<p></p><p></p><p><br></p><p></p><p>Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of childhood blindness affecting over 190 million preschool children around the world where the highest rates are found in Sub-Saharan Africa (1). The coexistence of this deficiency with shortfalls in iron and zinc has resulted in a shift in intervention strategies from single targeted approach to broader diet diversification. As a result, food-based strategies leveraging local nutrient-dense plants as natural fortificants have gained significant interest for their potential to simultaneously address multiple micronutrient, and in some instances macronutrient, deficiencies. However, the efficacy of such approach depends upon several factors including knowledge on the nutritional composition of native plant materials as well as strategies for their incorporation into staple consumer products. Additionally, there is lack of information on impact of concurrent introduction of mineral and provitamin A rich plants on the stability and bioavailability of each individual nutrients including changes in these factors over extended periods of exposure. This is a key point considering that many of these materials are reported to have potential inhibitors of carotenoid absorption (minerals, fiber and phenolics).</p><p></p><p>To address these research gaps, this dissertation focuses on three areas including 1) micronutrient, phytochemical and polysaccharide characterization of three commercially available native micronutrient dense African plant materials [Adansonia digitata (baobab), Moringa Oleifera (moringa) and Hibiscus Sabdariffa (hibiscus)] that have been targeted for use as natural iron fortificants; 2) determination of the impact of these materials on the bioaccessibility and intestinal uptake of provitamin A carotenoids from model composite cereal products and 3) assess the effect of longer term exposure to baobab and moringa on provitamin A carotenoid absorption and cellular differentiation biomarkers of human intestinal Caco-2 cells to better understand the potential impacts of extended exposure periods on long term micronutrient uptake. </p><p><br></p><p>Characterization of the plant fortificants focused on understanding both nutritive components and potential limiters of carotenoid bioavailability. Baobab, moringa and hibiscus all were found to contain key phytochemical and polysaccharide components that could be leveraged as nutritional and function ingredients. The relatively higher levels of lutein (57  4.6 g/g), zeaxanthin (11  0.1g/g) and -carotene (20  2 g/g) in moringa leaf powder support the notion that this plant material can be used as a source of provitamin A and non-provitamin A carotenoids. Phenolic analysis revealed the presence of substantial amounts of flavan-3-ols (1234  16 mg/100g) in baobab, anthocyanins (2001  56 mg/100g) in hibiscus, and flavonols (5352  139 mg/100g) in moringa leaf powder. Polysaccharide analysis demonstrated that the primary monosaccharide in baobab was found to be xyloglucan (47 %) which is in agreement with the tentative identification Xyloglucans (hemicellulosic polysaccharide) based on linkage analysis. Hibiscus was found to contain similar amounts of xylose (20%) and galactose (27%) supporting the presence of similar proportions of xyloglucans and pectic polysaccharides (type I, type II AG, RG I). The main monosaccharide in moringa was found to be galactose (36%) followed by glucose (23%) and linkage analysis revealed the presence of high proportions of pectic polysaccharides (type I, type II AG, RG I). These results provide insight into presence of potential enhancer or inhibitors of target micronutrient (provitamin A carotenoids or iron/zinc) bioavailability when used as functional and nutritional food ingredients.</p><p><br></p><p>Subsequently, the impact of mineral-rich baobab formulated at levels relevant for iron fortification on the bioaccessibility of provitamin A carotenoids (proVAC) from composite millet porridges containing dried carrot and mango was assessed using in vitro digestion. Proportions of millet flour and plant materials were dry blended to deliver ~25% of the RDA for vitamin A(VA) and iron(Fe) as follows: decorticated extruded millet (Senegalese Souna var.) (40-60%), dried proVA rich carrot and mango blend (30%), and dried Fe and ascorbic acid rich Adansonia digitata (baobab) (0-25%). While there were no significant differences in proVAC bioaccessibility from porridge formulations with 5 and 15% baobab (18.8+/-2.0 and 18.8±2.0% respectively) as compared to control containing no mineral-rich plant (23.8 +/- 1.2%), 25% baobab resulted in a significant decrease (p<0.05) in bioaccessibility of proVAC (13.3+/-1.6%). However, baobab inclusion did not impact intestinal uptake efficiency of provitamin A carotenoids by Caco-2 human intestinal cells</p><p><br></p><p>(3.3-3.6% -carotene and 3.7-4.5% for -carotene) across all formulation. These results suggest that any potential negative effects of baobab inclusion may be limited to food matrix interactions and digestion. This was confirmed in separate experiments that with experiments on baobab and carotenoid blends showing that digested baobab did not affect carotenoid absorption by Caco-2 cells. Overall these data support the notion that that modest inhibition of carotenoid bioaccessibility by baobab may not significantly limit carotenoid delivery from composite porridges. Furthermore, bioaccessible provitamin