The purpose of this study was to identify specific nutrients or nutritional biomarkers of dietary intake that are associated with stunting among children ages 2 and older in sub-Saharan Africa. This is a systematic review conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Twelve studies from sub-Saharan Africa met the eligibility criteria, including 11 observational studies and one randomized control trial. Nine of the 12 studies assessed dietary intake of macronutrients. Four studies found a significant association between proteins and stunting. Four found that children with stunting had lower dietary fat intakes or lower blood or serum levels of certain fatty acids. Five assessed dietary intake of micronutrients or looked at serum levels micronutrients. Children with stunting had lower intakes or biomarkers for, calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, vitamin B12, and choline. Children with stunting tend to consume diets lower in nutrients of high-quality protein foods like essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, and micronutrients such as calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D, vitamin B12, and choline.

Leguminosas forrageiras têm sido consorciadas com capins, e contribuído com a sustentabilidade do sistema solo-planta-animal. A soja-perene (Neonotonia wightii) é uma das leguminosas forrageiras bem adaptadas ao cultivo em áreas tropicais. A aplicação de cálcio e boro tem resultado em benefícios ao desenvolvimento da planta, especialmente para as espécies leguminosas. Este trabalho objetivou verificar os efeitos de combinações de cálcio e de boro para a soja-perene na morfofisiologia da planta, produção, concentração mineral, concentração de carboidratos na parede celular, em alterações anatômicas nos tecidos foliares e sintomas visuais. Foi conduzido um experimento em casa de vegetação com plantas de soja-perene cultivadas em solução nutritiva em vasos plásticos contendo quartzo moído como substrato. Empregou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, e um esquema fatorial 52 incompleto, perfazendo um total de 13 combinações de doses de cálcio e boro. As plantas foram submetidas a dois períodos de crescimento. O primeiro corte das plantas foi realizado 46 dias após o transplante das mudas e o segundo 38 dias após o primeiro. O ponteiro (três folhas trifolioladas completamente expandidas contadas a partir do ápice) foi separado da porção inferior da planta (restante do tecido vegetal) e das raízes que também foram coletados. A interação cálcio x boro foi significativa apenas para a concentração de cálcio na porção inferior da soja-perene. As doses de cálcio alteraram a área foliar, as concentrações de cálcio, magnésio e potássio nos tecidos vegetais amostrados, e as concentrações de carboidratos na parede celular da planta. As doses de boro alteraram a produção, comprimento e superfície das raízes, as concentrações minerais nos tecidos analisados e as concentrações de carboidratos na parede celular das folhas. As combinações de baixas ou altas doses de cálcio e de boro promoveram alterações nas características anatômicas da soja-perene. Com o suprimento de boro de 10 mmol L-1 na solução nutritiva as plantas apresentaram deformações nas folhas novas e desenvolvimento anormal do sistema radicular. / Forage legumes have been mixed with grasses and contributed to improve the sustainability of the soil- plant- animal system. Perennnial soybean (Neonotonia wightii) is one forage legume well adapted to the tropical areas. Calcium and boron have resulted in benefits for plant development, particularly in legume species. This study was set with the objectives of verifying the effects of calcium and boron combinations for perennial soybean in plant morphophysiology, production, mineral concentrations, carbohydrate concentrations in cell wall, anatomical changes in leaf tissues and visual symptoms. A greenhouse experiment was carried out with plants grown in plastic pots containing ground quartz and supplied with nutrient solutions. An incomplete factorial 5 x 5, with 13 combinations of calcium and boron rates, was set in randomized block design. Plants were harvested twice, the first harvest one at 46 days after seedlings transplanting to the pots and the second harvest at 38 days after the first one. The upper part (three completely expended leaves) was separated from the lower part of plant tops and roots that were collected too. Calcium x boron interaction was only significant for the calcium concentration in the lower part of perennial soybean. Calcium rates changed leaf area, concentrations of calcium, magnesium and potassium in the sampled plant tissues, and carbohydrate concentrations in the cell wall of perennial soybean. Boron rates influenced changes in roots (dry matter, length and surface), mineral concentrations and carbohydrate concentrations in leaves cell wall. High or low rates of both calcium and boron had resulted in changes in anatomical characteristics of perennial soybean. When boron was supplied at 10 µmol L-1 plants presented deformed new leaves and abnormal root system growth.

