Dans de nombreux tissus épithéliaux, les cellules ne migrent pas sur des substrats plats mais font au contraire partie d’une monocouche bidimensionnelle courbée. C'est le cas par exemple pour les tubules rénaux, les acini du sein, les alvéoles pulmonaires ou bien les cryptes du côlon et de l’intestin. Cependant, malgré l’omniprésence de cette courbure hors plan in vivo, peu d’études expérimentales s’interrogent sur son influence sur le développement et la migration cellulaire. En effet, le comportement collectif des cellules au sein d’un épithélium à deux dimensions a été principalement étudié sur des substrats plans, négligeant ainsi l'influence de la topologie de l’environnement de culture sur le développement cellulaire. Dans ce manuscrit de thèse, nous exposons les différentes expériences menées afin de caractériser et de quantifier l’influence de cette courbure hors du plan sur le développement, la migration ainsi que les propriétés mécaniques des tissus épithéliaux. Un dispositif expérimental a été mis au point afin d’obtenir des courbures et des conditions initiales reproductibles. Afin de découpler l’effet du à la courbure de ceux dus au confinement latéral, nous avons reproduit les mêmes expériences sur des substrats plats où les cellules sont confinées dans des bandes adhésives de largueurs comparables au périmètre des tubes.En mettant en parallèle nos résultats sur ces deux types de substrats, nous suggérons que forcer les cellules à croître sur des cylindres de diamètre pertinent biologiquement induit de nouvelles propriétés biologiques qui sont à dissocier de l'effet du au confinement latéral du tissu. / That the mechanics of a cell’s microenvironment greatly influences cellular behaviors and phenotypes is well established. For example, the morphology, performance and even fate of a cell adhering to a substrate is highly influenced by the substrate rigidity. Similarly, cytoskeleton organization and cell polarity can be controlled by confining the cell to 2d micro patterns while micro or nano substrate topography influences cell adhesion and orientation. On the other hand, significantly less research exists regarding the effect of out of plane curvature on individual cells and cell assemblies, despite the intrinsic curvature of epithelial sheets which frequently form tubes, cysts, crypts, or villi with radii of curvature on the order of a few cell diameters. This thesis accordingly examines the relationship between the collective properties of epithelial tissue and out of plane curvature by employing micro fabricated environments to deconstruct the response of a cell monolayer to the geometry of its neighborhood. Curved substrates provide a controlled way to study the role of a fixed out of plane curvature on a system otherwise identical to the classic 2D assay. In particular, fibers with curvature radii between 0.5um-100um were populated with MDCK cells from a model epithelial, kidney-derived, cell line and the resulting migration dynamics and cell architecture quantified. The specific cellular behaviors induced by large curvatures provide plausible explanations of certain aspects of tubulogenesis.

<p>Cancer metastasis is the cause of about 90% of cancer patients' deaths. Despite significant improvements in the past three decades in understanding the molecular bases of oncogenic transformation of cancer cells, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying tumour cells' alteration of their microenvironment, entrance into the circulation, and colonization of distant organs. In recent years, accumulating evidence has indicated that tumour microenvironment, which consists of a variety of cell types and extracellular matrix components&#65292;plays an important role in regulating the metastatic abilities of carcinoma cells. Co-opted by cancer cells, those stromal cells promote tumour progression via multiple mechanisms, including enhancement of tumour invasiveness, elevation of angiogenesis, and suppression of immune surveillance activity. </p><p>Using a series of human breast cancer cell lines with different metastatic potentials <italic>in vivo</italic>, we performed an unbiased screen examining expression of miRNAs, and found that miR-126 and miR-126*, whose expression are regulated by methylation of the promoter of their host gene Egfl7 inside tumour cells, were significantly negatively correlated with metastatic potential. Using both mouse xenograft models and <italic>in vitro</italic> assays, we showed that this pair of miRNAs suppressed breast cancer metastasis through shaping the tumour microenvironment without changing tumour cell autonomous properties. Specifically, miR-126 and miR-126* act independently to suppress the sequential recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and inflammatory monocytes into the primary tumour stroma, consequently inhibiting lung metastasis by breast tumour cells. Mechanistically, these miRNAs directly inhibit the production of stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha (Sdf-1&alpha;, also known as Cxcl12), and indirectly suppress the expression