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Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA (DVS) / A large number of people have found themselves in South Africa as economic refugees due to the economic decline that has been experienced in Zimbabwe over the years. A significant number are undocumented and therefore face different challenges compared to other groups. Little research has been done to look at this particular group. The research gives a background of the state of the economy and the political reasons that have acted as a push factor to the people. The research seeks to ascertain why and how a group of migrants viewed as especially vulnerable remit. In answering this question, the thesis addresses specific questions such as; the types of jobs and socioeconomic background of migrants, frequency and volumes of remitting and channels of remitting. These questions were guided by the International Theory Migration and an empirical review of motives for remitting.

Objectives: The aim of this project was to examine tuberculosis (TB) treatment access among migrant and refugee populations in a Thai border province. To study TB control from a wider perspective, we also sought to understand how migrant and refugee cases are enumerated in the public health surveillance system and explored treatment providers’ responsiveness to treatment barriers. Methods: We used a concurrent mix-methods design with an overarching qualitative emphasis and an embedded smaller quantitative survey. To gain perspectives on treatment accessibility we conducted focus group discussions with TB, tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection (TB/HIV) and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients. We also held key informant interviews with TB treatment providers and public health officials in Tak province and did a survey of community health volunteers. We analyzed the data using thematic analysis and descriptive statistics. Results: We found that migrants are travelling long distances with active TB to seek treatment in Tak province and that legal status influences migrants’ eligibility for TB care. Migrants in our study reported more barriers to accessing TB treatment than refugees. TB/HIV and MDR-TB treatment options for migrants in Tak province are limited and are heavily reliant on donor funding. We found that migrant and refugee TB cases are under reported in the public health surveillance system. Organizations in Tak province are highly collaborative and we identified two NGOs who have developed programs that are responsive to migrants’ needs. Conclusions: Our research suggests that in Tak province, Thailand access to TB treatment occurs at the intersection of health system accessibility, population ability and legal status. Interventions to improve treatment access and adherence to TB treatment necessarily extend outside of the healthcare system and address the social determinants of health.

Cette thèse porte sur la question de la migration irrégulière. Plus précisément, elle porte sur la protection des droits des migrants en situation irrégulière dans le contexte européen de sécurisation de la migration. Cette thèse vise à répondre à l'absence d'interrogation sur la protection des migrants vulnérables en situation irrégulière dans les disciplines sociales, notamment en Relations Internationales. L'argument est basé sur la littérature en sécurité critique traitant de la décriminalisation du migrant en situation irrégulière et visant le dévoilement de l’artificialité de toute exclusion politique. Cette thèse s’ancre aussi dans la littérature des mouvements sociaux se concentrant sur l’accès des migrants en situation irrégulière aux droits sociaux et politiques des pays occidentaux. Elle est aussi inspirée par le corpus de littérature traitant des questions de la citoyenneté, de l’identité politique et de l’inclusion politique. Au plan empirique, cette thèse repose sur une analyse systématique du discours de plusieurs ONG humanitaires françaises, italiennes et espagnoles. L'analyse entend distribuer plus de 200 documents sur un axe allant de la dépolitisation, comprise comme l’exclusion du corps politique des migrants en situation irrégulière, vers la répolitisation, comprise comme l’inclusion politique des migrants concernés. À l'aide de cette grille d'analyse, cette thèse tentera de mettre en lumière une nouvelle façon d’argumenter la protection. La protection des droits des migrants en situation irrégulière peut se réaliser non seulement à travers le processus traditionnel d'octroi et de reconnaissance des droits par l'État du haut vers le bas mais, de plus en plus souvent et avec une assez grande efficacité, du bas vers le haut, en ayant comme point de départ le migrant lui-même et la société civile qui l’appuie dans ses revendications par rapport à l'État. Cette thèse argumente ainsi l'importance de mettre l'accent sur la politique de la protection, les jeux de pouvoir, les négociations entre plusieurs acteurs qui font et défont la protection l’inclusion et l’exclusion politique du migrant en situation irrégulière, le tout étant conçu comme processus de politisation-dépolitisation. Cette thèse affirme que toute décision juridique est avant tout une négociation politique qui doit impliquer une multitude d'acteurs et non seulement les États. Une plus grande importance devrait être accordée aux acteurs de la société civile et à l'individu lui-même concerné par l'exclusion, une meilleure crédibilité et une meilleure place dans la politique de la protection. Cette recherche affirme aussi que, dans ce contexte, l'humanitaire voit son intervention réformée, il devient un humanitaire politisé, activement engagé dans la protection des droits et par conséquent, dans la politisation du migrant en situation irrégulière. De là, toute l'importance de mettre en évidence l'existence de ce mouvement de protection sur la place publique, orchestré par l'humanitaire, et de voir par quels discours, par quelles stratégies et vers quels buts cette mobilisation de l'humanitaire se réalise.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / South Africa is paradoxically an interesting case study. On the one hand, it is characterised by widespread and persistent poverty and extra-ordinary levels of unemployment. On the other hand, South Africa is quintessentially a migration destination country, ranking among countries with the highest number of migrants from other African countries. While it currently hosts more than three million international migrants, which represents approximately 4.2% of the country’s entire population, nearly half of the South African black population live in poverty and grapple with income inequality, unemployment, food insecurity and hunger. Much like their South African counterparts, international migrants are not immune to the conundrum of poverty. Added to the poverty-related social challenges that confront the natives of South Africa, foreign nationals in South Africa endure the migration-specific risks, shocks, hardships, deprivation and vulnerabilities.