A content of a serving (200 g) of composite porridges can provide 27 - 48% of the RDA of vitamin A for children 1-3 years of age. </p><p><br></p><p>Finally, we evaluated the impact of long-term exposure to baobab and moringa digesta on Caco-2 cell differentiation biomarkers and provitamin A uptake to gain insight into how inclusion of these materials in to a daily diet may alter absorption and transport of nutrients or otherwise have potential negative effects on the intestine. Based on NMR analysis of intracellular metabolites in differentiating Caco-2 monolayers, significant alterations in specific osmotic pressure regulators, particularly glycerophosphocholine, taurine and myo-inositol were observed with repeated exposure to all treatment groups including the control (digested 0.9% saline solution). Changes in these metabolites levels have been linked with specific cellular function including protection against hyperosmotic stress and regulation of paracellular permeability of Caco-2 cells. Evaluation of carotenoid uptake comparing acute and acute on repeated exposure to treatment groups demonstrated that there was an overall significant reduction in carotenoid uptake with repeated exposure across all treatment groups including the control. Despite the reduction in carotenoid uptake, mRNA and protein levels of carotenoid transporters (CD-36, SR-B1 and FABP1) were not significantly altered with exposure through differentiation (except for SR-B1 protein levels). Decrease in SR-B1 levels may be due to bile acid accumulation from the digesta matrix which is known to regulate its own biosynthesis by a mechanism that involves the down-regulation SR-B1 expression to protect cells from cytotoxicity. Our results provide some insight into the impact of simulated gastrointestinal fluids alone on provitamin A uptake in this model system which are usually not taken into consideration in most Caco-2 cell studies. However, overall, these findings indicate that the introduction of baobab and moringa at levels relevant for delivery of meaningful levels of iron (15-23% RDA) should not have negative impacts on human intestinal function or carotenoid uptake over chronic use. </p><p>Taken together, our findings indicate that the three native Africa plant materials selected for investigation in these studies can be important sources of key micronutrients (iron, zinc and provitamin A carotenoids) and have potential as natural fortificants with application in staple foods such as cereal porridges. Incorporation of these plant materials, do not appear to negatively affect carotenoid bioavailability although there is a potential for their interaction during micellarization of carotenoids during normal digestion. While in vivo studies evaluating the bioavailability of provitamin A carotenoids from such composite formulations are required, these data support the further exploration of such natural fortification strategies in addressing micronutrient deficiencies in local African communities. </p><div><br></div><p><br></p>

Undernutrition and oxidative stress in fetal life and infancy may lead to adverse health outcomes in the offspring. We studied nutrition and oxidative parameters in pregnancy and their associations with birth anthropometry and metabolic status in the children. In Matlab in rural Bangladesh, women were randomized to either early (Early) invitation to food supplementation or to start at their own liking (Usual). Women were also allocated to either; 1) 60 mg iron and 400 µg folic acid (Fe60F), 2) multiple micronutrients including 30 mg iron and folic acid (MMS), or 3) 30 mg iron and folic acid (Fe30F). Micronutrients (hemoglobin, iron, zinc, folic acid, vitamin B-12) were assessed in pregnancy week 14, lipid peroxidation in week 14 and 30, and DNA oxidation in week 19. The offspring were assessed for anthropometric measurements at birth and metabolic status at 4.5 years. Micronutrient deficiencies were common with zinc and vitamin B-12 deficiency being most prevalent. Anemia was present in approximately one third of women, however, iron deficiency was uncommon seen in only 2%. Maternal Early food supplementation group resulted in an improved lipid status in the children at 4.5 years compared to Usual food group. Prenatal use of MMS lowered the children’s glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and growth factors compared to Fe60F.   Lipid peroxidation in early pregnancy was associated with size at birth and insulin and HOMA-IR levels in the children. Lipid peroxidation in late pregnancy, however, was associated with the children’s lipid status. Both increasing lipid peroxidation and increasing DNA oxidation was associated with decreasing IGF-1 levels.  The beneficial effects of an Early start of food supplementation show that an improved prenatal nutrition may have lasting effects in the offspring and highlights the importance of early timing food supplementation. Use of MMS, however, resulted in lower insulin levels, which, considering the already low level of insulin in these children, may be a cause of concern. MMS also resulted in growth factors indicative of slower growth and further research appears to be needed before scaling up the use of MMS. Oxidative parameters in pregnancy were associated with longer-term outcomes in the offspring, suggesting that oxidative stress may be involved in the development of later metabolic disease.