Foi desenvolvido um estudo observacional de corte transversal, com o objetivo de avaliar o status em Mg de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. A amostra foi composta por 51 indivíduos de ambos os gêneros, com idade média de 53,6 ± 10,5 anos, os quais foram selecionados no Ambulatório de Endocrinologia do Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes (HUOL) Natal/RN. O projeto foi aprovado pelos Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa do HUOL e da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da USP. Os pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica, dietética, do controle glicêmico, função renal, perfil lipídico, Mg plasmático, eritrocitário, urinário e dietético. Foi observada ingestão adequada de macronutrientes, contudo baixo consumo dietético de Mg e de fibras. Identificou-se, ainda, controle glicêmico e perfil lipídico insatisfatórios e função renal sem alterações significativas. Quanto ao status de Mg, 70,6 % da amostra apresentaram algum dos parâmetros bioquímicos relativos a este mineral abaixo dos valores de referência, sendo estes menores nos indivíduos que tinham mais complicações metabólicas e presença de microalbuminúria. Foram observadas correlações inversas entre o Mg plasmático com a glicemia de jejum (r = -0,281, p = 0,046) e a pós-prandial (r = -0,322, p = 0,021), e correlações positivas entre o Mg urinário com a glicemia de jejum (r = 0,291, p = 0,038), a circunferência abdominal (r = 0,288, p = 0,041) e o IMC (r = 0,282, p = 0,045). Deste modo, foram diagnosticadas alterações no status de Mg, as quais foram mais evidentes nos pacientes que tinham mais complicações, demonstrando a associação dos fatores relacionados com essa doença e o Mg. / A cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate Mg status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The sample comprehended 51 individuals, both male and female, aged 53.6 ± 10.5 years, selected from the Endocrinology Clinic of the University Hospital Onofre Lopes (HUOL) in Natal/RN, Brazil. The project was approved by the Commission on Ethics in Research of the HUOL and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the University of São Paulo. The patients were assessed concerning anthropometry, diet, blood-glucose control, kidney functioning and lipid profile, besides plasma, erythrocyte, urinary and dietary Mg. An adequate intake of macronutrients and a low consumption of dietary Mg and fibers were observed. Unsatisfactory blood-glucose control and lipid profiles, besides kidney functioning without significant alterations, were also observed. Concerning Mg status, 70.6% of the sample presented biochemical parameters for this mineral below the reference values, and such parameters were lower in individuals with more extensive metabolic complications and microalbuminury. Inverse correlations between plasma Mg with fasting (r = -0.281, p = 0.046) and postprandial plasma glucose (r = -0.322, p = 0.021), and a positive correlation between urinary Mg with fasting plasma glucose (r = 0.291, p = 0.038), waist circumference (r = 0.288, p = 0.041) and body weight index (r = 0.282, p = 0.045) were observed. Therefore, alterations in Mg status were detected in the studied population. Such alterations were more evident in patients with more extensive complications, thus demonstrating the association of factors related to this disease and Mg.

O nitrogênio é o nutriente exigido em maior quantidade pelo cafeeiro e o segundo mais exportado pela planta. Usualmente se aplica ureia no cafeeiro e o N desta fonte é rapidamente metabolizado e incorporado na forma de aminoácidos e amidas. A assimilação do nitrogênio é afetada por diversos micronutrientes, entre eles o níquel (Ni), por ser este um constituinte da enzima urease, responsável pela degradação da ureia. O entendimento da interação do Ni com o metabolismo do N e o processo de senescência no cafeeiro é importante para o uso eficiente do nitrogênio pelas plantas. Pouco se sabe a respeito da nutrição com Ni no metabolismo do N, na senescência foliar e na interferência na absorção e transferência de outros nutrientes. A presente pesquisa foi realizada para avaliar se a aplicação de Ni (i) interferiria na absorção e transferência de outros nutrientes, bem como na partição de biomassa do cafeeiro e; (ii) aumentaria a eficiência de uso do N, tanto pela maior degradação da ureia, via atividade da urease, quanto pelo aumento da redistribuição de reservas de nitrogênio, por meio do incremento do catabolismo da arginina; e (iii) se o fornecimento de Ni atrasaria a senescência foliar, pela diminuição da produção de etileno endógeno na planta, o que aumentaria a duração foliar. A aplicação de Ni reduziu a biomassa do cafeeiro somente no maior teor do elemento disponível no solo (105 mg DM-3), e essa redução na biomassa afetou a concentração e acúmulo, principalmente, dos macronutrientes (N, P, K, Ca e Mg). Com relação aos micronutrientes metálicos (Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn), o incremento gradual no teor de Ni disponível, reduziu ou elevou gradualmente a concentração desses micronutrientes no cafeeiro. Os