A acidez do solo é um sério problema que limita o crescimento radicular das culturas. A aplicação de calcário na superfície do solo visando à correção da acidez é utilizada em áreas cultivadas no sistema de plantio direto (SPD) já instalado. A amenização da acidez no subsolo devido à aplicação do calcário na superfície é influenciada pelo manejo da cobertura vegetal e pela adubação nitrogenada. Além disso, a calagem e a cobertura vegetal afetam os ciclos de C e de N devido à influência em atributos biológicos do solo, como estrutura e atividade microbiana, qualidade e quantidade de substrato disponível aos microorganismos decompositores. Os objetivos desse estudo foram avaliar o efeito da calagem e da cobertura de resíduos de aveia preta, com e sem adubação nitrogenada (i) nos atributos químicos e na especiação iônica da solução de um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico, textura média, na nutrição e na produção de grãos de soja em experimento conduzido em Ponta Grossa-PR (25º10S, 50º05W) sob SPD; (ii) nos compartimentos de C e de N, no potencial de mineralização de N e na taxa de decomposição de aminoácidos; e (iii) estudar o efeito do pH inicial do solo e local de adição de resíduos de aveia preta na composição da solução do solo e no comportamento da comunidade microbiana. A calagem aumentou o pH do solo e os teores de Ca e Mg trocáveis e reduziu os teores de Al e Mn até 60 cm de profundidade, independentemente dos tratamentos de cobertura vegetal. A adição de N promoveu acidificação do solo. A maior parte do Al estava complexada com carbono orgânico dissolvido na solução do solo, ao contrário de Ca e de Mg, que estavam predominantemente na forma livre. A produção de grãos de soja aumentou de forma linear com a aplicação de calcário. A atividade microbiana, o potencial de mineralização de N e taxa de decomposição de aminoácidos foi estimulada devido ao aumento do pH do solo proporcionado pela calagem, principalmente na camada superficial. Aminoácidos liberados da decomposição inicial dos resíduos de aveia preta foram rapidamente consumidos pelos microorganismos do solo principalmente em valores altos de pH do solo. Portanto, a calagem superficial, o manejo da cobertura vegetal e a adubação nitrogenada interferiram na disponibilidade de nutrientes e na composição e atividade da biomassa microbiana em SPD. / Soil acidity is a serious problem in tropical and subtropical regions of the world reducing root growth and crop yield. Surface liming is a common practice to ameliorate soil acidity in areas under no-till system (NTS). The subsoil acidity amelioration, as a result of surface liming, is affected by cover crop residues as well as N fertilization. Liming and crop residues play important roles on C and N cycles due to changes in soil biological attributes, such as microbial community and activity, quantity and quality of substrate to microorganisms. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of surface liming and black oat residues, with or without N addition, on (i) soil chemical attributes, ionic speciation, soybean nutrition and yield of a loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Hapludox in an experiment carried out in Ponta Grossa, state of Paraná, Brazil (25º10S, 50º05W) under NTS; (ii) C and N pools, potentially mineralizable N and decomposition rate of amino acids; and (iii) to evaluate the initial soil pH and black oat residues placement on soil solution composition and microbial behaviour. Surface liming increased soil pH and contents of Ca and Mg throughout soil profile, and also it reduced Al content to a 60 cm soil depth, regardless of cover crop treatments. The addition of N caused soil acidification. The Al content in soil solution was found mainly complexed to dissolved organic compounds, in contrast to Ca and Mg, which were found in a free form. Soybean yield was increased by lime rates. Due to soil pH increase, surface liming stimulated soil microbial biomass, potentially mineralizable N and amino acids decomposition rate, mainly at soil surface layer. Amino acids released from the initial decomposition of black oat residues were immediately used by soil microorganisms. Surface liming, cover crop residues and N fertilization affected nutrients availability and microbial biomass composition and activity under NTS.

