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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

Ecologie des micro-organismes producteurs d'hydrogène des sources hydrothermales alcalines associées à la serpentinisation en Baie de Prony, Nouvelle-Calédonie / Ecology of hydrogen-producing microorganisms in alkaline hydrothermal springs from the serpentinization-hosted system of the Prony Bay, New Caledonia

Mei, Nan 30 September 2016 (has links)
Le système hydrothermal de la baie de Prony en Nouvelle-Calédonie est composée de plusieurs sources émettant à faible profondeur des fluides hyperalcalins, mesothermiques, et anoxiques riches en hydrogène (H2) et méthane, produits par la réaction de serpentinisation. Dans le cadre de ces travaux de thèse, la capacité potentielle des microorganismes à produire de l’H2 dans ces écosystèmes a été évaluée par des analyses moléculaires et culturales. Nos premières analyses moléculaires ont mis en évidence une grande diversité de bactéries et une faible diversité d’archées. La diversité et la distribution des populations productrices d’H2 a ensuite été spécifiquement évaluée par des analyses métagénomiques et basées sur la PCR. Les séquences de gènes hydA, utilisés comme marqueur moléculaire des bactéries productrices d’H2, étaient principalement associées à celles du phylum des Firmicutes. Deux groupes de séquences hydA se sont distinguées en fonction de l’origine des échantillons. De plus, plusieurs nouvelles bactéries alcalophiles ont été isolées de différents sites. Parmi elles, la souche alcalophile et anaérobie, PROH2 est capable de produire efficacement de l’H2 par voie fermentaire en condition alcaline (pH 9,5), de façon comparable aux espèces de Clostridium neutrophiles. Ces travaux présentent également la caractérisation d’une nouvelle espèce bactérienne anaérobie, mésophile et alcalophile (pH optimum de 9,5) d’un nouveau genre, nommée Serpentinicella alkaliphila, isolée d’un site intertidal de la baie de Prony. L’ensemble des données démontre la capacité des Firmicutes des environnements associés à la serpentinisation à produire de l’H2 par voie fermentaire. / The Prony hydrothermal field (PHF, New Caledonia) is composed of several shallow-submarine springs discharging into the lagoon seawater high pH, moderate temperature, low-salinity fluids, enriched in hydrogen (H2) and methane produced by serpentinization. In this work, we evaluated the potential ability of microorganisms to produce H2 in this alkaline ecosystem by using both molecular and cultural approaches. Our first molecular analyses provided evidence of high bacterial abundance and diversity contrasting with low archaeal diversity in the PHF chimneys. The diversity and distribution of potential H2-producing bacteria were specifically investigated by using metagenomic analyses and different PCR-sequencing methods. The sequences of hydA genes encoding the catalytic subunit of [FeFe]-hydrogenases, used as molecular marker of H2-producing bacteria, were mainly related to those of Firmicutes. Two groups of hydA sequences were distinguished according to the origin of the samples. Moreover, novel alkaliphilic H2-producing Firmicutes were successfully cultivated from PHF chimneys. Among them, an alkaliphilic and anaerobic strain, Clostridium sp. PROH2, belonging to the genus Clostridium, demonstrated efficient H2 production at a high pH, comparable to neutrophilic clostridial species. This manuscript also present the characterization of a novel anaerobic, mesophilic and alkaliphilic species belonging to a new genus, named Serpentiniticella alkaliphila 3bT, isolated from an intertidal PHF site. Both molecular and cultivation-based data demonstrated the ability of Firmicutes originating from serpentinite-hosted environments to produce H2 by fermentation.
82

Comparative analyses of microbial phylogenetic and functional processes following long-term land-use change / Análise comparativa de processos filogenéticos e funcionais microbianos seguindo a mudança de uso do solo em longo período

Souza, Dennis Góss de 23 November 2015 (has links)
In the last years, microbial ecologists have dramatically increased their efforts to elucidate the \"black box\" of patterns and processes that modulate the diversity and functionality of soil microorganisms, examining their genetic diversity (e.g. through metagenomic) and measuring their functional characteristics. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the interaction of the ecological processes of dispersion, diversification, selection and genetic drift on (1) the soil microbial communities, after conversion of forest to grassland or no-till cropping in long-term and (2) on the microbial communities in the rhizosphere of soybean in long-term no-till system. The cultivation of grassland in long-term led to a homogenizing selection of microbial communities, reducing beta-diversity, with consequent changes in the soil functions related to stress. No-till long-term led to minor changes of diversity, maintaining the functions found in the forest. The soybean plant has shown homogenizing power selection, and this increased with time. However, the functions selected in the rhizosphere were maintained, indicating functional resilience. / Nos últimos anos, ecologistas microbianos aumentaram drasticamente seus esforços para elucidar a \"caixa preta\" dos padrões e processos que modulam a diversidade e funcionalidade dos microrganismos do solo, examinando sua diversidade genética (e.g. através de metagenômica) e medindo suas características funcionais. O objetivo dessa tese foi avaliar a interação dos processos ecológicos de dispersão, diversificação, seleção e deriva gênica, sobre (1) as comunidades microbianas do solo, após a conversão da floresta em pastagem ou plantio direto, em longo período e (2) sobre as comunidades microbianas da rizosfera de soja, em sistema de plantio direto, em longo período. O cultivo de pastagens em longo período levou a uma seleção homogeneizante das comunidades microbianas, reduzindo a beta-diversidade, com conseguinte alteração em funções no solo relacionadas ao estresse. O plantio direto em longo período levou a uma menor alteração da diversidade, com manutenção das funções encontradas na floresta. A planta de soja demonstrou poder de seleção homogeneizante, e este aumentou com o tempo. Contudo, as funções selecionadas na rizosfera foram mantidas, indicando resiliência funcional.
83

Padrões de diversidade microbiana em sedimentos marinhos profundos influenciados por uma exsudação de asfalto. / Microbial diversity patterns in deep-sea sediments influencied by asphalt seep.