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T12:59:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FabioFernandoStefanello.pdf: 387128 bytes, checksum: ab00691ba985715c2d4d480a0eaf642d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-19 / The transgenic glyphosate-resistant soybean (soybean GR) has been widely cultivated in the world. Although of the benefits of this technology on weed control, currently observed at some regions that, after the application glyphosate, the soybean GR were with leaf chlorosis and could be caused by glyphosate-induced deficiency of Manganese. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the post-emergence application of glyphosate and Mn on soybean GR at different phenological growth stages and your effect in nutrients uptake and soybean GR yield. The experiment was carried out at two farms (Lages de Pedra and São Manoel), both at city of Rio Brilhante-MS. The study was in a completely randomized block design with four (São Manoel) and six (Lages de Pedra) replicates. The treatments were analyzed as factorial 3x8 with three times of application (without glyphosate; glyphosate application (720 g e.a.) in phenological growth stages V2 + V4 (480 g e.a.) and application only V4 (1.200 g e.a.)) and eight foliar Mn application of Mn in different phenological growth stages (without Mn; Mn on V4; Mn on V4 + V8; Mn on V4 + R2; Mn on V4 + V8 + R2; Mn on V8; Mn on V8 + R2 e Mn on R2), completing 24 treatments. It was not observed at no moment of the development of the culture visual symptoms of plant toxicity effects caused by glyphosate application. As well, it was not observed effects of glyphosate application on soybean GR in uptake of Mn and nutrients as N, P, K, Fe, Zn e Cu, as well, in mass of 100 grains and yield culture. The foliar Mn application did not influence the mass of 100 grains and yield culture, however increased leaf Mn content when the application was carried at phenological growth stages V8 and R2 or inside these possible combinations. The leaf Fe content decreased with the foliar Mn application / A soja transgênica resistente ao glifosato tem sido amplamente cultivada no mundo. Apesar dos benefícios dessa tecnologia no controle de plantas daninhas, recentemente tem-sê observado em alguns locais que, após a aplicação de glifosato as plantas de soja RR encontravam-se amarelecidas, e isso poderia ser causado por uma deficiência induzida de Mn. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a aplicação de glifosato em pós-emergencia em diferentes estádios fenológicos da soja RR e, seus efeitos nos teores foliares de nutrientes e produtividade de grãos, em condições de campo. O experimento foi desenvolvido na Faz. Lages de Pedra e Faz. São Manoel, ambas no município de Rio Brilhante MS. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro e seis repetições nos diferentes locais. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em arranjo fatorial 3 x 8, e consistiram da combinação de três tratamentos com aplicação de glifosato (sem glifosato; 720 g i.a. de glifosato no estádio fenológico da soja V2 + 480 g i.a. em V4 e 1.200 g i.a. de glifosato no estádio V4 da soja RR) e oito tratamentos com aplicação de Mn (sem aplicação de Mn; Mn no estádio fenológico da soja V4; Mn em V4 + V8; Mn em V4 + R2; Mn em V4 + V8 + R2; Mn em V8; Mn em V8 + R2 e Mn no estádio R2 da soja) (em cada aplicação de Mn foi utilizado 332 g de Mn ha-1), totalizando 24 tratamentos. Não foi observado em nenhum momento do desenvolvimento da cultura sintomas visuais de fitotoxidade na soja RR oriundos da aplicação de glifosato. Neste estudo não foi observado efeito do glifosato sobre os teores foliares de Mn na soja RR, assim como dos nutrientes N, P, K, Fe, Zn e Cu, bem como na massa de 100 grãos e na produtividade de grãos da soja. A aplicação foliar com Mn não influenciou a massa de 100 grãos e a produtividade, entretanto aumentou os teores foliares de Mn quando a aplicação foi realizada de forma isolada ou nas possíveis combinações nos estádios fenológicos V8 e R2 da soja transgênica. O teor foliar de Fe diminuiu com a aplicação foliar de Mn na Faz. Lages de Pedra

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T12:59:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FabioFernandoStefanello.pdf: 387128 bytes, checksum: ab00691ba985715c2d4d480a0eaf642d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-19 / The transgenic glyphosate-resistant soybean (soybean GR) has been widely cultivated in the world. Although of the benefits of this technology on weed control, currently observed at some regions that, after the application glyphosate, the soybean GR were with leaf chlorosis and could be caused by glyphosate-induced deficiency of Manganese. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the post-emergence application of glyphosate and Mn on soybean GR at different phenological growth stages and your effect in nutrients uptake and soybean GR yield. The experiment was carried out at two farms (Lages de Pedra and São Manoel), both at city of Rio Brilhante-MS. The study was in a completely randomized block design with four (São Manoel) and six (Lages de Pedra) replicates. The treatments were analyzed as factorial 3x8 with three times of application (without glyphosate; glyphosate application (720 g e.a.) in phenological growth stages V2 + V4 (480 g e.a.) and application only V4 (1.200 g e.a.)) and eight foliar Mn application of Mn in different phenological growth stages (without Mn; Mn on V4; Mn on V4 + V8; Mn on V4 + R2; Mn on V4 + V8 + R2; Mn on V8; Mn on V8 + R2 e Mn on R2), completing 24 treatments. It was not observed at no moment of the development of the culture visual symptoms of plant toxicity effects caused by glyphosate application. As well, it was not observed effects of glyphosate application on soybean GR in uptake of Mn and nutrients as N, P, K, Fe, Zn e Cu, as well, in mass of 100 grains and yield culture. The foliar Mn application did not influence the mass of 100 grains and yield culture, however increased leaf Mn content when the application was carried at phenological growth stages V8 and R2 or inside these possible combinations. The leaf Fe content decreased with the foliar Mn application / A soja transgênica resistente ao glifosato tem sido amplamente cultivada no mundo. Apesar dos benefícios dessa tecnologia no controle de plantas daninhas, recentemente tem-sê observado em alguns locais que, após a aplicação de glifosato as plantas de soja RR encontravam-se amarelecidas, e isso poderia ser causado por uma deficiência induzida de Mn. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a aplicação de glifosato em pós-emergencia em diferentes estádios fenológicos da soja RR e, seus efeitos nos teores foliares de nutrientes e produtividade de grãos, em condições de campo. O experimento foi desenvolvido na Faz. Lages de Pedra e Faz. São Manoel, ambas no município de Rio Brilhante MS. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro e seis repetições nos diferentes locais. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em arranjo fatorial 3 x 8, e consistiram da combinação de três tratamentos com aplicação de glifosato (sem glifosato; 720 g i.a. de glifosato no estádio fenológico da soja V2 + 480 g i.a. em V4 e 1.200 g i.a. de glifosato no estádio V4 da soja RR) e oito tratamentos com aplicação de Mn (sem aplicação de Mn; Mn no estádio fenológico da soja V4; Mn em V4 + V8; Mn em V4 + R2; Mn em V4 + V8 + R2; Mn em V8; Mn em V8 + R2 e Mn no estádio R2 da soja) (em cada aplicação de Mn foi utilizado 332 g de Mn ha-1), totalizando 24 tratamentos. Não foi observado em nenhum momento do desenvolvimento da cultura sintomas visuais de fitotoxidade na soja RR oriundos da aplicação de glifosato. Neste estudo não foi observado efeito do glifosato sobre os teores foliares de Mn na soja RR, assim como dos nutrientes N, P, K, Fe, Zn e Cu, bem como na massa de 100 grãos e na produtividade de grãos da soja. A aplicação foliar com Mn não influenciou a massa de 100 grãos e a produtividade, entretanto aumentou os teores foliares de Mn quando a aplicação foi realizada de forma isolada ou nas possíveis combinações nos estádios fenológicos V8 e R2 da soja transgênica. O teor foliar de Fe diminuiu com a aplicação foliar de Mn na Faz. Lages de Pedra

PhD (Food Science and Technology) / Department of Food Science and Technology / Finger millet (FM) (Eleusine coracana) grains are the staple food in Africa and India for communities with low socio-economic growth. The grains have high content of calcium, dietary fibre, carbohydrates that are rich in protein, fat, iron, phosphorus, vitamin and essential amino acids. Flours from milky cream (MC), brown and black varieties of FM were fortified with vitamin (vit) B₂ and zinc oxide (ZnO) in order to restore the nutrients that were lost during milling and sieving processes. The main aim of the study was to analyse the physical, nutritional composition and functional properties of flours from three (3) FM varieties fortified with vit B2 and ZnO. Pearl millet was used for comparison with the results obtained from this study. MC, brown and black varieties of FM flour treatments were arranged as a completely randomized design (CRD) in three (3) replicates. Physical properties: dimensional properties, colour attributes, kernel weight, bulk density (BD), true density, porosity, surface area, kernel volume, aspect ratio, sphericity and moisture content of the FM grains were analysed. Vitamins and minerals were also analysed. Functional properties: colour attributes, bulk density (BD), water absorption capacity (WAC), oil absorption capacity (OAC), swelling capacity (SC), swelling index (SI), foaming capacity (FC), foaming solubility (FS), dispersibility (Dis), viscosity (cool & hot paste), pasting properties, thermal properties and microscopic structure of FM flours were determined. Data generated were analysed using SPSS version 23.0. Moisture content of MC FM grain and flour was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than brown and black varieties but was within the specified range of <12%. This indicated the long storage shelf-life of the grains and flours. Length of brown FM grains was significantly higher (p < 0.05) when compared to MC and black varieties. MC variety was significantly higher than other varieties in width, kernel weight, bulk density, true density, aspect ratio and sphericity. The information obtained from this study will help in designing suitable equipment for planting, harvesting, storage, processing and packaging of grains. Pearl millet grain was significantly higher than FM flours in all physical properties. MC FM was significantly higher iii in L* (whiteness/ brightness), b* (yellowness/ blueness), C* (chroma), Hº (hue angle) and ZnO values compared to brown and black flours. MC raw fortified finger millet (RFFM) and instant fortified finger millet (IFFM) flours were significantly higher in vitamin B2. People prefer fortified MC flour