La surface des vignobles mondiaux représente environ 7,9 millions ha, ce qui correspond à une production annuelle de 67 millions de tonnes de baies. La production mondiale annuelle de vins est de l’ordre de 300 millions hl/an. La surface du vignoble français est de 843 000 ha. La viticulture moderne doit affronter trois défis majeurs interdépendants : réduire l’utilisation des produits phytosanitaires, s'adapter au changement climatique, maîtriser la qualité et la typicité pour garder ou conquérir de nouveaux marchés.En 2007, la vigne est devenue la première espèce fruitière pérenne dont le génome a été séquencé. Cette avancée scientifique ouvre de nombreuses perspectives en termes de génomique fonctionnelle (ensemble de méthodes permettant de caractériser la fonction des gènes) et de biologie intégrative (ensemble de méthodes visant à appréhender le fonctionnement global de la plante et ses réponses à l’environnement). Ces perspectives dépendent pour une bonne part de la maîtrise de quantités importantes de données qu’il convient d’organiser et de corréler grâce à des outils informatiques adaptés.Des approches fonctionnelles concernant des gènes candidats et des approches transcriptomiques à haut débit ont permis d’identifier certains gènes ou certaines familles de gènes impliqués dans le développement et la maturation de la baie de raisin, mais au moment où cette thèse a débuté, aucun travail de biologie intégrative n’avait été entrepris.Le travail présenté ici, qui décrit l’obtention et l’analyse de métadonnées transcriptomiques et biochimiques portant sur la réponse de la baie à l’environnement radiatif, s’inscrit dans ce contexte. En procédant à un effeuillage partiel après la véraison, nous avons modulé l’exposition des baies au rayonnement solaire. Ceci a permis d’étudier l’influence du rayonnement (baie exposée, non exposée), de la position de la grappe (est, ouest) et de la position de la baie (à l’extérieur ou à l’intérieur de la grappe). Des baies ont été récoltées à 5 moments différents après l’effeuillage et utilisées pour des analyses métabolomiques et transcriptomiques. Leur contenu en sucres, acides organiques, acides aminés, anthocyanes et flavonols a été analysé par des dosages enzymatiques et par chromatographie liquide à haute performance). L’expression des gènes a été étudiée avec des microarrays représentatifs de l’ensemble du génome de la vigne (29600 gènes) pour les conditions présentant les différences métaboliques les plus marquées (baies exposées, situées à l’ouest et à l’extérieur de la grappe vs baies non exposées, situées à l’est et à l’intérieur de la grappe). Des analyses statistiques et corrélatives ont été conduites pour (a) déterminer les métabolites qui répondent au traitement et les facteurs qui les influencent (b) déterminer les gènes qui répondent aux traitements et ceux qui semblent co-régulés (c) préciser les réseaux de gènes et de métabolites qui semblent reliés. L’effeuillage n’affecte pas la teneur en sucres ou en acide tartrique des baies, il affecte peu les acides aminés, mais il augmente la teneur en flavonols et diminue la teneur en acide malique. Il affecte plus particulièrement les gènes associés au stress abiotique, au métabolisme secondaire, au transport et au métabolisme hormonal. Des expériences complémentaires ont permis d’identifier divers gènes spécifiquement associés à la composante thermique de l’exposition au soleil, parmi lequels des gènes codant pour des HSP, des transporteurs ABC, et des enzymes du métabolisme flavonoïdique. Des réseaux reliant des gènes et des métabolites ont pu être construits, qui associent des métabolites secondaires à des gènes de fonctions connues, ou à de nouveaux gènes candidats dont il conviendra d’étudier la fonction précise. / The total surface of vineyards worldwide is about 7.9 millions ha, which corresponds to an annual production of 67 millions tons berries. The annual world production of wines is about 300 millions hl/year. The French wineyard occupies 843 000 ha, among which 481 000 ha are dedicated to high quality wines (VQPRD) and 362 000 ha to table wines. Modern viticulture must deal with three major and related challenges : reduce the use of organic and inorganic phytochemicals, adapt the vineyard to climatic change and control the quality and the typicity in order to keep or gain new markets.In 2007, the grapevine became the first perennial fruit species whose genome was sequenced. This scientific breakthrough opens new pespectives in terms of functional genomics (set of methods allowing to characterize the function of genes) and integrative biology (set of methods allowing to study the global functioning of the plant and its response to the environment). These perspectives mainly depend on our ability to analyze large sets of data with adequate informatic tools.Functional approaches on candidate genes, and high throughput transcriptomic approaches have allowed to identify some genes or some gene families involved in the development and ripening of the grape berry, but when this Ph. D work started, no paper based on integrative biology was published on