Les sols constituent le premier réservoirterrestre de carbone organique et jouent ainsi un rôleclé pour limiter le réchauffement climatique. Les solsurbains représentent 3% du territoire mondial etl’urbanisation est la première cause de changementd’affectation des sols. L’augmentation rapide dessurfaces artificialisées a entraîné un intérêt croissantquant à la capacité des sols urbains à stocker ducarbone. Les travaux de thèse ont visé à comprendrela contribution des sols urbains au stock global decarbone organique et à proposer une méthodestandardisée pour son suivi. Les recherches ont aussiporté sur l’étude de la stabilité du carbone organiquedes sols urbains et la modélisation de la dynamique dece carbone. Une base de données a été construite àpartir de données disponibles au niveau national, puisde mesures supplémentaires acquises dans trois villes françaises.Le stock de carbone des sols ouverts est similaireentre les villes, et équivalent voire supérieur enprofondeur, à celui des sols forestiers environnants.Ce stock dépend plus particulièrement du mode degestion des espaces verts urbains, et de l’histoire dusite. Ainsi, les sols urbains ouverts sont caractériséspar une forte proportion de matières organiqueslabiles sur 0-44 cm de profondeur. Au contraire, lessols scellés présentent des stocks de carbone trèsfaibles. Ils sont caractérisés par une forte proportionde matières organiques stables dont l’évolution(stockage ou minéralisation) dépend de l’état dedormance microbienne. Un modèle conceptuel de ladynamiq / Soils are the largest terrestrial pool oforganic carbon and thus play a key role in mitigatingclimate change. The urban soils account for 3% of theworld’s territory and urbanization is currently theprimary cause of land use change. The increase ofartificial areas have led to a growing interest in theurban soil ability to store organic carbon. This workaimed to understand the contribution of urban soils tothe global organic carbon stock and to propose astandardized method for its monitoring. The researchalso focused on studying the stability of organic carbonin urban soils and modeling its dynamics. A databasewas built using data available at the French territorylevel as well as using additional measurements acquired in three French cities.The organic carbon stock in urban open soils aresimilar between cities, and equivalent, or even higherin depth, than that of surrounding forest soils. Thestock in open soils is particularly dependent upon themanagement methods of the urban green spaces,and on the specific site history. Thus, open urban soilsare characterized by a high proportion of labileorganic matter at 0-44 cm depth. Conversely, sealedsoils have very low carbon stocks. They arecharacterized by a high proportion of stable organicmatter whose evolution (storage or mineralization)depends on the dormant state of the microbialcommunities. A conceptual model of carbon dynamicsfor these two soil types has been developed. Finally,recommendations for optimizing carbon monitoringand urban soil management have been proposed

Um für ertragsschwache, sandige Böden des mitteldeutschen Agrarraumes Aussagen bzw. Empfehlungen hinsichtlich einer ökologisch vertretbaren Wiederinbetriebnahme brachgefallener Flächen treffen zu können, wurden auf einem leichten Sandstandort Nordsachsens die Gehalte, Vorräte, Bindungsformen und Dynamik des Kohlen- und Stickstoffs im Boden, nach Inkulturnahme stillgelegter Flächen, bestimmt und quantifiziert. Hierfür erfolgte die Einrichtung von zwei Bewirtschaftungssystemen mit unterschiedlicher Nutzungsintensität. Während sich die Versuchsvariante "Extensive Bewirtschaftung" durch typische Merkmale des ökologischen Landbaus auszeichnete, wurde sich bei der Versuchsvariante "Intensive Bewirtschaftung" an den Methoden der konventionellen Ackerbewirtschaftung orientiert. Um diese Bewirtschaftungsformen mit stillgelegten Flächen vergleichen zu können, wurden Teile des Untersuchungsareals erneut der Sukzession überlassen. Diese bildeten die Versuchsvariante "Brache". Die Erhebung der Daten erstreckte sich über einen dreijährigen Zeitraum. Neben der Ermittlung von Bodenazidität und ausgewählten C- und N Fraktionen erfolgte die Bestimmung wichtiger bodenmikrobiologischer und biochemischer Kenngrößen. Weitere