because most of people living in South Africa use white maize as their staple food and it is similar to MC. Colour is the most important quality parameter in food processing industries and it is also attracts the consumer’s choice and preference. The vitamins and minerals that were lost during sieving, drying and milling were replaced by the two (2) fortificants added which may help to reduce the micronutrient deficiencies. Milky cream FM flours showed significantly high (p < 0.05) values in BD, WAC, OAC, SI, FC and dis. These are the fundamental physico-chemical properties that reflect the interaction between the composition and molecular structure. Length of brown FM grains was significantly higher (p < 0.05) when compared to MC and black variety. The MC variety was significantly higher than other varieties in width, kernel weight, bulk density, true density, aspect ratio and sphericity. Pearl millet was significantly higher than FM flours in all physical properties. MCFM variety was significantly higher in L* (whiteness/ brightness), b* (yellowness/ blueness), C* (chroma), and Hº (hue angle) values as compared to other FM varieties. Moisture content of MC flour was significantly higher as compared to brown and black FM flours. Pasting properties of MC raw finger millet (RFM) and RFFM flours showed significantly higher in peak viscosity (PV) (3518 cP), final viscosity (FV) (6554 cP), breakdown viscosity (BDV) (703 cP) and setback viscosity (SV) (3868 cP) as compared to other RFM and RFFM flours. Brown instant finger millet (IFM) and IFFM flours had significantly higher of PV (723 cP), trough viscosity (TV) (655 cP) and FV (983 cP). IFFM flours had significantly higher values of PV (712 cP), TV (614 cP) and FV (970 cP), respectively. The instant pearl millet (IPM) and instant fortified pearl millet (IFPM) showed significantly higher value in BDV (330 cP and 131 cP) and SV (362 cP and 346 cP), respectively. Thermal properties of black RFM was significantly higher in onset temperature (To) (74.31), peak temperature (TP) (81.94ºC) and conclusion temperature (Tc) (89.64) and RFFM starches were significantly high in To (81.80ºC), TP (84.22ºC) and TC (92.81ºC), respectively. Milky ivcream IFM starch showed significantly higher values in TO (84.57ºC), TP (87.27ºC), Tc (92.81ºC) and ΔH (7.63ºC) compared to other starches. Brown IFFM flour was significantly higher value in To (85.88ºC) and TP (87.14ºC). The starch of IFPM was significantly higher in enthalpy of gelatinisation (6.91ºC) and PHI (2.94ºC) as compared to other FM starches. Brown IFM flour showed significantly higher value in gelatinisation temperature range (13.50ºC). The microscopic structure revealed that RFM and RFFM flours had oval and smooth surfaces. RFM and RFFM flours showed positive effect after fortificants were added because the starch granules, protein bodies and protein matrix were visible and formed crystal. IFM and IFFM flours had some holes, dents and rough surfaces. Instant fortified flours showed negative effect after fortificants were added due to technological processes such as recooking and remilling of flours. Different variations observed on physical, nutritional and functional properties after adding the fortificants may affect the physical, chemical and organoleptic properties of food produced from fortified flour. There is need to fortify FM flours with ZnO which may help to replace the value lost during milling and sieving operations. It is possible that the availability of ZnO could reduce the incidence of some non-communicable diseases. / NRF

The adequate intake of micronutrients is important to maintain optimal health and prevent nutritional disorders and chronic disease. Studies have shown that medical students often reduce self-care behaviors and lack adequate dietary intake, leading to nutritional deficiencies. In this quantitative cross-sectional study, measurements of micronutrient levels in a sample of allied health and nursing students were compared to Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) values. NutritionQuest Data-on-Demand System was used to analyze nutrients and food group intake. The postpositivist paradigm was used to examine how the independent and dependent variables relate to each other. Using a one-sample t test, a comparison of average micronutrient intake among study participants with RDA values for those micronutrients showed that average micronutrient intake in the study population was higher than recommended values. Two sample t-test results showed no significant difference in average intake of micronutrients among participants with high and low income levels, or with high and low stress levels. As the normality assumption was not satisfied by the outcome variables, nonparametric tests were used to evaluate hypotheses. While this finding does not support the original hypothesis, it could have implications for the role of allied health and nursing practitioners in the care of both their patients and members of their medical team. Conversely, an assumption of this study was that a high level of similarity between the traditional medical student population and the allied health and nursing population in terms of nutritional habits may have led to a flaw in the overall research hypothesis. The detection of micronutrient deficiencies in students can bring awareness to improve nutritional intake and initiate a change in how public health officials advocate healthy and balanced diets.