grapevine. The present work, which describes the collection and analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic metadata related to the response of the berry to sun exposure. The exposure of the berries to the sun was controlled through a partial defoliation after veraison. This allowed to study the effects of sun exposure (exposed or shaded berries), of the position of the cluster (east, west) and of the anatomical position of the berry (outside or inside the berry). Berries were collected at 5 different time points after defoliation and used for metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis. Their content in sugars, amino acids, organic acids, anthocyanins and flavonols was analyzed by enzymatic assays and high performance liquid chromatography. For the berries whose metabolic content differed the most (exposed, west and outside berries vs shaded, east and inside berries), gene expression was studied with microarrays bearing a set of probes covering the whole genome of grapevine (29600 genes). Correlative and statistical analysis were conducted in order to (a) determine the metabolites that are the most responsive to the treatment, and the most important factors that control them (b) determine the genes that respond to the treatment and seem to be co-regulated (c) to precise the networks of genes and metabolites which seem related. Defoliation does not affect the sugar and tartaric acid contents, hardly affects amino acids, but it increases flavonol content and decreases malic acid content. It affects more specifically genes associated with abiotic stress, secondary metabolism, transport and hormonal metabolism. Additional experiments allowed us to identify genes that are specifically associated with the thermal component of sun exposure, among which genes encoding HSP, ABC transporters, and enzymes of flavonoid metabolism. Networks relating genes and metabolites could be constructed. These networks associate secondary metabolites with genes of known function and new candidate genes for which the function will have to be precised.

<p>To this day, cancer remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide1. A major contributor to cancer progression and metastasis is tumor angiogenesis. The formation of blood vessels around a tumor is facilitated by the complex interplay between cells in the tumor stroma and the surrounding microenvironment. Understanding this interplay and its dynamic interactions is crucial to identify promising targets for cancer therapy. Current methods in cancer research involve the use of two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cell culture. However, cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions that are important in vascularization and the three-dimensional (3D) tumor microenvironment cannot accurately be recapitulated in 2D. To obtain more biologically relevant information, it is essential to mimic the tumor microenvironment in a 3D culture system. To this end, we demonstrate the utility of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels modified for cell-mediated degradability and cell-adhesion to explore, in 3D, the effect of various tumor microenvironmental features such as cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions, and dimensionality on tumor vascularization and cancer cell phenotype. </p><p>In aim 1, PEG hydrogels were utilized to evaluate the effect of cells in the tumor stroma, specifically cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), on endothelial cells (ECs) and tumor vascularization. CAFs comprise a majority of the cells in the tumor stroma and secrete factors that may influence other cells in the vicinity such as ECs to promote the organization and formation of blood vessels. To investigate this theory, CAFs were isolated from tumors and co-cultured with HUVECs in PEG hydrogels. CAFs co-cultured with ECs organized into vessel-like structures as early as 7 days and were different in vessel morphology and density from co-cultures with normal lung fibroblasts. In contrast to normal lung fibroblasts (LF), CAFs and ECs organized into vessel-like networks that were structurally similar to vessels found in tumors. This work provides insight on the complex crosstalk between cells in the tumor stroma and their effect on tumor angiogenesis. Controlling this complex crosstalk can provide means for developing new therapies to treat cancer.