This thesis paper is based on Ian Manners Normative Power Europe-theory with a focus on EU’s military operation in Somalia. By examining documents from EU institutions in the form of reports concerning EU NAVFOR – Operation ATALANTA – EUTM Somalia – EUCAP NESTOR. This study shows that the Normative Power Europe-theory can get expressed and that the EU continues its normative statements in Somalia. This result is an interesting contribution to the theory of Normative Power Europe witch have gotten a lot of critic about how a military operation should effect and diminish the theory.

Diploma thesis with the title Atentát na říšského protektora Reinharda Heydricha - komparace filmových adaptací Atentát (1964) a Anthropoid (2016) deals with the influence of selected factors on the movie representation of real historical event. These facts can be the time and the country of origin, the political situation in the country, the target market, nationality of the authors, etc. The theoretical part will present the historical context of the real event, the corresponding film theory, artistic means and methodology. The comparative analysis will help to compare pre-selected scenes and situations identical for both movies. The findings will be evaluated at the end of the thesis.

This master’s thesis explores the application of Modeling and Simulation (M&S) techniques in military operations involving Forward Arming and Refueling Points (FARP). FARPs play a crucial role in supporting aircraft operations by facilitating deep penetration into enemy territory and ensuring sustained presence in the Area of Operation (AOO). Due to the limited reach of aircraft, FARPs often become essential for accessing the AOO. Logistical units that are responsible for establishing FARPs, face the challenge of timely deployment, as joint air operations planning is complex and time-consuming. M&S is employed to enhance the efficiency of FARP planning processes for military helicopters.M&S allows for the testing of various solutions without the need for physical experiments, thereby enabling the exploration of different options during the planning phase of FARP operations. The Information Systems (IS) framework is utilized to create a theoretical knowledge base, forming the foundation for developing a M&S product tailored to the requirements of FARP operations.This master’s thesis utilizes the Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) method to construct a model of FARP operations, while employing Monte Carlo Simulation to quantify associated risks and discrete event simulation to simulate the time aspects of such operations. The outcomes include a Python-based simulation program that interprets real-world map images, simulates FARP operations, and generates data such as helicopter fuel consumption and FARP survival probability.Although the simulation program has limited functionality, it demonstrates the potential of M&S to support decision-making processes for FARP commanders, which can enhance the overall efficiency of the FARP planning process. This is shown by a Spearman correlation test and Student's t-test, which revealed significant relationships among different elements of the model, reflecting the dynamics observed in real- world FARP operations. Further enhancements can be made to the simulation program by incorporating additional dynamic elements of the model.

Depuis 2001, l'UE a mené plus d'une vingtaine d'opérations militaires et de missions civiles, et elle est désormais considérée comme une organisation majeure dans le domaine du maintien de la paix.Longtemps perçue comme une organisation intergouvernementale, la mise en place d'une structure européenne de gestion des crises intégrée au coeur de l'organisation, ainsi que la délégation de la gestion courante de la crise aux organes européens, ont participé à l'autonomisation progressive de l'UE par rapport à ses Etats membres. Cette autonomisation de l'organisation se manifeste également dans l'ordre juridique international. Tout un corps de règles s'applique alors à l'UE du fait de son intervention dans l'ordre juridique international, notamment les règles relatives à la responsabilité internationale des organisations régionales. L'intervention effective de l'Union européenne dans le domaine du maintien de la paix – en tant qu'organisation régionale – s'inscrit dans un cadre juridique imprécis. Or, le phénomène de régionalisation a pu être interprété comme portant préjudice au système de sécurité collective instauré par la Charte des Nations unies. Partant,deux aspects de l'intervention effective de l'UE appellent analyse : celui de la conformité de son action au cadre onusien et celui de sa contribution aux évolutions du maintien de la paix / Since 2001, the EU has conducted more than twenty military operations and civilian missions, and is now seen as one of the leading organizations in the field of peacekeeping. For a long time perceived as an intergovernmental organization, the establishment of an integrated structure for crisis management into the heart of the organization, as well as the delegation of this crisis management to the different European organs, have contributed to the gradual empowerment of the EU toward its member states. This process of becoming autonomous is also evident in the international legal order. A large set of rules thus applies to the EU due to its involvement in the international legal order, including rules relating to the international responsibility for regional organizations. The effective intervention of the European Union in the field of peacekeeping – as a regional organization– is in keeping with an unclear legal framework. However, the phenomen on of regionalization could have been interpreted as prejudicing the collective security system established by the UN Charter.Two aspects of the effective intervention of the European Union call for analysis : the conformity of its action to the UN framework and its contribution to the evolution of peacekeeping