Background: Multiple micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent in pregnant women in developing countries and can result in adverse effects to both the mother and infant. Multiple micronutrient supplements or supplementary foods may be a way to combat micronutrient deficiencies. Objective: To assess change in micronutrient and protein levels in moderately malnourished pregnant Malawian women after receiving one of three nutritional interventions. Methods: Serum retinol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ferritin, vitamin B12, folate, zinc, albumin and C-reactive protein concentrations were measured in pregnant women with MUAC >20.6 cm and Results: Baseline micronutrient concentrations indicated high rates of deficiency in zinc (29-39%) and albumin (37-46%), and marginal status of retinol (26-37%) and vitamin D (31-32%). Adjusted mean changes in vitamin B12 concentrations from week 0 to week 10 were -17.1, -36.1, and -52.9 pg/mL for RUSF, CSB-UNIMMAP, and CSB-IFA, respectively (p=0.007). Adjusted mean changes in vitamin D concentrations from week 0 to week 10 were 6.1, 3.1, and 1.7 ng/mL for RUSF, CSB-UNIMMAP, and CSB-IFA, respectively (p=0.007). Adjusted mean changes in folate concentrations from week 0 to week 10 were 2.2, 1.7, and 4.0 ng/mL for RUSF, CSB-UNIMMAP, and CSB-IFA, respectively (p=0.37 for effect of treatment; p=0.06 for the interaction effect of time*treatment). Changes in ferritin, zinc, albumin, retinol, and CRP were not significantly different between treatment groups. Conclusions: Deficiencies in zinc and albumin, and marginal status of vitamin D and retinol, are common among this population of moderately malnourished pregnant Malawian women. Significant changes in vitamin D and vitamin B12were observed from week 0 to week 10, with the RUSF group having the greatest improvements compared to the CSB-UNIMMAP and CSB-IFA treatments.

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L’ Initiative des Écoles Amies de la Nutrition (IEAN) est une initiative développée par l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) en 2006 pour contrer le Double Fardeau Nutritionnel (DFN). TRANSNUT est une équipe de professeurs de l’Université de Montréal et Centre collaborateur OMS sur la transition nutritionnelle et le développement. En 2009, il a participé à une étude de base au Burkina Faso, qui a recueilli des données anthropométriques et biologiques des élèves du cours moyen. Cinq ans plus tard, en 2014, de nouvelles données anthropométriques et biologiques ont été recueillies dans les mêmes écoles mais non chez les mêmes élèves. Le but de cette étude est d'analyser les données de 2014 et de comparer les résultats avec ceux de 2009, afin d'évaluer l'impact et l’efficacité de l'initiative. C’est une étude transversale menée dans 12 écoles à Ouagadougou, la capitale du Burkina Faso. Six écoles «intervention» et six écoles «témoin» ont été sélectionnées, en tenant compte de la nature des écoles (privées/publiques) et de leurs zones géographiques (urbaines/périurbaines). L'échantillon total comprenait 651 écoliers (54,7% de filles) âgés de 8 à 14 ans. Des mesures anthropométriques et de la concentration d'hémoglobine ont été effectuées sur tous les enfants, alors que le rétinol sérique a été mesuré dans un sous-échantillon aléatoire de 184 enfants. Le test de t et du Khi Carré ont été utilisés pour la comparaison des moyennes et des proportions. L'âge moyen des enfants était de 11,4 ± 1,1 ans. Les taux d'anémie et de déficience en vitamine A (DVA) étaient respectivement de 35,6% et 26,1%. La prévalence du retard de croissance était de 8,1% et celle de la maigreur, de 8,4%. Chez les filles, 2,8% étaient en surpoids contre 0,9% des garçons (p = 0,036). Moins d'élèves étaient maigres en 2014 (7,2%) par rapport à 2009 (13,7%), et ce résultat était significatif avec p < 0,001. En outre, les carences en micronutriments ont été moins présentes dans les écoles en 2014 par rapport à 2009 (p = 0,007 pour l'anémie, p = 0,044 pour la DVA). Nos résultats ont confirmé une grande amélioration du statut nutritionnel des enfants d’âge scolaire à Ouagadougou. Toutefois, il n’est pas possible présentement d’évaluer jusqu'à quelle mesure l’IEAN a été impliquée dans ces changements, ni d’attribuer ces améliorations à cette initiative uniquement. Les recherches futures doivent être