Luciano Lopes Queiroz 26 May 2015 (has links)
Sedimentos de mar profundo são ambientes estáveis e homogêneos, apesar disso, eles apresentam uma grande variedade de habitats disponíveis, possibilitando uma alta diversidade microbiana. A distribuição espacial dos micro-organismos é influenciada por fatores locais e regionais. Os fatores locais são associados à estrutura do ambiente e os fatores regionais, a limitação na dispersão dos micro-organismos que compõem as comunidades e eventos históricos que eventualmente podem modificar o ambiente. Eventos como a liberação de hidrocarbonetos das camadas mais profundas do sedimento para superfície podem alterar os padrões de distribuição espacial das comunidades microbianas, devido o aumento na disponibilidade de carbono e consequentemente selecionando as espécies capazes de degradá-los. Esses eventos são denominados de exsudações de asfalto e foram encontradas na região de estudo. Considerando a falta de conhecimento e a importância dos micro-organismos em sedimentos de mar profundo do oceano Atlântico Sul, o objetivo desse estudo foi compreender os padrões de diversidade microbiana nessas regiões e também investigar como o óleo proveniente da exsudação de asfalto influência as comunidades de micro-organismos no seu entorno. Esse estudo foi realizado na região do Platô de São Paulo que foi dividido em duas regiões, norte e sul. A diversidade microbiana foi estudada em 14 amostras de sedimento de mar profundo, nove amostras na região norte e cinco na sul. A exsudação de asfalto foi encontrada na região norte, influenciando diretamente três das nove amostras. As comunidades foram estudadas através dos métodos de eletroforese em gel de gradiente desnaturante (DGGE), PCR quantitativa (qPCR) e sequenciamento de última geração (Ion Torrent). A distribuição espacial das comunidades foi analisada em diferentes escalas espaciais: verticalmente, variando com a profundidade do sedimento (≤ 4 cm), localmente, em cada uma das regiões amostradas (1-34 Km) e regionalmente, comparando as regiões norte e sul (> 250 Km). O perfil da comunidade obtido com a técnica de DGGE mostrou que as comunidades microbianas foram menos similares entre as regiões e apresentaram relação com a distância geográfica para arqueia e bactéria. Os valores de similaridade foi maior localmente do que regionalmente. A similaridade obtida nas camadas de profundidade analisadas foi alta e não houve relação com a distância geográfica. O número de células entre as camadas de profundidades foi diferente, com tendência de diminuição com o aumento da profundidade. As classes bacterianas mais abundantes foram Alphaproteobacteria (30%), Acidimicrobiia (18%), Gammaproteobacteria (16%), Deltaproteobacteria e Gemmatimonadetes (3%). A composição das comunidades influenciadas pela exsudação de asfalto não teve relação com a presença do óleo ou com as camadas de profundidade. A distância geográfica e a exsudação de asfalto foram importantes fatores para determinação da distribuição geográfica das comunidades microbianas em sedimento marinhos profundos do Platô de São Paulo. Apesar da ausência de relação entre o óleo proveniente da exsudação de asfalto e a composição das comunidades, a alta abundância de Alphaproteobacteria e a importância da distância dentro da região norte são indicativos do aumento da heterogeneidade causado pela exsudação de asfalto. Mais estudos procurando compreender a composição geoquímica dos sedimentos e do óleo são necessários para explicar como esses fatores influenciam a estruturação das comunidades microbianas estudadas. / Deep-sea sediments are stable and homogeneous environments, however, they have a high variety of available habitats, allowing a high microbial diversity to occur. Microbial spatial distribution is determined by local and regional factors. Local factors are associated to environment structure and regional factors, to microbial dispersal limitation and historical events that may cause environmental changes. Historical events such as hydrocarbon emanation from sub-seafloor to seafloor may change the patterns of microbial spatial distribution, due to an increase of carbon, thus, selecting species capable to degrade them. These events are denominated as asphalt seep and they were found on the studied region. Considering the lack of knowledge and the importance of microorganisms on deep-sea sediments from South Atlantic ocean, this study aims to understand the patterns of microbial spatial distribution and how the oil from asphalt seep influence the microbial communities. This study was realized in São Paulo Plateau region. The plateau was divided in two regions, north and south. Microbial diversity was studied from 14 deep-sea sediment samples, nine samples from north region and five from south region. The asphalt seep was found in north region from São Paulo Plateau, directly affecting three of the nine samples. The communities were studied through denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), quantitative PCR (qPCR) and next generation sequencing (Ion Torrent). The spatial distribution of the communities was analyzed at different spatial scales: sediment depth (≤ 4 cm), local (1-34 Km) and regional (> 250 Km). Microbial communities were less similar between regions and showing relation with geographic distance to achaea and bacteria. Similarity values within regions were higher then between them, but the geographic distance was also important to both domains, despite samples being closer. Similarity values between sediment depths were high and have no relation with geographic distance. The cell number between sediment depths was different, with tendency to decrease with depth increase. The most abundant classes were Alphaproteobacteria (30%), Acidimicrobiia (18%), Gammaproteobacteria (16%), Deltaproteobacteria e Gemmatimonadetes (3%). The communities composition influenced by asphalt seep have no relation with oil presence and sediment depths. Geographic distance and asphalt seep were important factors to determine the spatial distribution of microbial communities in deep-sea sediments from São Paulo Plateau. Despite the absence of relation between oil from asphalt seep and communities composition, the high abundance of Alphaproteobacteria and the importance of distance within north region are indicative of heterogeneity increase caused by asphalt seep. More studies aiming to understand the geochemical composition from sediments and oil are necessary to explain how these factors influence the communities structure.
84