coeficientes de eficiência de uso de N pelo cafeeiro foram afetados somente em razão do nível de N, sem alteração em função do Ni disponível no solo. A aplicação de Ni no solo até teores de 60 mg dm-3 não afetou o crescimento da planta de cafeeiro, mas aumentou a retenção foliar no nível deficiente de N. O Ni reduziu a biossíntese de etileno na planta, apesar das concentrações de MDA e prolina aumentarem com o teor disponível de Ni no solo na pré-antese. Com relação ao N, houve incremento na redistribuição de N dos órgãos de reserva (ramo) para atender a demanda de folha e fruto. / Nitrogen is the nutrient required in greatest quantity by the coffee and the second most exported within the plant. Usually, N is applied as urea to coffee and urea-N is rapidly metabolized and incorporated into amino acids and amides. The assimilation of N is affected by several micronutrients, including nickel (Ni). Ni is a constituent of urease, the sole enzyme responsible for degradation (and subsequent assimilation) of urea. Understanding Ni interaction with N metabolism and the aging process is important for the efficient use of nitrogen by coffee, and by plants in general. Little is known about Ni nutrition as it relates to N metabolism in leaf senescence and its possible interference in the absorption and transfer of other nutrients. The present study was conducted in coffee to assess whether the application of Ni (i) interferes with the absorption and transfer of other nutrients as well as biomass partitioning; (Ii) increases the nitrogen use efficiency, both for greater degradation of urea via urease activity, and increased redistribution of nitrogen reserves by increased catabolism of arginine; and (iii) delays leaf senescence by decreasing endogenous ethylene production, thereby increasing leaf duration. Ni application reduced biomass of coffee only at the highest level of soil availability (105 mg dm-3). This level also brought about the reduction in biomass concentration and accumulation of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and mg). With respect to mineral micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn), gradual increases in available Ni content, either reduced or gradually increased the concentration of these micronutrients. N-use efficiency ratios in coffee were affected only by variations in management of N, and not by changes in available soil Ni . Soil Ni applications to 60 mg dm-3 did not affect the growth of the coffee plant, but increased foliar retention under N limitation. Ni reduced plant ethylene biosynthesis, in spite of the concentrations of MDA and proline increasing rising with increasing soil Ni during pre-anthesis. As Ni levels rose, there was an increase in the redistribution of N of storage organs (branch) to meet the demand of leaf and fruit.

O arroz cultivado é um dos cereais mais importantes para a alimentação humana. O manganês é um micronutriente que está envolvido em vários processos metabólicos da planta. A deficiência desse nutriente tem sido agravada por diversos fatores, dentre os quais se destacam: o uso excessivo de calcário, decorrente de recomendações inadequadas e a não observação do período de efeito residual da calagem dentre outros fatores. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar fontes e doses de manganês na cultura do arroz irrigado. O trabalho foi conduzido no município de Formoso do Araguaia - TO, no ano agrícola de 2016/2017. O experimento foi alocado em faixas de 3 m de largura (17 linhas no espaçamento de 0,17 m, por 25 m de comprimento), sendo os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 5 x 5 + 1, cinco fontes diferentes de Mn e cinco doses. A suplementação com Mn foi fornecida via foliar nas doses de (0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 e 2,5 kg ha-1), aplicadas todos na indução do perfilhamento das plantas de arroz. Foram analisadas as seguintes características: número de panículas por m2, massa de 100 sementes (g), teor foliar de Mn (mg kg-1), porcentagem de grãos inteiros e produtividade de grãos (kg/ha). Os tratamentos em que houve aplicação da fonte de manganês, composto por Carbonato de Mn, obtiveram as melhores respostas para a maioria das características avaliadas. Todas as doses empregadas em cada uma das fontes de manganês influenciaram o teor foliar das plantas de arroz. Com relação aos teores adequados de Mn, todas as fontes apresentaram teores acima da faixa considerada adequada, mas não houve sinais de fitotoxidez. A fonte de Carbonato de Mn (B) na dose de 1,5 kg ha-1 proporcionou a maior produtividade com 7.375 kg ha-1. Maiores médias foram obtidas com a aplicação de 1,0 a 1,5 kg ha-1 de manganês, com exceção para a porcentagem de grãos inteiros onde as melhores médias foram obtidas na dose de 2,5 kg ha-1. / The cultivated rice is one of the most important cereals for human consumption. Manganese is a micronutrient that is involved in various plant metabolic processes. The deficiency of this nutrient has been aggravated by several factors, such as the excessive use of limestone due to inadequate recommendations and failure to observe the residual liming period, among