axées sur des études longitudinales pour évaluer de manière plus précise la croissance des mêmes élèves qui font partie des écoles « amies de la nutrition ». / The Nutrition-Friendly School Initiative (NFSI) is an initiative developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2006 to counter the Double Burden of Malnutrition (DBM). TRANSNUT is a team of researchers from the University of Montreal, and a WHO collaborating Centre on Nutrition Changes and Development. In 2009, it participated in a baseline study in Burkina Faso, which collected anthropometric and biological data from students aged 7 to 14 years. Five years later, in 2014, new anthropometric and laboratory data were collected in the same schools but not from the same students. The aim of this study is to analyze the data collected in 2014 and to compare the results with those from 2009 in order to assess the impact of the initiative. This is a cross-sectional study conducted in 12 schools in Ouagadougou the capital of Burkina Faso. Six "intervention" schools and six "control" schools were selected, taking into account the nature of schools (private/public) and their geographical area (urban/suburban). The total sample consisted of 651 schoolchildren (54,7% girls) aged 8-14 years old. Anthropometric and hemoglobin measurements were performed on all children, whereas serum retinol was measured in a random sub-sample of 184 children. Independent t-test and chi square tests were used for comparison of means and proportions. Mean age of the children was 11.4 ± 1.1 years. Rates of anemia and vitamin A deficiency (VAD) were 35.6% and 26.1% respectively. The prevalence of stunting was 6.3% and that of thinness, 7.2%. Among girls, 2.8% were overweight compared to 0.9% of boys (p = 0.036). Fewer students were thin in 2014 (7.2%) compared to 2009 (13.7%), and this difference was significant with p < 0.001. Also, micronutrient deficiencies were less present in schools in 2014 in comparison with 2009 (p = 0.007 for anemia, p = 0.044 for VAD). Our results point to a significant improvement in the nutritional status of school children in Ouagadougou. However, it is not currently possible to assess to what extent NSFI was involved in these changes, nor to attribute these improvements to his initiative only. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to assess more accurately the growth of the same students who are part of “nutrition-friendly” schools.

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit bestand darin, in Modellversuchen in Wasserkultur und im Festsubstrat sowohl elementspezifische (Mg-, Fe-, Mn- oder Zn-Mangel) als auch komplexe N hrstoffmangelsituationen (gleichzeitiger Mangel an Fe, Mn und Zn) zu simulieren und die Wirkung pr ventiver resp. kurativer Blattapplikationen auf Wachstum und Ertrag von Buschbohnenpflanzen zu untersuchen. Zusammengefaát wurden folgende Ergebnisse erzielt. Bei unzureichendem Mg- und Fe-Angebot sowie bei gleichzeitigem Mangel an Fe, Mn und Zn wurden das Wachstum und die Ertragsbildung hochsignifikant vermindert. Die Auswirkungen des Mg-Mangels auf Wachstum und Ertrag wurden durch die pr ventive Blattapplikation erfolgreich ausgeglichen. Die verwendeten Mikron hrstoff-Formulierungen waren bei Fe-Mangel bzw. bei multipler Mikron hrstoff-Unterversorgung, im Gegensatz zu Mn- bzw. Zn-Mangel, weniger wirksam. Aufgrund des N hrstoffmangels w hrend der generativen Phase wurden die gebildeten Bl ten und H lsen abgeworfen. Den Mangelpflanzen erm glichte die Blattapplikation erst die H lsenbildung. Ausschlaggebend f r die H he des H lsenertrages war die Anzahl der gebildeten H lsen, da das H lsengewicht nicht wesentlich beeinfluát wurde. Aufgrund des verminderten N hrstoffangebotes im N hrmedium nahm die Konzentration der betroffenen N hrstoffe im Blatt bis in den kritischen Grenzwertbereich ab. Mit Ausnahme der Fe-Mangelvarianten wirkte die Blattd ngung dieser Abnahme der N hrstoffkonzentration erfolgreich entgegen. Hinsichtlich Wachstum Ertragsbildung und N hrstoffaufnahme wurden, sowohl bei den Mg- als auch bei den Mikron hrstoff-Blattd ngern keine von der Zusammensetzung abh ngigen Wirksamkeitsunterschiede festgestellt. Bez glich der untersuchten Parameter des Wachstums und der Ertragsbildung erwies sich die pr ventive Mg-Blattapplikation der kurativen gegen ber als hochsignifikant berlegen. Derart deutliche