The focus of my research is on the experience of Cameroonian migrants, and their relationship with the City of Cape Town. This work focuses on agency on the part of the migrant in understanding the mechanisms/strategies they use in their integration process within their host communities. This thesis argues that those migrants with the weakest social position and tenuous links to their home country are forced to live a marginal and precarious existence while those with stronger ties and independent means of existence adopt a transnational existence. There are also those migrants who, having selected and made South Africa their home, have transformed local cultures and attitudes. The latter was the ideal type that drove and motivated this research, for it is through these processes that community members in South Africa can be made aware of the benefits that come with migrants. This is a global challenge and different countries have responded to it in different ways. Through a qualitative method, I argue in the thesis that despite the “otherness” experienced by migrants within their host communities, authority and institutions, migrants lay claims of social belonging in South Africa and as a result through ethnic solidarity embedded within their Home Town Association - defensively combine as a strategy for existence within their host communities.

No / This article focuses on Pakistani Muslim women across generations: pioneer migrants who arrived in the 1960s and 70s and their descendants born or brought up in the UK. It traces their lives before and immediately after migration and also explores the present day when the pioneers are in their twilight years, their children have grown up and many have grandchildren in their teens. The paper shows how migration to the UK impacted upon their gendered social and religious norms and charts the changes which have taken place across the generations. Using primary empirical data the paper examines how Pakistani Muslim women negotiated the context of migration and settlement to reproduce and modify traditional gender norms through examining changes in the religious sphere.

abstract / Public Health / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Migrant social networks have become somewhat of a trademark of global migration. Social networks and their development cannot only be recognized as a by product of migration, instead what has been noted is that social networks have emerged as primary actors in the migration process as seen in the incidence of the Asian migrant population in Lenasia. The use of social networks by migrants allow for migrants to accrue a range of benefits such as access to accommodation, employment, security and participation in social activities. With regard to the research report, the use of social networks by Asian migrants to access accommodation in Lenasia has been the focus of the study. Initial assumptions about this transient community entailed that migrants in Lenasia were generally unable to access accommodation through other formalised mechanisms such as rental companies therefore they relied on social networks. This has however been proven incorrect and what was found was that the migrant population had in fact never considered or utilised the services of a rental company because their social networks had always successfully met their accommodation needs. The occurrence of migrant social networks in Lenasia has initiated further migration into the area, and subsequently led to the development of migrant enclaves operating in isolation from the pre-existing community. The effect the creation of migrant enclaves in Lenasia has had on the area’s development trajectory is explored in the research. In addition the consequences of migrant enclaves and separate social networks between the pre-existing and migrant community are investigated

STUDENT NUMBER: 0407481N SCHOOL FOR HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES MASTER OF ARTS IN FORCED MIGRATION STUDIES / Proponents of migrants rights often posit that distinct legislation not only secure migrants rights in host countries, but also enhance the ideals of liberal democracies in which policing is regulated by the rule of law, impartiality and respect for due process. The potential for discrimination by host communities to some categories of migrants is deemed to underscore the importance of migration laws. Critics argue that such laws undermine the very rights they are supposed to protect in that they set different standards for the treatment of migrants. In this study, based on evidence from research with Somali migrants in Johannesburg, South Africa, study I argue that legal documents as evidence of legal status have little significance in the policing of migrants. This paradox can be explained by three main reasons; first, the issuance, retention and renewal of these documents is characterized by irregularities and corruption that undermine the legitimacy of the document, giving the police enough grounds for suspicion. Second the political and social context in which policing of migrants is done undermines the significance of their legal status. The anti-migration sentiment among the nationals effectively sets different standards for policing of migrants. Third, the legal framework gives the police the dual and potentially conflicting responsibilities of regulating migration on the one hand and protecting migrants on the other hand. The police have taken their regulation responsibility to be synonymous with that of gate-keeping whereby migrants are separated and denied access to government services. This role of gate – keeping is manipulated by the police for their own ends while citizens and politicians directly or indirectly sanction their extra-legal actions when dealing with migrants.