Untersuchungen bezüglich des C- und N Kreislaufes wurden an Probenmaterial der oberirdischen Phytomasse, des mittels Saugkerzen gewonnenen Sickerwassers sowie des Niederschlagswassers durchgeführt. Zur Prognostizierung nutzungsspezifischer mittel- bis langfristiger Veränderungen des im Boden gebundenen Kohlen- und Stickstoffs wurden Teile der erhobenen Parameter in das Simulationsmodell CANDY eingebunden. Auf Grundlage der erhobenen Daten konnten folgende wichtige Schlußfolgerungen getroffen werden: 1.) Der heißwasserextrahierbare Stickstoff (TNhwe) besitzt eine hohe Differenzierungsgüte zur Unterscheidung verschiedener landwirtschaftlicher Nutzungsintensitäten. Er stellt einen geeigneten Sensitivitätsparameter dar, um nutzungsspezifische Einflüsse hinsichtlich des N, aber auch des C Kreislaufes quantitativ beurteilen zu können. 2.) Die untersuchte Sand-Braunerde ist durch ein beachtliches C und N Nachlieferungspotential gekennzeichnet, welches auf hohe Umsetzungsgeschwindigkeiten der organischen Substanz hindeutet. Hierbei scheinen sich Quantität und Schnelligkeit des Stoffumsatzes mit zunehmender Nutzungsintensität zu erhöhen. 3.) Unter Berücksichtigung eines fachgerechten Managements stellt die Begründung von Sukzessionsbracheflächen für einen dreijährigen Zeitraum eine ökologisch tragbare Alternative dar, um landwirtschaftlich genutzte Flächen zeitweilig aus der ackerbaulichen Nutzung herauszunehmen. Während der Brachephase sollten jedoch Schnitt- und Umbruchmaßnahmen unbedingt vermieden werden. 4.) Der Anbau von Leguminosen als integraler Bestandteil des Ökolandbaus erwies sich aus ertragssteigernder Sicht nicht effizient und war bezüglich der Umweltwirkung als nicht nachhaltig zu bewerten. Für leichte Sandböden des mitteldeutschen Trockengebietes ist daher die extensive Bewirtschaftungsweise aus ökologischen und höchstwahrscheinlich auch aus ökonomischen Gesichtspunkten nicht vertretbar. Deshalb ist bei der Wahl zwischen den angewandten Bewirtschaftungssystemen die intensive Bewirtschaftungsform der extensiven Nutzungsart vorzuziehen.

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The theoretical part of this doctoral thesis provides a comprehensive overview on the topic of preparation and subsequent utilization of magnetic derivatives of biological materials for xenobiotic separation from water. Main attention is paid to magnetic modification of waste materials and by-products originating from agricultural and food industry, which represent widely available and low-cost materials, and also to magnetic modification of microbial cells. In addition to the description of magnetic particle preparation and individual developed techniques of magnetic modification, a brief characterization of selected pollutants and a detailed table overview on utilization of magnetically responsive biomaterials for biosorption of organic dyes, heavy metals, pharmaceutical and personal care products together with ubiquitous industrial endocrine disruptors and also of crude oil derivatives is presented. Experimental part of this thesis is focused on the preparation and optimization of new types of magnetic materials. Emphasis is placed on the employment of simple, fast and simultaneously low-cost magnetic modification techniques (e.g., postmagnetization using microwave-synthesized magnetic iron oxides or one-step modification by magnetic fluids). Selected plant materials (barley and rye straw) were chemically modified to significantly (up to five-times) increase the maximum adsorption capacities for tested dyes. All prepared biomaterials exhibited a great magnetic response and simultaneously relatively high adsorption capacity for selected xenobiotics under experimental conditions used. Factors substantially affecting adsorption process, such as pH, initial concentration, incubation time or temperature were also studied. Adsorption equilibrium data were assessed using Langmuir, Freundlich or Sips isotherm models. Experimental data from time dependence study were analyzed by chosen kinetic models, namely the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order ones and by intraparticle diffusion model. Thermodynamic parameters (Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy) describing the nature of adsorption were also included in study.