</p><p>In aim 2, degradable PEG hydrogels were utilized to explore how extracellular matrix derived peptides modulate vessel formation and angiogenesis. Specifically, integrin-binding motifs derived from laminin such as IKVAV, a peptide derived from the α-chain of laminin and YIGSR, a peptide found in a cysteine-rich site of the laminin β chain, were examined along with RGDS. These peptides were conjugated to heterobifunctional PEG chains and covalently incorporated in hydrogels. The EC tubule formation in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo in response to the laminin-derived motifs were evaluated. </p><p>Based on these previous aims, in aim 3, PEG hydrogels were optimized to function as a 3D lung adenocarcinoma in vitro model with metastasis-prone lung tumor derived CAFs, HUVECs, and human lung adenocarcinoma derived A549 tumor cells. Similar to the complex tumor microenvironment consisting of interacting malignant and non-malignant cells, the PEG-based 3D lung adenocarcinoma model consists of both tumor and stromal cells that interact together to support vessel formation and tumor cell proliferation thereby more closely mimicking the functional properties of the tumor microenvironment. The utility of the PEG-based 3D lung adenocarcinoma model as a cancer drug screening platform is demonstrated with investigating the effects of doxorubicin, semaxanib, and cilengitide on cell apoptosis and proliferation. The results from drug screening studies using the PEG-based 3D in vitro lung adenocarcinoma model correlate with results reported from drug screening studies conducted in vivo. Thus, the PEG-based 3D in vitro lung adenocarcinoma model may serve as a better tool for identifying promising drug candidates than the conventional 2D monolayer culture method.</p> / Dissertation

Delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4) is a ligand for the Notch family of receptors. DLL4 is an important regulator of angiogenesis and DLL4 blockade promotes non-productive angiogenesis and delays tumour growth. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effects of anti-DLL4 therapy in solid tumours in combination with a clinically relevant dose of ionising radiation (5 Gy; IR) and to analyse alterations in the Notch pathway induced by the treatments. Combining both treatments resulted in a greater than additive tumour growth delay in LS174T tumours, compared to either treatment alone. DLL4 blockade dysregulated vasculature and increased necrosis in LS174T and HCT-15 (DLL4-expressing and negative cell lines respectively) tumours within 3 days after treatment, but no changes were observed with IR alone. Additionally, combined IR and anti-DLL4 treatment of FaDu tumours (another DLL4-negative cell line) by our colleagues, also resulted in a supra-additive growth delay. These results show that combining IR with DLL4 blockade is an effective strategy for prolonging tumour growth delay and suggest that the stroma/vasculature provide the main therapeutic target for the anti-DLL4 therapy. Analysis of Notch pathway shows that IR upregulated Jag1 in tumour cells, and may inhibit Notch and downregulate DLL4 in the stroma. These changes may potentially affect tumour vessels and response to anti-DLL4 therapy. In vitro, anti-DLL4 therapy induced proliferation in quiescent contact-inhibited endothelial cells and also appeared to abrogate IR-induced inhibition of migration. These results suggest that DLL4 may be important in maintaining vessel quiescence and that IR may in part decrease migration through Notch signalling. Combining IR and DLL4 blockade to target tumour growth is an effective and well tolerated strategy and warrants further validation and refinement to be translated into clinical practice.

In developed countries, breast cancer is the commonest malignancy among women. Understanding the mechanisms involved in breast cancer progression and the influence of the microenvironment on cancer cell proliferation, results in better treatments. This study aimed to optimise breast cancer xenograft rates using a novel chamber developed for tissue engineering purposes. The established tumours were subjected to enzyme digestion, creating a single cell suspension, which was then injected into immunocompromised mice at primary, metastatic and intra-cardiac sites. The resulting tumours in the mammary fat pad (MFP) and bone were compared using species-specific reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and cDNA microarray, to examine the influence of the microenvironment on gene expression. The achieved xenograft graft rates of 25% were similar to those previously reported. The matrix metalloproteinase family of enzymes (MMPs) degrade extracellular matrix, influencing invasion and migration of malignant cells. RT-PCR results showed that the majority of the MMPs expressed in the cancers were stromal rather than tumour in origin. MT1-MMP, MMP-2 and MMP-11 had significantly higher expression levels in the MFP than in the bone, but MMP-9 was expressed more in the bone than MFP. There was also an up-regulation of stromal production of MT1-MMP and MMP-13 in the MFP in the presence of tumour. This may have significance when considering which MMPs are the most appropriate targets for inhibition during cancer treatment. The most significant of the differentially expressed genes on microarray analysis were trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) and insulin growth-factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), both expressed significantly more in tumours from the MFP than the bone. The thesis presented demonstrates some of the complexities of tumour-stromal interactions and supports Paget’s seed-soil theory, confirming in several ways the variation in gene expression in breast cancer between primary and metastatic sites.