other factors. The objective of this work was to evaluate sources and doses of manganese in irrigated rice. The work was carried out in the municipality of Formoso do Araguaia - TO, in the agricultural year of 2016/2017. The experiment was allocated in 3 m wide strips (17 lines at a spacing of 0,17 m, length 25 m), the treatments were arranged in a 5 x 5 + 1 factorial scheme, five different sources of Mn and five doses. Mn supplementation was given via leaf at the doses of (0,5, 1,0, 1,5, 2,0 and 2,5 kg ha-1), all applied in induction of tillering of rice plants. The following characteristics were analyzed: number of panicles per m2, mass of 100 seeds (g), foliar Mn (mg kg-1), percentage of whole grains and grain yield (kg/ha). The treatments in which the manganese source was applied, composed of Carbonate Mn, obtained the best responses for most of the evaluated characteristics. All the doses used in each one of the manganese sources influenced the leaf content of the rice plants. Regarding the adequate Mn contents, all sources had levels above the range considered adequate, but there were no signs of phytotoxicity. The source of Mn (B) carbonate at the dose of 1.5 kg ha-1 provided the highest productivity with 7.375 kg ha-1. Larger averages were obtained with the application of 1,0 to 1,5 kg ha-1 of manganese, except for the percentage of whole grains where the best means were obtained at the dose of 2,5 kg ha-1.

A cultura da soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) é uma das principais “commodities” do agronegócio mundial. O Brasil tem se configurado neste cenário como um dos maiores produtores desta oleaginosa, destacando-se com obtenções de produtividades elevadas. A várzea irrigada é uma área de extrema importância econômica e social para o estado do Tocantins, gerando renda e empregos durante todo o ano. A fertilização foliar é utilizada com a finalidade de suplementar os níveis de nutrientes na planta, para que a mesma consiga realizar normalmente todos os seus processos metabólicos. O boro é um elemento essencial em todas as fases do ciclo da cultura da soja, participando de vários processos fisiológicos. Objetivou-se com este trabalho verificar a influência da adubação boratada foliar, aplicado em três estádios fenológicos da cultura da soja no período reprodutivo, com crescentes doses de fontes de boro, sobre os componentes de rendimento, produtividade e germinação das sementes de soja. O trabalho foi conduzido em condições de várzea irrigada, no município de Formoso do Araguaia - TO, na entressafra do ano agrícola de 2016. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial triplo 2x3x5 (produtos x épocas x doses) com quatro repetições. As características avaliadas foram: número de vagens por planta (NVP), número de sementes por planta (NSP), massa de cem sementes (MCS), produtividade (PROD), porcentagem de germinação (G%) e índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE). Verificou-se que os tratamentos em que houve aplicação da fonte de boro, composto por ácido bórico e octaborato, obtiveram as melhores respostas para todas as características avaliadas. Nas condições edafoclimáticas de entressafra na várzea irrigada, aplicações de B em R2 e R4 obtiveram a melhor resposta. Maiores médias foram obtidas com a aplicação de 1,5 a 2 kg.ha-1 de boro. / Soybean cultivation (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is one of the main commodities of world agribusiness. Brazil has been configured in this scenario as one of the largest producers of this oilseed, standing out with high yields. The irrigated várzea is an area of extreme economic and social importance for the southern state of Tocantins, generating income and jobs throughout the year. Foliar fertilization is used to supplement or complement nutrient levels in the plant, so that it can perform all its metabolic processes normally. Boron is an essential element in all phases of the soybean cycle, participating in several physiological processes. The objective of this work was to verify the influence of foliar fertilization, applied at three stages of soybean cultivation in the reproductive period, with increasing doses of boron sources, about the components of yield, yield and germination of soybean seeds. The work was carried out under lowland conditions, in the municipality of Formoso do Araguaia - TO, between the harvest of the agricultural year of 2016. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design in 2x3x5 triple factorial (products x seasons x doses) with four replications. The characteristics evaluated were: number of pods per plant (NVP), number of seeds per plant (NSP), mass hundred seeds (MCS), productivity (PROD), Percentage of germination (G%) and emergence speed index (EVI). It was verified that the treatments in which there was application of the source of boron, composed of boric acid and octaborate, obtained the best answers for all characteristics evaluated. In the soil and climatic conditions of irrigated lowland harvest, applications of B in R2 and R4 obtained the best response. Higher averages were obtained with the application of 1,5 to 2 kg. ha-1 of boron.