Caracteriza??o e uso de bact?rias diazotr?ficas isoladas de diferentes cultivares de arroz origin?rias do estado do Maranh?o. / Characterization and use of diazotrophic bacteria isolated from different rice cultivars originated from Maranh?o State.

Ara?jo, Ant?nio Edilson da Silva 19 February 2008 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:58:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Antonio Edilson da Silva Araujo.pdf: 1302543 bytes, checksum: cc20c323c83af0e996be61700810ba59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Several works have shown that rice crop can benefit from the association with diazotrophic bacteria. However, the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in rice is dependent of a complex interaction among the plants, microorganisms and the ecosystem. The general objective of this work was to evaluate the contribution of BNF in varieties of rice originated from the State of Maranh?o. The specific objectives were: a- To isolate and characterize native diazotrophic bacteria originated from soil cultivated with rice in Maranh?o; b- to select the most efficient bacteria in relation to dry matter accumulation and grain yield; c- to study the relationship between FBN and the teor of proteins in the grains. For the isolation was used two rice varieties (IR42 and Diamante) and two traditional rice varieties of Maranh?o (Zebu Branco and Manteiga), grown in soil samples originated from three districts of Maranh?o, being one of high lands (Bacabal) and two of lowland area (Arari and Vitoria do Mearim). Samples of roots, stems and leaves were grounded and inoculated in nitrogen free semisolid semiselective media: NFB, JNFB, LGI, LGIP and JMV. Around 304 isolates were obtained and classified as belonging to the species Azospirillum amazonense, Azospirillum lipoferum and Azospirillum brasilense, Herbaspirillum spp. and Burkholderia spp and a non identified group that was clustered based only in the morphological characteristics. The genetic diversity of the isolates was evaluated through the amplification of 16S DNAr subunit using the Polymerize Chain Reaction (PCR) technique and digestion of the amplified products with restriction enzymes (ARDRA). Restriction fragment profiles confirmed the identity of most of the isolated and showed high diversity mainly for the bacterial isolates characterized as Burkholderia. Isolates representative from the different groups were tested in gnotobiotic conditions, in pots and in the field using different rice varieties originated from the Maranh?o State. Two other cultivars were used as controls. It was observed that among the isolates tested, the Azospirillum amazonense AR3122 and Herbaspirillum sp AR1122 howed potential to promote growth of rice plants and to increase the grain yield of this crop. / Diversos trabalhos t?m mostrado que a cultura do arroz pode se beneficiar da associa??o com bact?rias diazotr?ficas. Entretanto, a fixa??o biol?gica de nitrog?nio (FBN) em arroz ? dependente de uma intera??o complexa entre as plantas, os microrganismos e o ecossistema. Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar a contribui??o da FBN em variedades tradicionais de arroz do estado do Maranh?o. Como objetivos espec?ficos: a- isolar e caracterizar bact?rias diazotr?ficas nativas de solo cultivado com arroz no estado do Maranh?o; b- selecionar as bact?rias mais eficientes quanto ao ac?mulo de biomassa e produ??o de gr?os; c- verificar se existe rela??o entre a FBN e o teor de prote?nas nos gr?os. Para o isolamento foi utilizada como planta isca as cultivares IR42 e Diamante e mais duas variedades tradicionais de arroz do Maranh?o Zebu Branco e Manteiga, crescidas em amostras de solo, provenientes de tr?s munic?pios do Maranh?o, sendo uma de terras altas (Bacabal) e duas de ?rea de baixada (Arari e Vitoria do Mearim). Amostras de ra?zes, colmos e folhas foram maceradas e inoculadas em meios semi-s?lidos semi-seletivos, NFB, JNFB, LGI, LGIP e JMV, sem adi??o de nitrog?nio. Foram obtidos 304 isolados que foram classificados morfologicamente como pertencentes ?s esp?cies Azospirillum amazonense, Azospirillum lipoferum, Azospirillum brasilense, Herbaspirillum spp. e Burkholderia spp., al?m de um grupo n?o identificado. A diversidade gen?tica dos isolados foi avaliada por meio da amplifica??o da regi?o 16S DNAr por meio da rea??o da polimerase em cadeia (PCR) e da digest?o dos produtos de amplifica??o com enzimas de restri??o (ARDRA). O perfil de fragmentos de restri??o confirmou o g?nero da maioria dos isolados, al?m disso, mostrou alta diversidade, principalmente para os isolados bacterianos caracterizados morfologicamente como Burkholderia. Isolados representantes dos diferentes grupos foram testados em condi??es gnotobi?ticas, em vasos e em campo, em diferentes variedades procedentes do Maranh?o utilizando-se tamb?m duas cultivares como controle. Foi observado que entre os isolados testados, AR1122 de Herbaspirillum sp. e AR3122 de A. amazonense apresentaram maior potencial para promover o crescimento das plantas e aumentar a produ??o de gr?os na cultura do arroz.
85