Tumor microenvironment is an area, where the local immunosuppressive effects dominate and prevents the immune system to perform its physiological functions. The cells infiltrating the microenvironment have an important function among many cell types since they produce a large quantity of factors suppressing the immune response. In our work, we monitored the immune changes in the microenvironment during tumor growth and chemotherapy. For these purposes, we utilized the methods for analysis of the proportion and phenotype of the distinct populations of immunocytes and for analysis of the total level of expressions of selected genes associated with immunosuppression or with distinct populations of immunocytes. The aim of our work was to discover, using two types of mouse tumors (TRAMP-C2 and TC-1/A9), how 5-azacytidine (5AC), a cytostatic drug with epigenetic activity, affects the proportion of leukocytes infiltrating the tumor microenvironment and, further, whether these changes are accompanied by decreased expression of immunosuppressing genes. In addition, we have also focused on the changes of relative expression of genes encoding markers of lymphoid lines and, on other immunoregulating genes, encoding IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-4 and IFNγ cytokines, in the microenvironment of these tumors....

Les récentes avancées dans notre compréhension de la tumorigenèse pancréatique ont montré que la présence d'un compartiment cellulaire non tumoral : le « stroma » ou « microenvironnement intra-tumoral », avait une incidence directe sur la progression de la maladie. Le but de ce travail était de déterminer le rôle du stroma dans la progression de l'adénocarcinome pancréatique. Pour cela, nous avons étudié le profil d'expression génique spécifique du stroma. Ceci nous a permis de mettre en évidence des gènes impliqués dans la régulation du système nerveux, dénommés « facteurs neurogéniques », pouvant être reliés aux phénomènes de remodelage neural observés dans les adénocarcinomes pancréatiques. Ceux-ci sont associés aux douleurs caractéristiques du cancer du pancréas, aux récidives locales, à l'extension locorégionale. Nous avons alors approfondi notre étude sur l'axe SLIT2/ROBO. Nos résultats montrent qu'au travers la sécrétion de Slit2, le stroma a un impact direct sur le remodelage neural. Ces données peuvent permettre d'ouvrir une nouvelle voie thérapeutique dans le cancer du pancréas, ayant pour but de cibler les conséquences du remodelage neural. / Recent progress in our understanding of pancreatic tumorigenesis had shed light on the non tumoral cell compartment of the tumor, so-called "stroma" or "intra-tumoral microenvironment", in the spread of the disease. The goal of our work was to decipher the role of stroma in the spread of this disease. We could analyze the specific gene expression profile of stroma, leading to the discovery of several genes plausibly linked to neural remodeling, called "neurogenic factors". This neural remodeling is clinically correlated with neuropathic pain and locoregional spread. We have next deepened our analysis on the axis SLIT2/ROBO. We could demonstrate that stromal compartment is able to impact on neural remodeling, through secretion of Slit2. These results provide rationale to investigate the disruption of stromal/neural compartment connexion with Slit2/ROBO inhibitors for treatment of pancreatic cancer reccurrence and pain.

Ao longo dos últimos anos, tornou-se evidente que o início e a progressão do câncer dependem de vários componentes do microambiente tumoral, incluindo células imunes e inflamatórias, fibroblastos, células endoteliais, adipócitos e matriz extracelular. Estes componentes e as células neoplásicas interagem entre si e trocam sinais pró e antitumor. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o secretoma de células neoplásicas sob estresse e seu efeito no microambiente tumoral. Para este fim, duas linhagens celulares de carcinoma epidermóide de cabeça e pescoço foram cultivadas em duas condições de estresse: hipóxia e radiação. Os meios condicionados por estas células (secretoma 1) e o seu controle foram utilizados para cultivar células neoplásicas e fibroblastos humanos normais da cavidade oral. Os resultados sugerem que os sinais derivados das células neoplásicas em resposta a estresse dirigem a expressão gênica e proteica, bem como o comportamento celular das células vizinhas. Foram identificadas 38 proteínas celulares e nove proteínas secretadas com expressão aumentada e 61 proteínas celulares e 70 secretadas com expressão reduzida em células neoplásicas sob estresse hipóxico. Também foram identificadas 59 proteínas celulares e 29 proteínas secretadas com expressão aumentada e 59 proteínas celulares e 19 secretadas com expressão reduzida em células neoplásicas e fibroblastos humanos normais tratados com o meio condicionado por células sob estresse hipóxico. O secretome de células sob estresse não foi capaz de induzir proliferação de células neoplásicas e fibroblastos humanos normais, mas promoveu migração e invasão. Os resultados podem contribuir para o melhor entendimento do efeito dos fatores parácrinos liberados