Orientador: Edson Lazarini / Resumo: A utilização de sistemas de cultivo conservacionistas de solo tem proporcionado inúmeros benefícios às culturas produtoras de grãos no Brasil, destacando-se o Sistema Plantio Direto (SPD), que possui cobertura do solo como um de seus três pilares essenciais. Neste sentido, a utilização de gramíneas de alta produção de fitomassa e elevada relação C/N, como o milheto e o capim ruziziensis, são excelentes alternativas para regiões de clima tropical, além disso possuem um sistema radicular eficiente na exploração do perfil do solo. Aliado ao SPD, outras tecnologias também têm se mostrado promissoras na região do Cerrado, como é o caso da inoculação de bactérias promotoras de crescimento, como o Azospirillum brasilense, sendo utilizado com o intuito de reduzir as adubações nitrogenada no milho e melhorar os níveis de produtividade da cultura da soja em associação com bactérias simbióticas fixadoras de N. Na soja, além do uso de A. brasilense, tem sido crescente também o desenvolvimento de pesquisas com adubação de micronutrientes, em especial o Zn. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada associada à inoculação com A. brasilense na cultura do milho cultivado após diferentes plantas de cobertura. E avaliar o efeito da inoculação com A. brasilense e adubação com Zn na soja cultivada após diferentes plantas de cobertura. Os experimentos foram instalados na fazenda de ensino, pesquisa e extensão pertencente à Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use of soil conservation cropping systems has provided innumerable benefits to grain-producing crops in Brazil, notably the No-Tillage System (NTS), which has soil cover as one of its three essential pillars. In this sense, the use of grasses with high phytomass production and high C / N ratio, such as millet and ruziziensis grass, are excellent alternatives for regions of tropical climate, besides having an efficient root system on the farm of the soil profile. In addition to NTS, other technologies have also been shown to be promising in the Cerrado region, such as the inoculation of growth promoting bacteria, such as Azospirillum brasilense, with the aim of reducing nitrogen fertilization in maize and improving levels of productivity of soybean crop in association with symbiotic N - fixing bacteria. In addition to the use of A. brasilense, the development of research with micronutrient fertilization, especially Zn, has also been increasing. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization associated with inoculation with A. brasilense on maize cultivated after different cover crops. And to evaluate the effect of inoculation with A. brasilense and fertilization with Zn in soybean cultivated after different cover crops. The experiments were carried out at the teaching, research and extension farm belonging to the Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho”, Selviria country, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brasil (20°20’05’’S a... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

<p></p><p></p><p><br></p><p></p><p>Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of childhood blindness affecting over 190 million preschool children around the world where the highest rates are found in Sub-Saharan Africa (1). The coexistence of this deficiency with shortfalls in iron and zinc has resulted in a shift in intervention strategies from single targeted approach to broader diet diversification. As a result, food-based strategies leveraging local nutrient-dense plants as natural fortificants have gained significant interest for their potential to simultaneously address multiple micronutrient, and in some instances macronutrient, deficiencies. However, the efficacy of such approach depends upon several factors including knowledge on the nutritional composition of native plant materials as well as strategies for their incorporation into staple consumer products. Additionally, there is lack of information on impact of concurrent introduction of mineral and provitamin A rich plants on the stability and bioavailability of each individual nutrients including changes in these factors over extended periods of exposure. This is a key point considering that many of these materials are reported to have potential inhibitors of carotenoid absorption (minerals, fiber and phenolics).