da adição do biossólido. As similaridades entre os perfis de utilização de substratos C diminuíram com o aumento da concentração de biossólido no solo, em relação ao controle sem biossólido, e aumentaram em função do período de incubação, sugerindo uma indução transiente na diversidade metabólica do solo em função da aplicação de biossólido da ETE-Franca. Solos que receberam altas doses de biossólidos apresentaram atividades metabólicas não observadas no solo sem biossólidos, no início do período de incubação, e perderam algumas atividades no final do período de incubação, em relação ao controle sem biossólido. No geral, os resultados sugerem que a aplicação de biossólidos da ETE-Franca no solo argiloso utilizado provoca um distúrbio na fisiologia da microbiota do solo e que aplicações sucessivas de altas doses de biossólido podem ocasionar alterações significativas na capacidade metabólica dos solos. / The use of biosolids in agricultural and/or forestry soils has been an acceptable practice to dispose as well as to improve physical, chemical and biological soil properties. However, the impacts of biosolids application on microbial community structures and metabolic diversity in agricultural soils are relatively unknown. The aim of this work was to determine quantitative and qualitative alterations in the metabolic diversity of a clay soil upon treatment with biosolids. A clay soil was amended with the equivalent to 6, 12, 24 and 48 Mg ha-1 of biosolids from the City of Franca (SP) Sewage Treatment Plant. A control without biosolids was also used. Four repetitions per treatment were used, totalizing 20 sub-parcels. Sub-parcels were incubated for 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks, after incorporating the biosolids, totaling 120 microcosms. After the incubation period, soil samples were collected to determine pH, Basal Respiration (BR), Substrate Induced Respiration (SIR), C-biomass, Metabolic Quotient (qCO2) and Metabolic Diversity. A transient increase in soil pH was observed in the treatments with the higher concentrations of biosolids, compared to the control without biosolids. After 16 weeks of incubation, the pH of soils with biosolids was lower than in the control without biosolids. The C-biomass also showed a transient increase in soils with biosolids at early time points, and did not statistically differ from the control at late time points. Transient increases in metabolic activities, based on BR, SIR and AWCD (Average Well Color Development), were observed in soils with the higher concentrations of biosolids at early time points. Higher values of qCO2 in soils with higher concentrations of biosolids at the earliest and latest time points suggests stressing conditions to the microbial community and alterations in microbial community structure. The utilization of C-substrates by the soil microbial community was greatly affected by the concentration of biosolids added and by the incubation time. Higher values of Substrate Richness (S) and Metabolic Diversity (H) in the soils with the higher concentrations of biosolids at early time points indicate that biosolids stimulate the activity of soil microorganisms and contribute with new activities. The similarities between the C-sources utilization profiles in the soil amended with biosolids and the control were lower in soils with the higher concentrations of biosolids. The similarities of C-source utilization profiles in the soils with biosolids and the control increased during the incubation time. Soils amended with the higher concentrations of biosolids showed metabolic activities not observed in the control soil at the early time points. The ability to use several C-sources was lost at the latest time point. In general, the results suggest that the incorporation of biosolids to the clay soil disturbs soil microbial physiology and that the successive application of biosolids to the soil may significantly alter the soil metabolic activities.

This document reports the results of 4 studies of subalpine ecosystem ecology, describing ways that spatial heterogeneity in soils and plant communities mediate ecosystem responses to environmental change. Ecosystem responses to environmental change are also mediated by regional climate patterns and interannual variability in weather. In the first chapter we report the results of an experiment to test for the mediating effects of associational resistance in a forest community that experienced wide-spread beetle kill. We found that Engelmann spruce were more likely to survive a beetle outbreak when growing in low densities (host dilution) and not through other types of associational resistance that relate to higher tree-species richness or greater phylogenetic diversity of the forest community. In the second chapter we report the effects of early snowmelt on soil moisture in subalpine meadow and aspen communities. We found that soil organic matter, soil texture, and forest cover mediated the effects of early snowmelt and were more important drivers of growing-season soil moisture than was snow-free date. In the third chapter we report the effect of early snowmelt on growth and seed production of early-season and midsummer herbaceous species. We found that the primary effect that snowmelt timing had on plant growth was through its effect on species distribution. Changes in the timing of snowmelt had limited effect on the growth, flowering, and