of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (Ccl2) by the cancer cells within the tumour mass in an Sdf-1&alpha;-dependent manner. In addition, in contrast with the majority of reports which have shown incorporation of only the guiding strand of the miRNA duplex into the mRNA-targeting RNA induced silencing complex (RISC), both strands of the miR-126 RNA duplex are maintained at a similar level and suppress Sdf-1&alpha; expression independently. </p><p>Collectively, we have determined a dynamic process by which the composition of the primary tumour microenvironment could be altered via a change in the expression of two tumour-suppressive miRNAs derived from a single miRNA precursor to favor metastasis by breast cancer cells. Importantly, this work provides a prominent mechanism to explain the clinical correlation between reduced expression of miR-126/126* and poor metastasis-free survival of breast cancer patients.</p> / Dissertation

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common and aggressive primary brain tumours, with a median patient survival time of 6-12 months in adults. It has been recently suggested that a typically small sub-population of brain tumour cells, in possession of certain defining properties of stem cells, is responsible for initiating and maintaining the tumour. More recent experiments have studied the interactions between this subpopulation of brain cancer cells and tumour microenvironmental factors such as hypoxia and high acidity. In this thesis a computational approach (based on Gillespie’s algorithm and cellular automata) is proposed to investigate the tumour heterogeneities that develop when exposed to various microenvironmental conditions of the cancerous tissue. The results suggest that microenvironmental conditions highly affect the characterization of cancer cells, including the self-renewal, differentiation and dedifferentiation properties of cancer cells.

Fibrosis of vital organs remains one of the leading causes of death in the developed world, where it occurs predominantly in soft tissues (liver, lung, kidney, heart) through fibroblast proliferation and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). In the process of fibrosis, remodeling and deposition of ECM results in stiffening of cellular microenvironment; cells also respond to these changes in the stiffness through engagement of their cytoskeleton and signaling via cell-ECM contacts. Thus, understanding to what extent the stiffness of the cellular microenvironment changes as a consequence of fibrotic progression, and how cells respond to this change, is critical. In this thesis, we quantitatively measured stiffness of the lung parenchyma and its changes during fibrosis. We find that the average stiffness increases by approximately 10-fold. We then investigated how changes in ECM rigidity affect the cytoskeletal phenotype of lung fibroblasts. We find a complex relation between expression of the glycoprotein Thy-1 (CD90) and ECM rigidity-dependent cytoskeletal phenotype (i.e. “mechanotransduction”). Finally, we investigate a mechanism for the regulation of rigidity sensing by Thy-1 and its involvement in intracellular signaling through cell-ECM contacts. Taken together, this work helps define in vivo parameters critical to the fibrogenesis program and to define unique cellular phenotypes that may respond or contribute to mechanical homeostasis in fibrotic diseases.

<p>Liver cancer is a devastating disease that is the 5th most common cancer in men, 7th most common cancer in women, and the 3rd leading cause of cancer-related mortality. This disease arises from multiple etiological factors, including hepatitis viruses, environmental toxins, alcohol abuse, and metabolic syndrome, which induce a state of chronic inflammation. This diseased liver tissue background is a drastically different microenvironment from the healthy liver, especially with regards to immune cell prevalence and presence of mediators of immune function. It has been well-established that this altered tissue background contributes significantly to the tumorigenic process, yet its effects on the progression of the disease are more poorly understood. </p><p>To better understand the consequences of liver disease on tumor growth and the interplay with its microenvironment, we first utilized two standard methods of fibrosis induction and orthotopic implantation of tumors into the inflamed and fibrotic liver to mimic the liver condition in human HCC patients, and examined the immune infiltrate. Compared to non-diseased controls, tumor growth is significantly enhanced under fibrotic conditions. The immune cells that infiltrated the tumors are also drastically different, with decreased proportions of natural killer cells but greatly increased numbers of immune-suppressive CD11b+ Gr1hi myeloid cells in both models of fibrosis. In addition, there are model-specific differences: increased proportions of CD11b+ myeloid cells and CD4+ CD25+ T-cells are found in tumors in the bile duct ligation model but not in the carbon tetrachloride model. Importantly, the skewed immune infiltration into