Wirksamkeitsunterschiede in Abh ngigkeit vom Applikationszeitpunkt blieben bei den Mikron hrstoff-Blattd ngern aus. Ein Mg- und Mikron hrstoffangebot von 10% im Jugendstadium konnte ein ungest rtes vegetatives Wachstum der Pflanzen gew hrleisten. Eine Mg- bzw. Mikron hrstoff-Unterversorgung der Pflanzen w hrend der generativen Phase bewirkte einen R ckgang des Samenertrages von ber 60% bis 80%. Mit Hilfe der Blattapplikationen w hrend der generativen Phase wurde der Abwurf der reproduktiven Organe hochsignifikant vermindert. Dadurch konnten ber 90% des Samenertrages der Kontrolle erreicht werden. Ungeachtet einer erfolgreichen Impfung mit Rhizobium blieben die Pflanzen ohne N-Startd ngung im Vergleich zu einer Startd ngung mit einer quivalentmenge von 40 kg N/ha bei Wachstum und Ertragsbildung hochsignifikant zur ck. Gemessen am Samenertrag konnten die Auswirkungen des N-Mangels im Jugendstadium durch eine Nachd ngung zu Bl hbeginn nicht mehr ausgeglichen werden. Durch die Kombination Nachd ngung zu Bl hbeginn und Blattapplikation w hrend der Kornf llungsphase wurde die Abscission von reproduktiven Organen signifikant vermindert und die h chste Ertragswirksamkeit erzielt. Unabh ngig von den Behandlungen lag der Rohproteingehalt der Samen bei 20%. Auch die anderen N hrstoffe der Samen lagen im normalen Konzentrationsbereich f r Buschbohne. / The aim of this study was to simulate as well specific (Mg-, Fe-, Mn- and Zn-deficiency) as complex nutrient deficiency situations in model systems using either nutrient solution or solid substrates and to investigate the effect of preventive or curative applications of foliar fertilizers on growth and yield of bean plants. Results may be summarized as follows: Insufficient supply of magnesium and iron or simultaneous deficiency in Fe, Mn and Zn resulted in highly significant reduction of growth and yield of bean plants. Effect of magnesium deficiency on growth and yield could be successfully compensated by preventive foliar fertilization. The applied micronutrient compounds were less successful in the case of iron deficiency or multiple micronutrient deficiency situations as compared to manganese or zinc deficiency. Nutrient deficiency during the generative phase resulted in dropping of flowers and pods. In deficient plants foliar fertilizer application was a precondition for pod formation. Since pod weight was not substantially affected by plant nutrition pod number was the decisive factor for pod yield. As a result of reduced nutrient supply in the substrates leaf concentration of investigated nutrients declined below critical deficiency levels. With exception of the Fe-deficiency variants application of foliar fertilizers successfully compensated for the decrease in leaf nutrient concentrations. The composition of Mg and micronutrient foliar fertilizers did not affect significantly plant growth, yield and nutrient uptake. For the investigated parameters of growth and yield formation preventive foliar application of magnesium fertilizers was significantly more effective as compared to curative application. Such distinctive differences in fertilizer effects with time of application could not be found in micronutrient fertilizers. Mg and micronutrient supply of as low as 10% of optimal supply during juvenile growth phase could guarantee undisturbed vegetative growth. Drastic decrease of magnesium or micronutrient supply during the reproductive phase resulted in a reduction of pod yield up to 60 - 80%. Foliar fertilizer application during the reproductive development significantly reduced dropping of reproductive organs and thus seed yields of more than 90% of control were achieved. Nevertheless after a successful inoculation with Rhizobium plants without a nitrogen start dressing had significantly lower growth and yields than those with a starter fertilization of 40 kg N/ha. With regard to seed yield the effects of nitrogen deficiency during the juvenile phase could not be compensated by late fertilization at the flowering stage. The combination of a late fertilization at the flowering stage and leaf application during pod filling resulted in decreased pod abscission and therefore in highest yields. Independently of treatments the raw protein content of the bean seeds approximated to 20%. Also other nutrients in the seeds were in the adequate range for Phaseolus bean.