pelas células neoplásicas sobre a expressão gênica, bem como sobre o comportamento das células tumorais e estromais / Over the past years, it has become evident that cancer initiation and progression depends on several components of the tumor microenvironment, including inflammatory and immune cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, adipocytes, and extracellular matrix. These components and the neoplastic cells interact with each other providing pro and antitumor signals. The present study aimed to analyze the secretome of cancer cells under stress and their effect on the tumor microenvironment. For this purpose, two cell lines from head and neck carcinomas were cultured in two stress conditions - hypoxia and radiation. The medium conditioned by these cells (secretome 1) and their control were used to grow untreated neoplastic cells and normal human fibroblasts from oral cavity. Our results showed that signals derived from cancer cells in response to stress drive gene and protein expression and cell behavior. Thirty-eight overexpressed cellular and 9 secreted proteins, and 61 underexpressed cellular and 70 secreted proteins were identified in neoplastic cells under hypoxic stress. Fifty-nine overexpressed cellular and 29 secreted proteins, and 59 underexpressed cellular and 19 secreted proteins were identified in neoplastic cells and normal human fibroblasts treated with the medium conditioned by cells under hypoxic stress. The secretome of cells under stress was not able to induce proliferation of cancer cells and normal human fibroblasts, but promoted migration and invasion. The results may contribute to understand the effect of paracrine factors released by neoplastic cell on gene expression as well as on stromal and tumor cells behavior

<div>Pancreatic cancer is the present third leading cause of all cancer-associated deaths with a under 9% 5-year survival rate. Aggressive tumor progression and lack of early detection technique lead to the fact that most patients are diagnosed at terminal stage - pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Despite that numerous therapeutic approaches have been introduced, most options cannot advance to or fail at the clinical trials. It has been suggested that previous failure is due to insufficient understanding of PDAC tumor microenvironment (TME). Human PDAC is composed of severely fibrotic tissue (i.e., desmoplasia) that harbors a variety of malignant cells (e.g., pancreatic stellate cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, macrophages, etc.), excessive extracellular matrices (ECM), as well as abnormal expression of growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. Multiple cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions jointly result in a stiffened, hypoxic, and fluid pressure-elevated PDAC tissue. The resulting pancreatic TME not only physically hinders penetration of therapeutics, but also dynamically interacts with the residing cells, regulating their behaviors.</div><div><br></div><div>Increasing tumor tissue stiffness in PDAC is not only a passive outcome from desmoplasia, but an active environmental factor that promotes tumor survival, growth, and invasion. However, traditional in vitro cell culture systems such as two-dimensional (2D) culture plate and animal models are not ideal for mechanistic understanding of specific cell-matrix interactions. Therefore, dynamic hydrogels have been introduced as a category of advanced biomaterials that exhibit biomimetic, adaptable, and modularly tunable physiochemical property. Dynamic hydrogels can be precisely engineered to recapitulate a variety of aspects in TME, from which to investigate the role of dynamic tumor-stroma interaction in PDAC progression. The goal of this dissertation was to exploit synthetic polymers (i.e., poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)) or natural ECM (i.e., gelatin and hyaluronic acid (HA)) as precursors to prepare the dynamic cancer-cell laden gels. The design utilized the orthogonal thiol-norbornene photopolymerization to prepare the primary homogenous xxvi</div><div><br></div><div>gel network. Next, through further functionalizing gel precursors with phenolic derivatives, enzymatic reaction (i.e., tyrosinase) or flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-mediated photochemistry could be harnessed to manipulate the dynamic changes of substrate mechanics. Experimentally, a computational model and the associated validation were presented to investigate the process of gel stiffening. Finally, these techniques were integrated to prepare cell-laden gels with spatial-temporally tunable properties that were instrumental in exploring the synergistic effects of dynamical matrix stiffening and presence of HA in promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in PDAC cancer and stromal cells.</div>