Nitrogen availability and transformation in acidified and N saturated soils of Czech (The Bohemian Forest, Ore Mountains) and Ukraine (Pop Ivan massif) mountain forest ecosystems were investigated. The study was primarily focused on the role of microbial immobilization in soil N retention. The study was based on field measurements (ion exchange resins), analyses of selected soil biochemical and microbial characteristics, and on laboratory experiments (15N labelling).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T18:57:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4140.pdf: 1455295 bytes, checksum: d12f47602a7d5a5650b198ab17cd32a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-25 / The identification of soil quality indicators that demonstrate the alterations occurred in areas under organic management is important to determine the sustainability of this kind of cultivation. The soil microbial biomass and activity have been considered as important indicators of soil quality, especially when different management systems are employed in agroecosystems. In this context, the aim of this work was to evaluate management systems (organic and conventional) of the sugar cane over the soil quality, analyzing the chemical attributes as organic matter, pH, potential acidity, aluminium, magnesium, calcium, potassium, cation-exchange capacity, (CEC), sum of bases (SB), and percent base saturation (%BS), as well as the microbiological attributes as number of fungi and bacteria, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), basal respiration (BR) and metabolic quotient (MQ). The soil analyses were taken in the period comprised between May/2009 and September/2010. Among the chemical parameters that most showed the alterations in soil caused by the management are pH, magnesium concentration, potential acidity, SB and %BS. Higher values obtained with these two last parameters in the organic systems with addition of compost and limestone (SOCA) or compost and corrective, especially, indicate soil fertility. There was no significant difference among the treatments concerning MBC probably because it is an area where only recently the experiments were established. An influence of the sampling period was observed, with high values in the higher rainfall period. Higher values of BR were detected in the organic systems, especially in May and August/2009, which was coincident with the higher rainfall period and temperature. Although no significant difference was verified, the higher values of MQ were verified in the conventional system. Concerning the number of fungi and bacteria, the microbial community seemed to respond better to the climate/rhizosphere than the treatments involving the different management systems. Among the parameters studied, the BR was the most effective parameter to detect changes that occur in the soil due to the management system, showing that the organic system altered the soil quality, which reflected in the microbial activity. / A identificação de indicadores de qualidade de solo que demonstrem as alterações ocorridas em áreas agrícolas é importante para determinar a sustentabilidade do sistema de cultivo. A biomassa e a atividade microbiana do solo têm sido apontadas como importantes indicadores de qualidade do solo, especialmente quando se avalia o efeito de diferentes sistemas de manejo em agroecossistemas. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de sistemas de manejo (orgânico e convencional) da cana-de-açúcar sobre a qualidade do solo, analisando-se os atributos químicos como matéria orgânica, pH, acidez potencial, alumínio, magnésio, cálcio, potássio, capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), soma de bases (SB), porcentagem por saturação de bases, (V %); e microbiológicos como número de bactérias e fungos, carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), respiração basal (RB) e quociente metabólico (qCO2). As análises de solo foram realizadas no período compreendido entre Maio/2009 a Setembro/2010. Entre os parâmetros químicos que mais mostraram as alterações no solo provocadas pelo manejo estão o pH, teor de magnésio, acidez potencial, SB e V%. Valores mais elevados obtidos com estes dois últimos parâmetros nos sistemas orgânicos com adição de composto e calcário (SOCA) ou composto e corretivo (SOCO), especialmente, indicam fertilidade do solo. Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos quanto ao CBM provavelmente por ser área recém implantada. Houve influência da época de amostragem, observando-se valores mais altos na época de maior pluviosidade. Valores superiores de RB foram detectados nos sistemas orgânicos, especialmente em Maio e Agosto/2009, coincidente com períodos de maior pluviosidade e temperatura. Embora não tenha sido observada diferença significativa, os maiores valores de qCO2 foram verificados no sistema convencional. Em termos de contagem de fungos e bactérias, a biota microbiana do solo pareceu responder mais ao clima/rizosfera que aos tratamentos envolvendo os sistemas orgânico e convencional. Dentre os parâmetros estudados e no período de tempo analisado, a respiração basal foi o parâmetro mais efetivo para detectar mudanças que ocorreram no solo devido ao sistema de manejo, mostrando que o sistema orgânico alterou a qualidade do solo, refletindo na atividade microbiana.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:39:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 739809 bytes, checksum: 69524346956f11b5bb2a849577857347 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The competitive ability of crops and weeds is related to the efficient use of environmental resources. However, it may also be related to the associations of these species with soil microbiota and the ability to change it to minimize interference. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the interference of five weeds in dry matter accumulation of corn plants and in the relative content of nutrients, as well as evaluate the biomass and microbial activity associated with weeds and corn in monoculture and in competition, in soils with diferent fertility managements. The experiment was conducted in a protected environment, considering four soil fertility managements (with calcium and magnesium silicate and fertilization; with limestone and fertilization; without correction of acidity, but with fertilization; without correction of acidity and without fertilization) and five arrangements competition between Zea mays and the weeds Brachiaria brizantha, Ipomoea grandifolia, Conyza canadensis, Bidens pilosa and Hyptis suaveolens, addition of species in monoculture and soils without plants. The coexistence of corn with weeds caused average reductions of 43.9%, 39.8% and 41.9% in dry matter of shoot, root and total culture, respectively. Under interference of B. brizantha, the corn had reductions exceeding 50% in the content of all macronutrients, being this weed the most damaging to the culture. Additionally, B. brizantha and B. pilosa in competition with corn stood out among the other weeds and has high ability to extract and use macronutrients in the four soil conditions. There was a tendency of reduction of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in soils that receive were not correction acidity. B. pilosa and the arrangement formed by Z. mays and B. brizantha, showed high values of MBC, regardless of soil management. Low biological activity was observed in soil without acidity correction and without fertilization. In soil with calcium and magnesium silicate and maize plants in monoculture, the metabolic quotient (qCO2) was higher than the value observed with the weeds in monoculture and in competition arrangements, suggesting greater susceptibility of this system for carbon losses. Z. mays in competition with H. suaveolens was the arrangement that had greater preservation of organic matter (<qCO2) in the four soils. The weeds showed different competitive abilities causing reductions in the dry matter and nutrients accumulation in the corn plants, and showed distinct potential for nutrient cycling, depending on soil condition. Calcium and magnesium silicate and limestone did not differ in the weed interference on the dry biomass of corn plants, being the influence of these sources variable on nutrient accumulation by plants in monoculture or under interference. The microbial biomass and activity were altered by plant species, interference and managements of soil fertility. The manipulation of soil microorganisms may be a strategy used by corn and, or the weeds to minimize the competition in a given soil. / A habilidade competitiva das culturas e das plantas daninhas está relacionada à utilização eficiente dos recursos do meio na qual se encontram. No entanto, pode também estar relacionada com as associações dessas espécies com a microbiota do solo e a capacidade de alterá-la para minimizar a interferência. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da interferência de cinco plantas daninhas no acúmulo de matéria seca e no conteúdo relativo de macronutrientes de plantas de milho, bem como a biomassa e a atividade microbiana associada às plantas daninhas e de milho em monocultivo e em competição, em solos com diferentes manejos de fertilidade. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, considerando-se como primeiro fator quatro manejos de fertilidade do solo (com silicato de cálcio e magnésio e adubação; com calcário e adubação; sem correção de acidez, mas com adubação; sem correção de acidez e sem adubação) e como segundo fator cinco arranjos de competição entre Zea mays e as plantas daninhas Brachiaria brizantha, Ipomoea grandifolia, Conyza canadensis, Hyptis suaveolens e Bidens pilosa, acrescido das seis espécies em monocultivo e de solo sem cultivo. A convivência do milho com plantas daninhas provocou reduções médias de 43,9%, 39,8% e 41,9% na massa da matéria seca da parte aérea, do sistema radicular e total da cultura, respectivamente. Sob interferência de B. brizantha, o milho apresentou reduções superiores a 50% no conteúdo de todos os macronutrientes, sendo esta a planta daninha mais danosa a cultura. Adicionalmente, B. brizantha e B. pilosa em competição com o milho se destacaram entre as demais plantas daninhas, apresentando elevada habilidade de extração e utilização de macronutrientes nas quatro condições de solo. Observou-se tendência de redução do carbono da biomassa microbina (CBM) nos solos que não tiveram correção de acidez. B. pilosa e o arranjo formado por Z. mays e B. brinzantha, independente do solo, apresentaram elevados valores de CBM. Baixa atividade biológica foi verificada no solo sem correção de acidez e sem adubação. No solo corrigido com silicato de cálcio e magnésio e cultivado com milho livre de interferência, o quociente metabólico (qCO2) foi maior do que com as plantas daninhas em monocultivo e arranjos de competição, sugerindo maior suscetibilidade desse sistema a perdas de carbono. Z. mays em competição com H. suaveolens mostrou ser o sistema misto mais conservativo da matéria orgânica (<qCO2) nos quatro manejos de fertilidade do solo. As plantas daninhas apresentaram não só habilidades competitivas distintas, provocando reduções consideráveis no acúmulo de matéria seca e nutrientes das plantas de milho, como também potencial diferenciado para ciclagem dos nutrientes estudados, a depender da condição de solo. Silicato de cálcio e magnésio e calcário não diferiram quanto à interferência das plantas daninhas sobre o acúmulo de biomassa seca das plantas de milho, sendo variável a influência dessas fontes sobre o acúmulo de nutrientes pelas plantas em monocultivo ou sob interferência. A biomassa e atividade microbiana foram alteradas pelas espécies de plantas, pela convivência e pelos manejos de fertilidade do solo, e a manipulação dos microrganismos do solo pode ser uma estratégia utilizada pela cultura do milho e, ou pelas plantas daninhas para minimizar a competição em determinado ambiente.