Impacts de la fertilisation phosphatée sur la biodiversité microbienne de sols agricoles

Beauregard, Marie-Soleil 01 1900 (has links)
La fertilisation phosphatée est très répandue dans les pratiques agricoles Nord-Américaines. Bien que généralement très efficace pour augmenter la production végétale, son utilisation peut engendrer certaines contaminations environnementales. Afin de diminuer ce problème, plusieurs pratiques de gestion sont envisagées. Parmi celles-ci, on retrouve l’intéressante possibilité de manipuler la flore microbienne car cette dernière est reconnue pour son implication dans bons nombres de processus fondamentaux liés à la fertilité du sol. Cette étude a démontré que lors d’essais en champs, la forme de fertilisant ajouté au sol ainsi que la dose de phosphore (P) appliquée avaient un impact sur la distribution des microorganismes dans les différentes parcelles. Une première expérience menée sur une culture de luzerne en prairie semi-aride a montré que les échantillons provenant de parcelles ayant reçu différentes doses de P présentaient des différences significatives dans leurs communautés bactériennes et fongiques. La communauté de CMA est restée similaire entre les différents traitements. Une deuxième expérience fut menée pendant trois saisons consécutives afin de déterminer l’effet de différentes formes de fertilisation organiques et minérale ajustées selon une dose unique de P sur les populations bactériennes et fongiques d’une culture intensive de maïs en rotation avec du soja. Les résultats des analyses ont montrés que les populations varient selon le type de fertilisation reçu et que les changements sont indépendants du type de végétaux cultivé. Par contre, les populations microbiennes subissent une variation plus marquée au cours de la saison de culture. La technique de DGGE a permis d’observer les changements frappant la diversité microbienne du sol mais n’a permis d’identifier qu’une faible proportion des organismes en cause. Parallèlement à cette deuxième étude, une seconde expérience au même site fut menée sur la communauté de champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules (CMA) puisqu’il s’agit d’organismes vivant en symbiose mutualiste avec la majorité des plantes et favorisant la nutrition de même que l’augmentation de la résistance aux stress de l’hôte. Ceci permit d’identifier et de comparer les différents CMA présents dans des échantillons de sol et de racines de maïs et soja. Contrairement aux bactéries et aux champignons en général, les CMA présentaient une diversité très stable lors des différents traitements. Par contre, au cours des trois années expérimentales, il a été noté que certains ribotypes étaient significativement plus liés au sol ou aux racines. Finalement, l’ensemble de l’étude a démontré que la fertilisation phosphatée affecte la structure des communautés microbiennes du sol dans les systèmes évalués. Cependant, lors de chaque expérience, la date d’échantillonnage jouait également un rôle prépondérant sur la distribution des organismes. Plusieurs paramètres du sol furent aussi mesurés et ils présentaient aussi une variation au cours de la saison. L’ensemble des interactions possibles entre ces différents paramètres qui, dans certains cas, variaient selon le traitement appliqué, aurait alors probablement plus d’impact sur la biodiversité microbienne que la seule fertilisation. / Phosphorus fertilization is a widespread practice in North American agriculture. Although it is generally efficient to increase yields, its use can also induce some environmental contaminations. Several management practices are considered in order to decrease this problem. Among these possibilities there is the challenging one of manipulating microbial flora, which is well known for its implication in many processes related to soil fertility. We have demonstrated in field trials that both the form of fertilizer added to soil and the applied P amounts impact microbial distribution in plots. A first experiment performed on alfalfa monocultures in semi-arid prairie conditions demonstrated that samples coming from plots that had received different doses of P fertilizer presented significant differences on their bacterial and fungal communities. AMF population remained stable between treatments. A second experiment was conducted over three growing season of an intensive maize/soybean rotation cropping system. It aimed to determine the effect of different organic and mineral fertilizers containing equal P amount on bacterial and fungal populations. It was demonstrated that these communities varied according to the fertilizer type applied. Changes are independent from the grown crop. However, microbial populations have undergone greater variation within each growing season. DGGE approach allowed to observe changes occurring in soil microbial diversity but have only permit to identify a small proportion of organisms. A second experiment in the latter study was performed on the same site and focused on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as they are organisms living in a mutualistic symbiosis with most land plants and increasing host nutrition and resistance to stresses. It led to the identification and comparison of the different AMF found in maize and soybean soil and root samples. In opposition to what was observed with bacteria and fungi previously, AMF presented a very stable diversity between the different treatments. However, some ribotypes were significantly more present in soil or roots during each growing season. Finally, our whole project demonstrated that P fertilization affected microbial community structure on studied sites. Nevertheless, in each experiment, sampling time also played a substantial role in the organism distribution. Many soil parameters were also monitored and presented a seasonal variation. The sum of possible interactions between these parameters, which in some cases varied according to treatment, would thus have more impact on microbial diversity that the sole fertilization.
86