the tumor, while having some commonalities with the non-tumor tissue, had several distinct, tumor-specific populations. Induction of fibrosis also alters the cytokine production of implanted tumor cells, which could have far-reaching consequences on the immune infiltrate and its functionality. Taken together, this work demonstrates that the combination of fibrosis induction with orthotopic tumor implantation results in a markedly different tumor microenvironment and tumor growth kinetics. </p><p>Appreciating that the altered immune microenvironment dramatically shifts tumor progression, we sought to further explore the effects of individual inflammatory mediators on the development of the disease. Interleukin 18 (IL-18) is an inflammatory cytokine that is markedly increased in the circulation of patients with HCC correlated with poor prognosis. However, the precise role for IL-18 in HCC remains unclear, with reports presenting both pro- and anti-tumorigenic activities. To answer this question definitively, we interrogated in more detail the expression profiles of IL-18 in tissue specimens from HCC patients and conducted experimentation using multiple clinically relevant mouse models to explore the functional role of this cytokine in the context of HCC. Our results indicate that IL-18 exerts a tumor-suppressive effect mediated in large part by alterations in survival and functionality of T-lymphocytes which infiltrated the tumor microenvironment. This tumor-suppressive effect is however dependent upon the inflammatory milieu: In the absence of an inflammatory environment, whether from a chemical carcinogenesis model or a fibrosis induction model, loss of IL-18 signaling does not affect tumor growth. This effect is also stage-dependent. Taken together, our findings establish a tumor-suppressive role for IL-18 in established HCC and provide a mechanistic explanation for the complex relationship between its expression pattern and HCC prognosis. </p><p>In summary, this work demonstrates a dramatic shift in the microenvironment of developing HCC tumors in the presence of chronic inflammatory stimuli. This microenvironment, which more accurately models the situation in which tumors develop and progress in patients, alters the presence and functionality of many immune mediators. In particular, IL-18 signaling is a powerful mediator of tumor progression, however observation of its functionality is dependent on an inflammatory context. This work provides new insight into the complex processes underlying HCC tumor progression, and emphasizes the necessity for more accurate modeling of HCC progression in mice which takes into account the drastic changes in the tissue caused by chronic liver disease.</p> / Dissertation

Some epithelial cancers can be induced to revert to quiescent differentiated tissues when combined with embryonic mesenchyme; however, the mechanism of this induction is unknown. This dissertation is based on the hypothesis that because extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a critical role during organ development in the embryo, it also may mediate the differentiation-inducing effects of embryonic mesenchyme on cancer cells. To test this hypothesis, I first optimized methods to isolate ECMs from whole tissues or cultured cells, and to repopulate them with cultured cells, using embryonic tooth as a model system. In Chapter 2, I describe these studies and use them to demonstrate that embryonic ECM is sufficient to regulate odontogenic signaling, cell fate decisions and histodifferentiation during normal tooth development. In Chapter 3, I adapt these methods to show that culture of breast cancer cells with ECM derived from embryonic mammary mesenchyme decreases tumor cell proliferation, and stimulates differentiation, including formation of hollow acini and ducts as well as enhanced expression of estrogen receptor-alpha and decreased migration. Further, when the inductive ECMs were injected into fast-growing breast tumors in mice, they significantly inhibited cancer expansion. Critically, the differentiation observed with ECM was the same as that observed in co-culture with mammary mesenchyme cells, showing that ECM is playing a dominant role in tumor cell normalization. In Chapter 4, I then set out to determine the mechanism by which embryonic ECM normalizes tumor cells, I analyzed the contributions of bound cytokines, ECM composition and mechanics. Western blot analysis revealed several bound growth factors, which remained following decellularization; however, removal of these growth factors using high salt washes had no effect on ECM-mediated normalization of tumors. Further, using proteomics analysis I identified eleven ECM proteins present only within inductive ECMs and by testing these proteins in 3D culture, I found three proteins -- collagen III, biglycan and SPARC -- that increased lumen formation to a similar extent as embryonic ECM. These data confirm that mesenchyme-induced tumor cell normalization is mediated by the insoluble ECM, and reveal the identity of some of the inductive molecules responsible for these effects.