seed count of species after they were established. In the final chapter, we report the effect of early snowmelt on soil respiration, microbial biomass, dissolved organic carbon and soil organic carbon. We found that early snowmelt resulted in warmer soil temperatures compared to neighboring snow-cover plots, and that microbial biomass and soil respiration showed no signs of a snowmelt legacy effect during the growing season. Soil organic carbon in rapid and slow-turnover pools was affected more by plant community than by snowmelt timing, and the primary drivers of soil respiration during the snow-free period were first soil organic matter and second soil temperature. Taken together, this dissertation reports our findings that subalpine ecosystems are resilient to environmental change in part because organisms in these systems are adapted to environmental conditions that are highly variable between sites, seasons, and years.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential plant nutrient that may limit plant growth and agricultural productivity if not available for crop plant uptake in sufficient quantities at the time required. Many Australian soils are deficient in available P, despite a long history of P fertilizer application, and this is due to fertilizer P rapidly becoming unavailable largely through biochemical fixation. The resulting low P fertilizer efficiency, coupled with rapidly rising cost of fertilizers, has increased interest in biological cycling of P from sources such as crop residues. However, to date, much of the Australian research has focussed on soils with relatively high organic matter content (> 2%) and relatively heavy texture i.e. medium to high clay content. Furthermore, although there is information on pasture residue decomposition and P release for sandy soils with low organic matter in Australia, a recent shift to continuous cropping systems means that information for a range of crop residues is required but is not currently available. Therefore the aims of the work described in this thesis were to (i) increase the efficiency of P use when crop residue P are applied to crops and (ii) determine the effect of crop residue biochemical quality on decomposition rates, soil P dynamics and plant P uptake in light textured sandy soils with low organic matter which are typical of a large proportion of the southern Australian wheat growing area. A further aim was to investigate the effects of combined additions of plant residue and P fertilizer on P cycling in these soils, a scenario highly relevant to farming systems. A series of soil incubation and plant growth experiments were undertaken to characterize P dynamics in soil following addition of a wide range of crop residues (total 15) collected from agricultural sites throughout South Australia. The residues, differing in age and biochemical quality, were young shoots of canola, lupin, pea, lucerne and lentil; mature shoot residues of canola, lupin, pea and wheat and mature root residues of wheat, canola and lupin. The concentration of total and water soluble P, C, and N in the residues was measured using standard wet chemical analyses and the carbon chemistry was determined by NMR spectroscopy. Decomposition of crop residues was continuously monitored over a period of up to 140 days by measuring soil respiration. Available P and microbial biomass P and C were also assessed at different times during the incubations. The total P in residues ranged from 0.16% to 0.32% and 0.05% to 0.08% in young and mature shoots, respectively. Water-soluble P was related to residue total P and ranged from 29% to 81% and 13% to 29% of total P in young and mature shoots, respectively. The C: P ratio ranged from 133: 1 to 253: 1 and 504: 1 to 858: 1 in young and mature shoots, respectively. Phosphorus availability and microbial P uptake differed between soils amended with crop residues and soluble P fertilizer as triple super phosphate (TSP). Soil respiration rates were significantly higher in soils amended with crop residues than in the soils amended with TSP or the unamended control in the first 58 days of incubation. In an experiment in which residues and TSP were added at a rate of 10 mg P kg⁻¹, available P was greater for TSP than residue-amended soil, whereas microbial P showed the opposite trend. Respiration rate and microbial P were positively correlated with C addition rate, which was highest in mature wheat residue because it had the lowest P concentration. In order to assess when P released from the residues is available for plants, wheat was grown over three consecutive crop periods with each period lasting for 4 weeks. Young residues with high content of water soluble P, C, N and amide and low lignin and phenolic content decomposed faster than mature residues. The C type and amount added with residues controlled the dynamics of P availability. Surprisingly, canola mature root increased available P and plant growth as much as young shoot residues while root residues of wheat and lupin resulted in P immobilization and low plant growth. Compared to canola young shoot, canola mature root has a higher total P concentration and a lower C: P ratio. Plant P uptake was positively correlated with residue total and water-soluble P content and negatively correlated with residue C: P and C: N ratio and amount of C added with the residues. In another experiment where residue was added at 