Comparative analyses of microbial phylogenetic and functional processes following long-term land-use change / Análise comparativa de processos filogenéticos e funcionais microbianos seguindo a mudança de uso do solo em longo período

Dennis Góss de Souza 23 November 2015 (has links)
In the last years, microbial ecologists have dramatically increased their efforts to elucidate the \"black box\" of patterns and processes that modulate the diversity and functionality of soil microorganisms, examining their genetic diversity (e.g. through metagenomic) and measuring their functional characteristics. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the interaction of the ecological processes of dispersion, diversification, selection and genetic drift on (1) the soil microbial communities, after conversion of forest to grassland or no-till cropping in long-term and (2) on the microbial communities in the rhizosphere of soybean in long-term no-till system. The cultivation of grassland in long-term led to a homogenizing selection of microbial communities, reducing beta-diversity, with consequent changes in the soil functions related to stress. No-till long-term led to minor changes of diversity, maintaining the functions found in the forest. The soybean plant has shown homogenizing power selection, and this increased with time. However, the functions selected in the rhizosphere were maintained, indicating functional resilience. / Nos últimos anos, ecologistas microbianos aumentaram drasticamente seus esforços para elucidar a \"caixa preta\" dos padrões e processos que modulam a diversidade e funcionalidade dos microrganismos do solo, examinando sua diversidade genética (e.g. através de metagenômica) e medindo suas características funcionais. O objetivo dessa tese foi avaliar a interação dos processos ecológicos de dispersão, diversificação, seleção e deriva gênica, sobre (1) as comunidades microbianas do solo, após a conversão da floresta em pastagem ou plantio direto, em longo período e (2) sobre as comunidades microbianas da rizosfera de soja, em sistema de plantio direto, em longo período. O cultivo de pastagens em longo período levou a uma seleção homogeneizante das comunidades microbianas, reduzindo a beta-diversidade, com conseguinte alteração em funções no solo relacionadas ao estresse. O plantio direto em longo período levou a uma menor alteração da diversidade, com manutenção das funções encontradas na floresta. A planta de soja demonstrou poder de seleção homogeneizante, e este aumentou com o tempo. Contudo, as funções selecionadas na rizosfera foram mantidas, indicando resiliência funcional.
87

Diversidade microbiolÃgica e rendimento da produÃÃo fermentativa de hidrogÃnio a partir de glicerol / Microbial diversity and yield of the fermentative hydrogen production from glycerol

QuÃzia Maia Viana 04 June 2013 (has links)
A crescente demanda por energias alternativas torna o hidrogÃnio (H2) interessante por possuir alta concentraÃÃo de energia por unidade de massa. Aliado a isso, futuramente, o glicerol, subproduto da geraÃÃo de biodiesel, passarà de resÃduo a passivo ambiental, devido à crescente produÃÃo de biodiesel.Unindo as duas perspectivas, a produÃÃo fermentativa de hidrogÃnio a partir de glicerol residual à uma alternativa atraente, pois pode-se à gerar energia limpa a partir de um resÃduo. A grande questÃo que envolve a otimizaÃÃo da produÃÃo biolÃgica de H2 à a seleÃÃo de inÃculos com diversidade microbiana que maximize os rendimentos. TÃcnicas de prÃ-tratamento do inÃculo selecionam microrganismos especÃficos para a produÃÃo de H2 e enriquecem a comunidade com bactÃrias produtoras de H2. Por isso, esses distÃrbios controlados no ambiente sÃo utilizados amplamente.Com base no que foi exposto, este trabalho teve como objetivos: (i) selecionar uma microbiota com potencial elevado de produÃÃo de H2 e analisar sua diversidade; (ii) avaliar o impacto dos prÃ-tratamentos sobre a diversidade microbiana e o rendimento da produÃÃo de H2 (ƞH2); (iii) e relacionar diversidade microbiana com ƞH2(na Ecologia este termo à conhecido como produtividade). Foram testados diferentes inÃculos submetidos a diferentes prÃ-tratamentos (choque de calor, choque Ãcido e adiÃÃo de clorofÃrmio). Pelos resultados, pode-se concluir que a diversidade microbiana tem relaÃÃo direta com a produtividade em H2. Da mesma forma,o impacto do prÃ-tratamento sobre a microbiota depende do tipo de inÃculo. No entanto, as maiores diversidade e produtividade foram alcanÃadas com lodo proveniente da estaÃÃo de tratamento de esgoto domÃstico sem prÃ-tratamento. Os prÃ-tratamentos resultaram em diferentes Ãndices de diversidade, o que mostra que o grau do distÃrbio, pode nÃo sà afetar os microrganismos metanogÃnicos, mas tambÃm os demais presentes. Concluiu-se que a aplicaÃÃo de prÃ-tratamentos se tornou redundante, pois apenas a aplicaÃÃo de carga orgÃnica elevada e ausÃncia de soluÃÃo tampÃo promovem reduÃÃo do pH para a faixa ideal das produtoras de H2, inibindo a atividade metanogÃnica. / The growing demand for alternative energy makes hydrogen (H2) an interesting fuel because of its high concentration of energy per unit mass. Moreover, in the future, the glycerol derived from the biodiesel industry can become an environmental liability due to the increasing production of biodiesel. Therefore, the fermentative production of hydrogen from residual glycerol is an attractive alternative because it will be possible to generate clean energy from a waste. The issue on the optimization of biological production of H2 is the selection of microbial population with an adequate diversity that improves the hydrogen yields. Techniques for pre-treatment of the inoculum select specific microorganisms to produce H2 and enrich the community with H2-producing bacteria. Therefore, these controlled environmental disturbs are widely used. Based on the above, this study aimed to: (i) select a microbiota with high potential for the production of H2 and analyse its diversity, (ii) evaluate the impact of pre-treatments on microbial diversity and hydrogen yield, (iii) evaluate the relationship between microbial diversity and hydrogen yield. Different inocula were tested at different pre-treatments (heat shock, acid shock and chloroform addition). The results show that the microbial diversity is directly related to hydrogen yield. Likewise, the impact of the pre-treatment depends on the type of inoculum. However, the highest diversity and yield were achieved with sludge withdrawn from a municipal wastewater treatment plant without any pre-treatment. In general, the pre-treatments resulted in different diversity index, which shows that the degree of disturb may not only affect the methanogenic microorganism, but also the remaining in the inoculum. The pre-treatments became redundant because only the imposed high organic load and the absence of buffer promoted reduction of pH to the optimum range for H2 production, inhibiting the methanogenic activity and improving the hydrogen yield.
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Biocarvão como condicionador da fertilidade e da microbiota de solo de cerrado cultivado com soja / Biochar as soil conditioner of soil fertility and microbiota cultivated with soybean in Brazilian savanna