No description available.

Heart failure, predominately caused by myocardial infarction (MI), is the leading cause of death in the United States. Currently the only treatment for heart failure is cardiac transplantation, but studies show that progenitor cell, biomaterial, or combined therapies have improved cardiac function post-MI. The endogenous environment of CPCs is drastically different from commonly used culture conditions. Further the endogenous environment changes with age and disease state. We evaluated the behavior of CPCs cultured on a naturally-derived, cardiac extracellular matrix (cECM) as compared to the standard culture coating collagen I, that also mimics fibrotic tissue. In this study, CPCs cultured on cECM had improved cell numbers and cardiomyogenic maturation. However, the microenvironmental cues responsible for stimulating CPC activation are largely unknown. During development, aging and disease the myocardium changes in matrix composition and stiffness exposing endogenous cells to a wide variety of stimuli. In a combinatorial study, we evaluated the effect of cyclic strain and extracellular matrix composition on CPC behavior. The response of CPCs to signals from the microenvironment is complex, with more matrix-dependency observed at lower strains. Alignment, cell division and paracrine signaling are extracellular matrix and strain dependent. Extracellular matrix conditions affect CPC maturation and calcium signaling. Mechanotransduction pathways, including focal adhesion kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, are activated through adhesion and maintained under cyclic strain. Insights from this work will advance pragmatic cell therapy attempts to regenerate healthy myocardium post-MI.

Τα καρκινώματα του λάρυγγα και του λαρυγγοφάρυγγα αποτελούν τη συχνότερη κακοήθη νεοπλασία Κεφαλής & Τραχήλου. Οι προκαρκινικές βλάβες είναι ενδιάμεσοι σταθμοί της καρκινογένεσης, που καταλήγει στον καρκίνο. Παράλληλα με την καρκινογένεση συμβαίνει ενεργοποίηση κυττάρων του υποεπιθηλιακού στρώματος. Η χημειοπρόληψη είναι απόπειρα φαρμακολογικής ανακοπής της καρκινογένεσης. Ο πυρηνικός υποδοχέας PPARγ καταλήγει σε διαφοροποίηση αρκετών κυττάρων. Ο RXRα ετεροδιμερίζεται με τον PPARγ και άλλους πυρηνικούς υποδοχείς. Ο μεταγραφικός παράγοντας NF-κB ενισχύει την κυτταρική επιβίωση και φλεγμονή. Ο μεμβρανικός υποδοχέας EGFR κινητοποιεί μιτογόνες διαδικασίες. Η COX-2 συνθέτει προσταγλανδίνες. Κατά την παρούσα εργασία, μελετήθηκε με ανοσοϊστοχημεία σε τομές παραφίνης η έκφραση των πέντε μορίων στο φυσιολογικό λαρυγγικό επιθήλιο, προκαρκινικές βλάβες και καρκινώματα διαφόρων Grade, καθώς και το υποκείμενο στρώμα, σε ιστικά δείγματα λάρυγγα από 127 ασθενείς. Από τους PPARγ, NF-κB(υπομονάδα p65) και RXRα, που εμφάνισαν μεικτή υποκυττάρια εντόπιση, οι δύο πρώτοι αναγνωρίστηκαν κυρίως στο κυτταρόπλασμα και ο τρίτος στον πυρήνα. Οι EGFR και COX-2 παρουσίασαν μεμβρανική και κυτταροπλασματική ανοσοδραστικότητα αντίστοιχα. Η έκφραση του υποδοχέα PPARγ συσχετίστηκε θετικά με την καλή διαφοροποίηση των όγκων. Ο RXRα ελαττώθηκε κατά την καρκινογένεση. Τα επίπεδα των παραγόντων NF-κB, EGFR και COX-2 παρουσίασαν αύξηση στην καρκινογένεση. Η COX-2 συσχετίστηκε αρνητικά με το Grade των όγκων. Στις υπόλοιπες συσχετίσεις μελετήθηκε η συνέκφραση των παραγόντων σε κάθε ασθενή. Παρατηρήθηκε στο φυσιολογικό και προνεοπλασματικό επιθήλιο, θετική σχέση της COX-2 με τους υπόλοιπους παράγοντες. Επιβεβαιώθηκε η συνέργεια των PPARγ & RXRα, ως προς την πρόκληση διαφοροποίησης στα καρκινικά κύτταρα. Διαπιστώθηκε κατασταλτική επίδραση του PPARγ στην καρκινογόνο δράση του NF-κB. Αποκαλύφθηκε συνεργιστική δράση της COX-2 στην PPARγ-εξαρτώμενη διαφοροποίηση, οφειλόμενη πιθανόν σε προσφορά της 15d-PGJ2, από