</p><p></p><p>To address these research gaps, this dissertation focuses on three areas including 1) micronutrient, phytochemical and polysaccharide characterization of three commercially available native micronutrient dense African plant materials [Adansonia digitata (baobab), Moringa Oleifera (moringa) and Hibiscus Sabdariffa (hibiscus)] that have been targeted for use as natural iron fortificants; 2) determination of the impact of these materials on the bioaccessibility and intestinal uptake of provitamin A carotenoids from model composite cereal products and 3) assess the effect of longer term exposure to baobab and moringa on provitamin A carotenoid absorption and cellular differentiation biomarkers of human intestinal Caco-2 cells to better understand the potential impacts of extended exposure periods on long term micronutrient uptake. </p><p><br></p><p>Characterization of the plant fortificants focused on understanding both nutritive components and potential limiters of carotenoid bioavailability. Baobab, moringa and hibiscus all were found to contain key phytochemical and polysaccharide components that could be leveraged as nutritional and function ingredients. The relatively higher levels of lutein (57  4.6 g/g), zeaxanthin (11  0.1g/g) and -carotene (20  2 g/g) in moringa leaf powder support the notion that this plant material can be used as a source of provitamin A and non-provitamin A carotenoids. Phenolic analysis revealed the presence of substantial amounts of flavan-3-ols (1234  16 mg/100g) in baobab, anthocyanins (2001  56 mg/100g) in hibiscus, and flavonols (5352  139 mg/100g) in moringa leaf powder. Polysaccharide analysis demonstrated that the primary monosaccharide in baobab was found to be xyloglucan (47 %) which is in agreement with the tentative identification Xyloglucans (hemicellulosic polysaccharide) based on linkage analysis. Hibiscus was found to contain similar amounts of xylose (20%) and galactose (27%) supporting the presence of similar proportions of xyloglucans and pectic polysaccharides (type I, type II AG, RG I). The main monosaccharide in moringa was found to be galactose (36%) followed by glucose (23%) and linkage analysis revealed the presence of high proportions of pectic polysaccharides (type I, type II AG, RG I). These results provide insight into presence of potential enhancer or inhibitors of target micronutrient (provitamin A carotenoids or iron/zinc) bioavailability when used as functional and nutritional food ingredients.</p><p><br></p><p>Subsequently, the impact of mineral-rich baobab formulated at levels relevant for iron fortification on the bioaccessibility of provitamin A carotenoids (proVAC) from composite millet porridges containing dried carrot and mango was assessed using in vitro digestion. Proportions of millet flour and plant materials were dry blended to deliver ~25% of the RDA for vitamin A(VA) and iron(Fe) as follows: decorticated extruded millet (Senegalese Souna var.) (40-60%), dried proVA rich carrot and mango blend (30%), and dried Fe and ascorbic acid rich Adansonia digitata (baobab) (0-25%). While there were no significant differences in proVAC bioaccessibility from porridge formulations with 5 and 15% baobab (18.8+/-2.0 and 18.8±2.0% respectively) as compared to control containing no mineral-rich plant (23.8 +/- 1.2%), 25% baobab resulted in a significant decrease (p<0.05) in bioaccessibility of proVAC (13.3+/-1.6%). However, baobab inclusion did not impact intestinal uptake efficiency of provitamin A carotenoids by Caco-2 human intestinal cells</p><p><br></p><p>(3.3-3.6% -carotene and 3.7-4.5% for -carotene) across all formulation. These results suggest that any potential negative effects of baobab inclusion may be limited to food matrix interactions and digestion. This was confirmed in separate experiments that with experiments on baobab and carotenoid blends showing that digested baobab did not affect carotenoid absorption by Caco-2 cells. Overall these data support the notion that that modest inhibition of carotenoid bioaccessibility by baobab may not significantly limit carotenoid delivery from composite porridges. Furthermore, bioaccessible provitamin A content of a serving (200 g) of composite porridges can provide 27 - 48% of the RDA of vitamin A for children 1-3 years of age. </p><p><br></p><p>Finally, we evaluated the impact of long-term exposure to baobab and moringa digesta on Caco-2 cell differentiation biomarkers and provitamin A uptake to gain insight into how inclusion of these materials in to a daily diet may alter absorption and transport of nutrients or otherwise have potential negative effects on the intestine. Based on NMR analysis of intracellular metabolites in differentiating Caco-2 monolayers, significant alterations in specific osmotic pressure regulators, particularly glycerophosphocholine, taurine and myo-inositol were observed with repeated exposure to all treatment groups including the control (digested 0.9% saline solution). Changes in these metabolites levels have been linked with specific cellular function including protection against hyperosmotic stress and regulation of paracellular permeability of Caco-2 cells. Evaluation of carotenoid uptake comparing acute and acute on repeated exposure to treatment groups demonstrated that there was an overall significant reduction in carotenoid uptake with repeated exposure across all treatment groups including the control. Despite the reduction in carotenoid uptake, mRNA