Santos, Janne Louize Sousa 11 November 2013 (has links)
Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-03-28T20:34:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Janne Louize Sousa Santos - 2013.pdf: 3386460 bytes, checksum: 22e9e0e337a23c0def642f54e0b44213 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-03-29T15:17:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Janne Louize Sousa Santos - 2013.pdf: 3386460 bytes, checksum: 22e9e0e337a23c0def642f54e0b44213 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-29T15:17:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Janne Louize Sousa Santos - 2013.pdf: 3386460 bytes, checksum: 22e9e0e337a23c0def642f54e0b44213 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-11 / Biochar is a new word to describe fine-grained, highly porous charcoal made from biological material (biomass), high in organic carbon. According to its formation, biochar has reactions with other components of the soil, contributing for the better conditioners physical, chemical and biological soil properties. The aim of this work was to evaluate of different rates of biochar (0, 2, 4, 8 e 16 Mg ha-1) in the long term experiment with soybean (Glycine Max (L) Merril) in Haplustox soil, Savanna Biome. Experimental design was field experiment with randomized blocks, 4 repetitions (blocks) and 5 treatments (charcoal doses: 0, 2, 4, 8 and 16 Mg ha-1), plot design 10 x 4 m. In 2006, charcoal was ground and incorporated in soil at 0-15 cm, when the experiment was installed. Soil samples were collected during February of 2007 to 2012, at the soybean flowering. Soil fertility, soil microbial biomass and soybean productivity (kg ha-1) were estimated. Diversity of archaeal, bacterial and fungal community were estimated in different rates of biochar, and in biochar before and after amended in soil. Elemental composition of biochar had liming effect on soil fertility; high content of aluminum and pH, did not effect soybean productivity. Soil microbial biomass showed results due to organic matter content in the last year of experimental. Different rates of biocarvão influenced soil microbial diversity. Biocarvão, after conditioning the soil showed microbial diversity similar to soil. Little biochar rates should be tested in soil. / Biocarvão é a nova palavra para descrever o material de granulação fina, rico em carbono orgânico e altamente poroso, produzido de material biológico (biomassa) por processo de pirólise. De acordo com sua formação, o biocarvão reage com outros componentes do solo, contribuindo para um melhor condicionamento das propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo. Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação do biocarvão em diferentes doses (0, 2, 4, 8 e 16 Mg ha-1) num Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico, textura Franco Argilo Arenosa, cultivado com soja (Glycine max (L.) Merril), localizado no Bioma Cerrado. O experimento foi instalado em 2006 no município de Nova Xavantina, MT e os anos avaliados foram de 2007 a 2012. O Experimento foi implantado em 2006, incorporando-se biocarvão na profundidade de 0,15 cm. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com quatro doses de biocarvão nas doses 2, 4, 8 e 16 Mg ha-1 e a testemunha. As amostragens de solo foram feitas em fevereiro dos anos de 2006 a 2012, na profundidade de 0-10 cm. Foram avaliados: a fertilidade do solo; a biomassa microbiana do solo; a produtividade da soja em kg ha-1; e a diversidade da comunidade de archaea, bactéria e fungo nas diferentes doses e no biocarvão antes e após ser utilizado no solo. A composição elementar do biocarvão influenciou, após aplicação, na neutralização e na manutenção da fertilidade do solo. No entanto, com o tempo, altos teores de Al disponível, e baixo pH no solo, reduzem os efeitos das diferentes doses sobre a produtividade da soja. A biomassa microbiana do solo apresentou resultados quando os níveis de material orgânico foram significativos para as diferentes doses de biocarvão. A diversidade de comunidades microbianas no solo foi influenciada pelas diferentes doses de biocarvão no solo. O biocarvão após condicionar o solo por algum tempo, apresentou diversidade microbiana semelhante ao solo. Estudos devem levar em consideração o efeito de doses menores de biocarvão sobre as propriedades do solo.
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Diversidade e estrutura de comunidades microbianas associadas à rizosfera de Rhyzophora mangle do manguezal do Rio Pacoti, zona leste da costa cearense / Diversity and structure of microbial communities associated with rhizosphere of the mangrove Rhyzophora mangle Packington River, east coast of CearÃ