το ένζυμο στον πυρηνικό υποδοχέα. Κατά την εκτίμηση του μικροπεριβάλλοντος, αξιολογήθηκε η έκφραση σε συνάρτηση με την ύπαρξη καρκινώματος και το βαθμό διαφοροποίησής του. Οι μυοϊνοβλάστες που περιβάλλουν καρκινώματα (CAFs), παρουσιάζουν επαγωγή των RXRα, NF-κB και COX-2. Μάλιστα η υψηλή έκφραση COX-2 στους CAFs, συνδυάζεται με υψηλό Grade. Ενεργοποίηση στους CAFs, συνδέεται με υπερ-δραστήρια NF-κB σηματοδότηση στο καρκίνωμα. Ο NF-κB υπερεκφράζεται στα λεμφοκύτταρα που διηθούν τους όγκους (TILs). Επίσης τα μακροφάγα γύρω από νεοπλάσματα (TAMs), περιέχουν υψηλό PPARγ. Η χρήση αγωνιστών των PPARγ, RXRα, με παράλληλη αναστολή των NF-κB, EGFR και COX-2, θα είχε πιθανότατα ευνοϊκό αποτέλεσμα στην αναστροφή της λαρυγγικής καρκινογένεσης. Το χημειοπροληπτικό σχήμα, θα ήταν ωφέλιμο να τροποποιείται ύστερα από εξατομικευμένη αξιολόγηση του δικτύου των πέντε παραγόντων. / Carcinomas of the larynx and laryngopharynx are the most common malignancies of the Head&Neck. The precancerous lesions are mid-points of carcinogenesis, which results in cancer. Carcinogenesis is accompanied by reactive initiation of stromal cells. Chemoprevention pursues the arrest of carcinogenesis, by pharmacological means. PPARγ, a nuclear receptor, promotes cellular differentiation. The nuclear receptor RXRα partners with PPARγ or other members of the superfamily. The transcription factor NF-κB enhances cell survival and inflammation. The receptor EGFR receives growth signals. The enzyme COX-2 perpetuates inflammation by means of prostaglandin synthesis. The present study, utilizing paraffin section immunohistochemistry, assessed expression of the five molecules in normal laryngeal epithelium, precancerous lesions and carcinomas, along with their adjacent stroma. Clinical samples were derived from 127 patients who had undergone biopsy or laryngectomy. Of the three molecules demonstrating mixed subcellular presence, PPARγ and NF-κB(p65 subunit) localized more frequently in cytoplasm, whereas RXRα expression was mainly nuclear. EGFR and COX-2 staining patterns were membranous and cytoplasmic, respectively. PPARγ correlated with high tumor differentiation. RXRα was diminished in dysplasia and cancer. NF-κB, EGFR and COX-2, were upregulated as tumorigenesis progressed. COX-2 showed an inverse relationship with tumor Grade. The remaining correlations are based on coexpression analysis of the aforementioned factors. COX-2 was positively associated in normal and preneoplastic epithelia with the four regulating proteins. The data verify the synergistic effect of PPARγ and RXRα, regarding potentiation of neoplastic cell differentiation. Suppressive influence of PPARγ on NF-κB–mediated carcinogenesis was manifested. COX-2 overexpression was shown to reinforce the beneficial role of PPARγ in cell differentiation, probably due to production of the receptor agonist 15d-PGJ2. Subepithelial stroma was examined with regard to immunoreactivity in relation to the presence of invasion as well as to tumor Grade. Carcinoma Associated Myofibroblasts (CAFs), manifested upregulation of RXRα, NF-κB and COX-2, which mediate in concert angiogenesis, inflammation, and tumor spread. Intense COX-2 expression in CAFs, correlated with poor tumor differentiation. CAF activation was associated with intense NF-κB signalling in cancer cells. NF-κB was overexpressed in Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs). Finally, in Tumor Associated Macrophages (TAMs), PPARγ was induced. PPARγ, RXRα agonists, combined with NF-κB, EGFR and COX-2 inhibitors, would likely restrain laryngeal carcinogenesis. Subtle variations in the chemopreventive regimen, based on personalized molecular profiling, would hopefully achieve a patient-tailored therapeutic approach.