Due au champignon Aspergillus fumigatus, l’aspergillose pulmonaire invasive représente une grave menace pour les individus souffrant d’immunodépression sévère. En parallèle d’un diagnostic manquant de spécificité, les traitements actuels présentent une forte toxicité. Ces travaux se sont dans un premier temps intéressés au développement d’anticorps thérapeutiques dirigés contre les protéines pariétales Chitin ring formation du champignon. Le ciblage de ces protéines impliquées dans la croissance fongique a permis la mise en évidence d’effets modérés in vitro, et ont induit, in vivo, un recrutement significatif de cellules immunitaires impliquées dans la défense anti-aspergillaire. Dans un second temps, ces travaux se sont intéressés au ciblage du microenvironnement et de la réponse de l’hôte au cours de l’aspergillose, afin de mieux comprendre les processus physiopathologiques induits au cours de la maladie, et de permettre l’identification de nouveaux biomarqueurs et cibles thérapeutiques. L’utilisation de la spectrométrie de masse iTRAQ®, chez des rats et des manchots, a permis la mise en évidence de plusieurs voies de signalisation surreprésentées. Ces travaux se sont également intéressés à la caractérisation immunologique d’un modèle rat d’API. En plus de la mise en évidence des effets du champignon sur le recrutement de certaines populations de cellules immunitaires, l’utilisation de l’iTRAQ® a permis la mise en évidence de la surexpression de l’interleukine-33 et de son récepteur ST2 au cours de la maladie. Ces travaux ouvrent d’intéressantes perspectives dans la mise en place de nouveaux traitements contre l’API. / Caused by the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a serious threat for individuals suffering from severe immunosuppression. In parallel of a diagnosis lacking specificity, current treatments present a high toxicity. This work first focused on the development of therapeutic antibodies directed against cell wall proteins Chitin ring formation of the fungus. Targeting of these proteins involved in fungal growth highlighted moderate effects in vitro, and induced, in vivo, a significant recruitment of immune cells involved in anti-aspergillary defense. In a second time, this work focused on targeting the microenvironment and the host response during aspergillosis, in order to better understand pathophysiological processes induced during the disease, and allow the identification of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Use of iTRAQ® mass spectrometry in rat and penguins allowed the identification of several overrepresented signaling pathways. This work also focused on the immune characterization of a rat model of IPA. In addition of highlighting the effects of the fungus in the recruitment of some immune cell populations, use of iTRAQ® exhibited an overexpression of interleukin-33 and its receptor ST2 during the disease. Overall, this work is bringing interesting insights in the establishment of new treatments against IPA.

Objectif: Malgré l'intensification du régime de chimiothérapies, la survie de 5 ans des patients atteints d'ostéosarcome métastatique ou récidivant (OsA) reste faible. Le facteur netrin 1 (NTN1) est surexprimé dans de nombreux cancers humains en tant que facteur de survie. Nous avons étudié ici le rôle de l'anticorprs anti NTN1 (Ac aNTN1) dans l'ostéosarcome.Design expérimental : L'expression NTN1 a été quantifiée par RT qPCR à partir d'une cohorte OsA humaine (n = 22). L'efficacité antitumoral et anti-métastatique de l’Ac aNTN1 seul ou combiné à la doxorubicine a été analysée selon un modèle d'OsA de rat orthotopique et métastatique récidivant. Les effets du traitement sur le microenvironnement tumoral ont été effectués par des analyses immuno-histologiques.Résultats: L'ARNm de la NTN1 est fortement exprimé dans les échantillons OsA humains et dans le modèle OsA de rat. Le traitement combiné (Dox + Ac aNTN1) a été capable de réduire la progression de la tumeur, prévient la dissémination tumorale et retarde la rechute d'OsA. La Dox + Ac aNTN1 diminue l'infiltration des LT effecteurs et inhibe la migration des macrophages M2 au centre de l'OsA de rat.Conclusion: Le blocage de la NTN1 potentialise l'efficacité de la chimiothérapie chez les modèles OsA de rat par des modifications dans le microenvironnement tumoral / Purpose: Despite the intensification of chemotherapies regimen, 5 years survival for patients with metastatic or relapsed osteosarcoma (OsA) remains poor. The secreted factor netrin 1 (NTN1) is overexpressed in many human cancers as a survival factor. We investigated here the role of anti NTN1 Ab in osteosarcoma. Experimental design: NTN1 expression was quantified by RT qPCR from human OsA cohort (n = 22). Anti-tumoral and anti-metastatic efficiency of anti NTN1 antibody alone or combined with doxorubicin was analyzed on a progressive and on a relapsed orthotopic and metastatic rat OsA model. Treatment effects on tumor microenvironment were performed by immuno-histological analyzes.Results: NTN1 mRNA is highly expressed in human OsA samples and in rat OsA model. Combined treatment (Dox + aNTN1 Ab) was found able to synergistically to down tumor progression, prevents tumor dissemination, and delays OsA relapse. Dox + aNTN1 Ab decreased T effetors infiltration and inhibited M2 macrophages migration in the center of rat OsA.Conclusion: NTN1 blockade potentiates chemotherapy efficacy in rat OsA models by modifications in tumor microenvironment