GeÃrgia Barguil Colares 15 July 2010 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Os manguezais sÃo ecossistemas costeiros que ocorrem em regiÃes de clima tropical e subtropical, sujeitos a aÃÃo das marÃs. SÃo regiÃes de extrema importÃncia para a reproduÃÃo de espÃcies, atuam como aparadores da linha da costa e possuem espÃcies vegetais endÃmicas, conhecidas como mangue. Os manguezais geralmente sÃo Ãreas bastante populosas, estando sujeitos a diversos impactos antrÃpicos, como a descarga de esgotos nÃo-tratados, o desmatamento das espÃcies vegetais e assoreamento dos rios. Esses impactos afetam as populaÃÃes de animais, vegetais e de micro-organismos habitantes dessas Ãreas, acarretando uma perda de diversidade desses organismos. Os micro-organismos do solo dos manguezais representam uma considerÃvel parcela das atividades de ciclagem de nutrientes e decomposiÃÃo de detritos, tendo fundamental importÃncia para o equilÃbrio dos ecossistemas. Entretanto, estudos de diversidade e estrutura dessas comunidades de micro-organismos em solos de manguezais sÃo ainda escassos pela dificuldade de cultivo desses seres em laboratÃrio. Com o avanÃo da biologia molecular, suas tÃcnicas de estudo de diversidade utilizando o gene do rRNA 16S, houve a oportunidade de se estudar comunidades microbianas que nÃo seriam acessadas por mÃtodos de cultivos tradicionais. Deste modo, este estudo visa investigar a estrutura e a diversidade das comunidades microbianas do solo da rizosfera de Rhizophora mangle do manguezal do Rio Pacoti, localizado na regiÃo metropolitana de Fortaleza, atravÃs da tÃcnica de Eletroforese em Gel de Gradiente Desnaturante (DGGE), assim podendo obter perfis de diversidade e caracterizar as comunidades microbianas habitantes do manguezal, compararando os dados obtidos com as variÃveis ambientais e caracterÃsticas do solo. Os resultados mostraram que as comunidades microbianas de solos do manguezal sÃo semelhantes em nÃmero de UTOs, mas diferem em composiÃÃo. As variÃveis fÃsico-quÃmicas e as caracterÃsticas do solo sÃo responsÃveis pelas diferenÃas na composiÃÃo e estrutura das comunidades microbianas, apesar de que o efeito rizosfÃrico determina a ocorrÃncia de muitas UTOs em comum entre os diferentes pontos de coleta. As anÃlises de diversidade das comunidades mostraram que estas estÃo em equilÃbrio por nÃo haver dominÃncia de UTOs e por apresentarem similaridades entre os pontos e perÃodos analisados. Em conclusÃo, os solos da rizosfera de Rhizophora mangle do manguezal do Rio Pacoti abrigam comunidades microbianas diversas, em equilÃbrio, que diferem em estrutura e composiÃÃo / Mangroves are coastal ecosystems which occur in tropical and subtropical regions, subjected to tidal action. These ecosystems are very important for species reproduction and act as shoreline protectors. Mangroves are usually highly populated areas and are exposed to various human impacts, such as the discharge of untreated sewage, deforestation and river silting. These impacts affect populations of animals, plants and microorganisms that inhabit these areas, causing a loss of diversity. The mangrove soil microorganisms represent a considerable portion of the activities of nutrient cycling and decomposition of waste with a fundamental importance for the ecosystem balance. However, studies focusing on the diversity and structure of microorganism communities in mangroves soils are still limited by cultivation techniques. With the advance of the molecular biology techniques, using the gene encoding the 16S subunit of the ribosomal RNA, the study of microbial communities that would not be accessed by traditional methods of cultivation was enabled. Thus, this study aims to investigate the structure and diversity of soil microbial communities from the rhizosphere of Rhizophora mangle from the Pacoti River, located in the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), obtaining diversity profiles and characterizing the mangrove microbial communities and to compare it to the data obtained from the environmental variables and soil characteristics. Results showed that the mangrove soils microbial communities are similar in number of OTUs, but differ in composition. The physical and chemical variables and soil characteristics are responsible for the differences in the microbial communities‟ composition and structure, although the rhizosphere effect determines the occurrence of various OTUs in common among the sampling sites. The communities‟ diversity analysis showed that they are in balance due to the fact that there is no dominance of OTUs and the communities present spatial and temporal similarities. In conclusion, the Rhizophora mangle rhizosphere soils of the Pacoti River mangrove harbor diverse and stable microbial communities that differ in structure and in composition
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Charakterisierung mikrobieller Gemeinschaften in ehemaligen, neutralen Uranerzbergwerken in Sachsen und Untersuchungen zur mikrobiellen Immobilisierung von Uran und Arsen