and protein levels of carotenoid transporters (CD-36, SR-B1 and FABP1) were not significantly altered with exposure through differentiation (except for SR-B1 protein levels). Decrease in SR-B1 levels may be due to bile acid accumulation from the digesta matrix which is known to regulate its own biosynthesis by a mechanism that involves the down-regulation SR-B1 expression to protect cells from cytotoxicity. Our results provide some insight into the impact of simulated gastrointestinal fluids alone on provitamin A uptake in this model system which are usually not taken into consideration in most Caco-2 cell studies. However, overall, these findings indicate that the introduction of baobab and moringa at levels relevant for delivery of meaningful levels of iron (15-23% RDA) should not have negative impacts on human intestinal function or carotenoid uptake over chronic use. </p><p>Taken together, our findings indicate that the three native Africa plant materials selected for investigation in these studies can be important sources of key micronutrients (iron, zinc and provitamin A carotenoids) and have potential as natural fortificants with application in staple foods such as cereal porridges. Incorporation of these plant materials, do not appear to negatively affect carotenoid bioavailability although there is a potential for their interaction during micellarization of carotenoids during normal digestion. While in vivo studies evaluating the bioavailability of provitamin A carotenoids from such composite formulations are required, these data support the further exploration of such natural fortification strategies in addressing micronutrient deficiencies in local African communities. </p><div><br></div><p><br></p>

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:27:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sanches_ma_me_botfca.pdf: 460550 bytes, checksum: fe3b4cb9a9c2d9fca60c1131f495770c (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A nutri o mineral do feijoeiro com macro e micronutrientes fundamental para a sobreviv ncia, desenvolvimento afetando diretamente a produtividade. Os micronutrientes por sua vez s o essenciais em pequenas quantidades, sendo sua corre o complexa, para que os n veis necess rios s plantas sejam atendidos. Dentre esses micronutrientes, o Zn um nutriente escasso em solos brasileiros, bem como o Mo que possui vital import ncia, pois melhora o aproveitamento de N2 pelas bact rias do g nero Rhizobium, as quais promovem simbiose com as plantas. Estes micronutrientes foram estudados pelo fato de ambos poderem contribuir para o incremento da produtividade do feijoeiro. Devido a esse fato, para que se consiga aumentar a produtividade, em alguns casos, necess ria uma aduba o complementar. Apesar de existirem v rios m todos de fertiliza o, devido a particularidades, eles nem sempre se mostram eficientes. Com isso, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os componentes de produ o, teor e acumula o de nutrientes nos gr os do feijoeiro Cultivar IAC – Alvorada, em dois tipos de solo, sob diferentes formas de aplica o l quida desses micronutrientes (Zn e Mo). Os experimentos foram conduzidos em t nel pl stico, no Departamento de Recursos Naturais/Ci ncia do Solo da FCA/UNESP Campus de Botucatu/SP. Os solos utilizados foram Latossolo Vermelho Escuro distr fico textura m dia (Led) e Latossolo Roxo distr fico textura argilosa (LR). Os vasos utilizados no experimento foram de 15 dm3 de terra seca ao ar passada em peneira de 4 mm. Os tratamentos foram compostos quanto forma de aplica o sendo: pulverizado junto semente, pulverizado junto ao adubo NPK na semeadura e pulverizado na superfície do solo. E quanto à adição de Zn e Mo foram: com Mo, com Zn e com Mo + Zn (juntos); foram também utilizadas três testemunhas: duas relativas, sendo a primeira... / The mineral nutrition of beans with macro and micronutrients is indispensable to survival, development and affects directly productivity. Micronutrients in turn are needed in small quantities, being difficult its correction, to the levels required by plants are supplied. Amongst theses micronutrients, Zn is a sparse nutrient in Brazilian soils, on the other hand Mo has a vital importance, because improve the utilization of N2 by bacteria of genus Rhizobium, which promote symbiosis with plants. Theses micronutrients were studied because both can affect to increase common beans productivity. Because of this, to improve productivity is almost always required an additional fertilizer. Although there are a lot of fertilization methods, for some particularities, they do not always demonstrate efficient. For that reason, the purpose of this study was to evaluate production components, content and nutrients accumulation in the grain of common beans cv “IAC – Alvorada”, in two kinds of soil, into different methods of liquid application of theses micronutrients (Zn and Mo). The research