Ο καρκίνος αποτελεί μια από τις μεγαλύτερες μάστιγες της σύγχρονης ζωής. Η ιστολογική εξέταση των νεοπλασμάτων (τόσο στις πρωτοπαθείς εστίες όσο και στις δευτεροπαθείς εναποθέσεις) αποκαλύπτει ότι οι όγκοι αποτελούν ένα ετερογενές σύνολο άμορφων και έμμορφων στοιχείων. Η νεοπλασματική μάζα εκτός από τα καρκινικά κύτταρα, περιλαμβάνει ποικίλα κύτταρα (ινοβλάστες, κύτταρα αγγείων, μακροφάγα, φλεγμονώδη κύτταρα, λιποκύτταρα) και στοιχεία της εξωκυτταρίου ουσίας (κολλαγόνο, ελαστικές ίνες, πρωτεΐνες της εξωκυττάριας ουσίας) τα οποία στη μεγάλη πλειοψηφία τους προσελκύονται, άμεσα ή έμμεσα, από τα κακοήθη κύτταρα. Τα κύτταρα του καρκινικού μικροπεριβάλλοντος δεν αποτελούν αδρανείς παρατηρητές της καρκινικής διεργασίας αλλά συμμετέχουν ενεργά σε αυτή καθώς αυξάνουν τον πολλαπλασιασμό, καταστέλλουν την απόπτωση, ευνοούν την επιβίωση, διευκολύνουν τη μετανάστευση και εξασφαλίζουν την επαρκή θρέψη και οξυγόνωση των καρκινικών κυττάρων. Επιπλέον προστατεύουν τα καρκινικά κύτταρα από το ανοσοποιητικό σύστημα του ξενιστή. Η μελέτη των ποικίλων αλληλεπιδράσεων που αναπτύσσονται στο καρκινικό μικροπεριβάλλον ανάμεσα στα καρκινικά κύτταρα και τα στοιχεία του ξενιστή αποκαλύπτει καινούργιους θεραπευτικούς στόχους στην αντικαρκινική θεραπεία και βοηθάει στην κατανόηση του μηχανισμού των μεταστάσεων, δημιουργώντας την ελπίδα της αποτελεσματικότερης αντιμετώπισης του καρκίνου. Στην παρούσα εργασία γίνεται μια συνολική αναφορά της συμμετοχής όλων των στοιχείων του καρκινικού μικροπεριβάλλοντος στη νεοπλασματική εξεργασία. Επίσης καταβάλλεται προσπάθεια να τονιστούν οι σύνθετες αλληλεπιδράσεις ανάμεσα στα καρκινικά κύτταρα και το μικροπεριβάλλον. / Cancer is a devastating disease. Histologic examination of neoplasms (in the primary sites and their metastases as well) reveals that tumors are composed of a heterogeneous population of cells (fibroblast, vascular cells, macrophages, inflammatory cells, lipocytes) and extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) (collagen, elastin fibers, other ECM proteins). Recruitment of non-neoplastic tissue (stromal cells and ECM) to the tumor microenvironment is mostly mediated, directly or indirectly, by the malignant cells. Stromal cells are not quiescent bystanders of the neoplastic process. Instead they have an active role since they promote the proliferation, growth and migration of the tumor cells, inhibit their apoptosis and support tumor supply of oxygen and nourishment. In addition, stromal cells and ECM network protect cancer cells from the host defense. Research on the evolving crosstalk between the different cell types and ECM molecules within the tumor mass can disclose new therapeutic targets and help elucidate the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying metastasis, thus leading to a more effective anticancer therapy. This study discusses the potential role of the different stromal compartments in cancer initiation and progression and emphasizes the complex crosstalk between cancer cells and their microenvironment.