Gagell, Corinna 03 November 2015 (has links)
Ehemalige Urangruben tragen durch das anfallende Flutungswasser maßgeblich zur Ausbreitung von Schadstoffen wie Uran und Arsen in teils dicht besiedelte Gebiete bei. Um die Prozesse in den unterirdischen Gruben besser zu verstehen und alternative Strategien zur konventionellen, kostenintensiven Wasserbehandlung entwickeln zu können, war das Ziel der Arbeit, mikrobielle Gemeinschaften aus drei gefluteten Uranerzbergwerken in Sachsen, namens Pöhla, Schlema und Zobes, die unterschiedliche Flutungsstadien repräsentierten, zu charakterisieren und den mikrobiellen Einfluss auf die Mobilität von Uran und Arsen zu untersuchen. Um herauszufinden, welche Mikroorganismen die hydrochemischen Vorgänge im Untergrund der Uranerzbergwerke beeinflussen könnten, wurde die Diversität und Zusammensetzung mikrobieller Gemeinschaften mittels Pyrosequenzierung eines Fragments des 16S rRNA Gens (16S rDNA) und CARD-FISH ermittelt. Wenngleich Clusteranalysen zeigten, dass sich die planktonischen Gemeinschaften hinsichtlich ihrer bakteriellen Zusammensetzung zwischen den drei Uranerzbergwerken unterschieden, wurden alle von chemolithotrophen Schwefeloxidierern der Beta- und Epsilonproteobacteria dominiert, die mit den Gattungen Thiobacillus und Sulfuritalea bzw. Sulfuricurvum und Sulfurimonas vertreten waren. Im Unterschied zu den planktonischen Gemeinschaften bestanden in situ Biofilme, die auf BACTRAPs während einer 3-monatigen Exposition im Flutungswasser anwuchsen, laut Pyrosequenzierung zu einem wesentlichen, mitunter dominanten Anteil aus metall- bzw. sulfatreduzierenden Deltaproteobacteria. In Biofilmgemeinschaften aus Zobes wurden hauptsächlich Geobacter sp. detektiert, die als Fe(III)- und U(VI)-Reduzierer bekannt sind. Obwohl Archaea basierend auf den Ergebnissen der CARD-FISH-Analyse nur einen sehr geringen Anteil der planktonischen Gemeinschaften ausmachten, wurden mittels Pyrosequenzierung planktonische Euryarchaeota der Thermoprotei in allen Gruben detektiert. In planktonischen Gemeinschaften und 3-monatigen Biofilmen aus Pöhla und Zobes wurden zudem methanogene Crenarchaeota, vor allem Methanobacteria und teilweise Methanomicrobia, ermittelt. Die 16S rRNA-Analyse, die ergänzend zum DNA-basierten Ansatz durchgeführt wurde, lieferte Hinweise darauf, dass die detektierten, dominanten Mikroorganismen, Bacteria sowie Archaea, in der planktonischen Gemeinschaft aus Schlema und den Biofilmgemeinschaften stoffwechselaktiv waren. In der planktonischen Gemeinschaft aus Zobes wurden im Vergleich zur DNA-basierten Analyse höhere Abundanzen für Verrucomicrobia, Acidobacteria und Alphaproteobacteria ermittelt, deren Bedeutung offen bleibt. Untersuchungen zum mikrobiellen Stoffwechselpotential planktonischer Gemeinschaften mittels CFU- und MPN-Analysen ergaben, dass Mikroorganismen aus allen Urangruben ein breites Spektrum anaerober Reaktionen (Nitrat-, Eisen-, Mangan-, Arsenat- und Sulfatreduktion und Acetogenese) unter Laborbedingungen abdeckten. In guter Übereinstimmung mit den Sequenzierungsergebnissen konnten methanogene Mikroorganismen nur im Flutungswasser aus Pöhla und Zobes detektiert werden. Die Metaproteomanalyse ergab, dass 61,6% der Peptide in der planktonischen Gemeinschaft aus Schlema von den dominanten Epsilonproteobacteria stammten. Dagegen wurden für Zobes detektierte Peptide mehrheitlich methylotrophen und eisenoxidierenden Betaproteobacteria der Familien Methylophilaceae bzw. Gallionellaceae sowie methylotrophen Gammaproteobacteria der Methylococcaceae zugewiesen. Obwohl die Mehrheit der Proteine an der Translation beteiligt war, konnten insgesamt 49 Proteingruppen ermittelt werden, deren Vertreter für den mikrobiellen Energiestoffwechsel relevant waren. Insbesondere planktonische Gammaproteobacteria aus Zobes konnten so mit dem Kohlenstoff- und Schwefelkreislauf in Zusammenhang gebracht werden. Mithilfe von Labormikrokosmen wurde der potentielle Einfluss mikrobieller Gemeinschaften aus Schlema auf die Mobilität von Arsen und Uran im Flutungswasser mit Acetat als Elektronendonor unter anaeroben Bedingungen über einen Zeitraum von 98 Tagen untersucht. Im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen konnten sowohl die stimulierte, planktonische Gemeinschaft als auch Biofilme natürliches Arsen aus der wässrigen Phase fast vollständig entfernen. Allerdings wies der spätere Anstieg des gelösten Arsens daraufhin, dass der immobilisierte Zustand langfristig nicht stabil blieb. In stimulierten Biofilm-Ansätzen wurde Uran mit bis zu 39 ± 9% (in Anwesenheit von 7 µM natürlichem Uran) bzw. 34 ± 8% (bei Zugabe von 50 µM U(VI)) aus der wässrigen Phase langfristig (98 Tage) immobilisiert. Laserfluoreszenzspektroskopische Untersuchungen zeigten, dass Uran im Biofilm reduziert wurde.

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