was carried out in a greenhouse of Natural Resources Department/Soil Sciences, FCA/UNESP, Botucatu/SP, the used soils were Red Latosol medium texture and a Red Latosol clayey texture. The pots used on that research were 15dm3 of dry land to air passed through sieve of 4 mm. The treatments were consisted of application methods: sprayed on seeds, sprayed on fertilizer NPK at sowing and sprayed on the soil surface. And consisted of Zn and Mo addition were: with Mo, Zn and Mo + Zn (together); three more controls: two relatives controls with Zn mixed with NPK and leaf fertilization with Mo and one more called absolute control, without Zn and Mo addition. It consisted of twelve treatments with four replications; the experimental design was completely randomized blocks. It was concluded that methods of micronutrient... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:48:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 adorna_jc_me_botfca.pdf: 936613 bytes, checksum: 0ac3b6a2f64c7c3660f496cc73f6d88c (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Com relação ao aumento da área cultivada, a cana–de–açúcar disseminou-se em vários estados brasileiros, tendo se estabelecido sobre os mais diferentes tipos de solos, muitas vezes com características bastante distintas dos padrões ideais para produção. A cana-de-açúcar, assim como as demais plantas superiores necessita para o seu desenvolvimento dos macro e micronutrientes. Apesar de a cana-de-açúcar ser uma das culturas mais pesquisadas no Brasil, ainda existe pouca informação relativa ao uso de micronutrientes. Diante da necessidade dessas informações, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta da cana-de-açúcar à aplicação de micronutrientes em diferentes condições de cultivo. O projeto de pesquisa foi constituído de três experimentos conduzidos em condições de cana planta, em solos de textura argilosa (Latossolo Vermelho), arenosa (Neossolo Quartzarênico) e franco-arenosa (Argissolo Vermelho). Os experimentos foram instalados em áreas pertencentes à Usina da Barra localizada no município de Barra Bonita-SP, na safra 2008/2009 (Latossolo Vermelho e Neossolo Quartzarênico), e na Usina Cerradinho no município de Catanduva - SP conduzido na safra 2009/2010 (Argissolo Vermelho). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, no esquema fatorial 8 x 2, sendo a combinação de micronutrientes (1 – sem aplicação/testemunha, 2 – adição de Zn, 3 - adição de Cu , 4 - adição de Mn, 5 - adição de Fe, 6 – adição de B, 7 – adição de Mo, 8 – adição de Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, B e Mo) com torta de filtro (0 e 30 Mg ha-1 de torta de filtro) no sulco de plantio. Mediante os resultados constatou-se que a aplicação de Zn, B, Cu, Mn, Fe e Mo no sulco de plantio sem torta de filtro não alterou os teores foliares de macro e micronutrientes e as variáveis tecnológicas Pol, Fibra, Pureza e ATR nos três tipos de solos... / Concerning the increase in cultivated area, the sugarcane has spread in several Brazilian states, having settled on the most different types of soils, often with quite different characteristics of the ideal standards for production. The sugarcane, like other higher plants need for their development of macro and micronutrients. Although sugarcane is one of the most researched crops in Brazil, there is still little information concerning the use of micronutrients. Faced with the need for such information, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of sugarcane to the application of micronutrients in different culture conditions. The research project was conducted three experiments carried out in the sugarcane plant, in clayey soils (Oxisol), sandy (Entisol) and sandy loam (Ultisol). The experiments were conducted in areas belonging to the Da Barra located in Barra Bonita-SP, in the 2008/2009 harvest (Oxisol and Entisol), and the plant mill Cerradinho in Catanduva - SP conducted in the 2009/2010 harvest (Ultisol). The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications and 8 x 2 factorial, with the combination of micronutrients (1 - no application / control, 2 - addition of Zn, 3 - addition of Cu, 4 - addition of Mn 5 - addition of Fe, 6 - B addition, 7 - addition of Mo, 8 - Addition of Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, B and Mo) and filter cake (0 and 30 Mg ha-1 of filter cake) at planting. From the results it was found that application of Zn, B, Cu, Mn, Fe and Mo in the furrow without filter cake did not affect foliar concentrations of macro and micronutrients and technological parameters Pol, Fiber, Purity and ATR in three soil types evaluated. The application of filter cake increased the concentrations of B to the sufficiency range in Entisol. The filter cake increased the number of tillers and plant height in the Ultisol, and the number of tillers, number of stems and yield... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)