2.5 g C kg⁻¹ soil and compared with TSP (4 and 10 mg P kg⁻¹ soil), available P and plant P uptake decreased in the following order: TSP-10P > canola root ≥ young shoot ≥ TSP-4P > control > mature shoot. Microbial P was greater with residue addition than with TSP and in the control. Residues with low total P and high C: P ratio resulted in P immobilisation in the microbial biomass. Therefore, residues with high total P and low C: P ratio can be an important source of P for plants. Net P immobilisation of mature wheat residues (0.07% P) was significantly reduced by combining wheat residue (C: P ratio 615: 1) with TSP leading to a C: P ratio of 155: 1 to 310: 1. Furthermore, the combination of wheat residue with TSP increased available P in residue and TSP-amended soils by 3.0 mg P kg⁻¹ soil, which was shown to be sufficient to support wheat growth in the early stages of development in the other experiments. Although water-soluble P fertilizers provide plants with immediately available P, a large proportion becomes unavailable over time. Addition of low C: P residues on the other hand, may not result in high amounts of immediately available P, but the P supply is more sustained due to P release from decomposing residues and turnover of microbial biomass P. Phosphorus immobilization after addition of residues which have high C: P ratio (615: 1) may be offset when residue is applied together with inorganic P fertilizer if the resulting C: P ratio is 300: 1 or less. Overall, this study has highlighted the potential role that crop residues, either alone or in combination with inorganic P, can play in increasing P availability in the light textured, low organic matter, P-limited soils typical of many southern Australian farming systems. The results provide important quantitative information on the potential of a wide range of crop residues to supply wheat with P, and how additions of inorganic P interact with residue decomposition and influence available P supply. This quantitative information will be valuable for the construction or validation of mechanistic models of residue decomposition relevant to low organc matter light textured soils in farming systems of southern Australia, and will ultimately assist in the development of economic management strategies for minimizing P fertilizer inputs and maximizing the benefits of biological cycling of P. / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2009

Das Ziel der Arbeit war die Untersuchung der Kohlenstoff- und Stickstoffdynamik in Waldböden unter dem Einfluß atmogener Stickstoffeinträge. Dabei wurden biotische und abiotische Schlüsselprozesse zweier unterschiedlich stark stickstoffbelasteter Waldböden des Nordwest- und Nordostdeutschen Tieflandes (Kreinitz und Thülsfeld) analysiert und miteinander verglichen. Um detaillierte Informationen über potentielle Kohlenstoff- und Stickstoffumsätze zu erhalten, wurden die untersuchten Böden sowohl horizont- als auch tiefenstufenbezogen stratifiziert. Über einen Zeitraum von 14 Wochen wurden sämtliche Kohlenstoff- und Stickstoffeinträge sowie -austräge zwischen den einzelnen Tiefenstufen beobachtet und analysiert. Nach Beendigung der Versuche wurden die einzelnen Bodenhorizonte mit spezifischen Kohlenstoff- und Stickstoffextraktionsverfahren aufgeschlossen. Mit Hilfe dieser Versuchsanordnung war es möglich, eine vollständige tiefenstufenbezogene Kohlenstoff- und Stickstoffbilanzierung für den Kreinitzer und Thülsfelder Boden zu erstellen. Zur Prüfung der Übertragbarkeit der Laborergebnisse auf aktuelle Standortbedingungen wurde ein Langzeitfeldversuch (ein Jahr) mit einer ähnlichen Versuchsanordnung am Standort Kreinitz durchgeführt. Folgende Ergebnisse wurden in dieser Arbeit erzielt: 1. Der TOC-Gehalt war der Hauptparameter, in dem sich der stark stickstoffbelastete Standort Thülsfeld von dem weniger stark stickstoffbelasteten Standort Kreinitz zu Beginn der Untersuchung deutlich unterschied. 2. Der KCl-extrahierbare mineralische Stickstoff (NminKCl) reagierte an beiden Versuchs-standorten am stärksten auf die Stickstoffdüngung und wurde mit Hilfe der Diskriminanzanalyse als Hauptsensitivitätsparameter für Stickstoffeinträge im Boden ermittelt. 3. Die Kreinitzer organische Auflage reagierte in bezug auf die mittelfristig umsetzbare Kohlenstoff- und Stickstofffraktion (Chwe, Nhwe) deutlich stärker auf die N-Einträge als die Thülsfelder Auflage. Infolgedessen besitzt die Kreinitzer Auflage ein höheres Kohlenstoff- und Stickstoffmobilisierungspotential, die hochkomplexen organischen C- und N-Verbindungen in weniger komplexe Verbindungen abzubauen. 4. Der Thülsfelder Mineralboden 5. besitzt aufgrund der höheren Anteile des Nhwe am TN ein höheres Mobilisierungspotential für den kurz- und mittelfristig umsetzbaren Stickstoff (Nhwe) als der Kreinitzer Mineralboden. 6. Die für die Mikroorganismen verfügbaren Kohlenstoffquellen scheinen sich durch die historischen und die zusätzlich simulierten Stickstoffeinträge vom POC in der Sand-Braunerde zum WSOC und CKCl im Sand-Podsol zu verschieben. 7. Als verfügbare Stickstoffquelle nutzen die Mikroorganismen am Standort Kreinitz den PN, während sich für den Standort Thülsfeld keine eindeutige Stickstofffraktion als Hauptnahrungsquelle ermitteln ließ. 8. Sowohl in den Laborversuchen als auch im Freilandversuch führten die Stickstoffeinträge zur Verengung nahezu aller C/N-Verhältnisse in den untersuchten Extraktionsverfahren.