Ces travaux de recherche abordent un problème de défense anti-aérien, usuellement appelé problème d'allocation d'armes à des cibles dans la littérature. L'allocation d'armes à des cibles est un problème bien connu de la recherche opérationnelle militaire qui a rencontré un franc succès parmi la communauté des chercheurs, et qui aujourd'hui encore suscite un large engouement puisque sa propriété démontrée NP-difficile en fait un problème qui reste irrésolu. Que ce soit par des méthodes analytiques ou meta-heuristiques, le problème d'allocation d'armes à des cibles a fait l'objet de nombreuses propositions de résolution. Cependant, il est assez surprenant de voir que la modélisation proposée pour ce problème n'a guère évolué depuis qu'il est apparu pour la première fois dans la littérature en 1950. Cette modélisation peut être considérée comme obsolète aujourd'hui et ne répond plus aux exigences qui accompagnent les technologies modernes. En effet, en 60 ans le champ de bataille a complètement changé, et dans la littérature seulement un nombre limité d'études proposent de prendre en compte ces évolutions. L'étude menée dans cette thèse propose de s'intéresser aux systèmes de Commandes et Contrôles (C2) pour des applications anti-aériennes. Habituellement un système C2 est composé de senseurs, d'un centre d'opérations tactiques et d'un ou plusieurs lanceurs. Les senseurs alimentent le centre d'opérations tactiques à partir des informations qu'ils recueillent, puis, une fois ces informations reçues, le centre d'opérations tactiques va interpréter ces données afin de calculer l'atteignabilité des menaces. Enfin, un plan d'engagement qui comprend l'allocation des munitions disponibles aux cibles et une date de tir sont proposés à un opérateur humain qui aura pour mission de valider cette proposition en totalité ou partiellement, puis va procéder à l'engagement des menaces. Pour remplir cet objectif, une approche innovante et faisant l'objet d'un dépôt de brevet a été développée afin de répondre aux difficultés relatives aux problèmes d'optimisation multi-objectifs. Ensuite, un algorithme d'optimisation continue basé sur la combinaison de l'optimisation par essaim particulaires avec la théorie des jeux évolutionnaires est proposé pour optimiser les dates de tirs. L'allocation optimale, elle, est obtenue en adaptant cette méthode continue au cas discret. La preuve que l'algorithme développé est localement convergent est donnée dans cette thèse. D'autre part, l'aspect temps-réel a également fait l'objet d'une recherche attentive et l'algorithme précédemment cité a été hybridé avec les réseaux de neurones afin d'accélérer le temps de calcul des composants identifiés comme "lourds" en termes de charge de calcul. Enfin, cette étude ne se limite pas à une application de recherche opérationnelle militaire, mais inclut quelques concepts élémentaires de guidage et de navigation pour le calcul d'atteignabilité des menaces. Finalement, cette thèse permet d'identifier que les points suivants doivent faire l'objet d'une attention très particulière afin de développer un outil d'aide à la décision efficace. D'abord, la métrique d'évaluation d'un bon plan d'engagement doit être clairement analysée. Ensuite, le plan d'engagement proposé doit être stable et ne pas proposer de changements soudains qui pourraient perturber l'opérateur. Le troisième point concerne la robustesse de la solution proposée et sa capacité à faire face aux situations les plus compliquées. Quatrièmement, le temps et la charge de calcul sont des contraintes techniques qui ne peuvent pas être outrepassées. Finalement, les exigences posées lors de la préparation de mission et qui dépendent du contexte doivent faire l'objet d'une attention particulière. C'est pourquoi, l'outil d'aide à la décision proposé doit permettre un allègement significatif de la charge de travail de l'opérateur ainsi que la réduction considérable du stress lié à ce contexte / This research investigates a practical air defence problem, usually named Weapon Target Assignment (WTA) in the literature. The WTA problem is a well-known problem of military operation research that encountered a wide success in the research community, but still nowadays since it remains an unsolved problem because of its NP-hardness property. From analytical to heuristic methods, the WTA was deeply investigated and many attempts to solve this problem have been proposed. However, the proposed modelling of this problem is consistent with the 1950's technologies. Thus, the proposed modelling found in the literature can be considered as obsolete and cannot fit the requirement of the current technology advances. Indeed, the battle field dramatically changes over 60 years, and the recent literature proposes only few studies taking into account these amendments. The herein study proposes to investigate a Command & Control system (C2) in air defence applications. Usually a C2 system includes sensors, a Tactical Operation Centre (TOC) and one or more launchers. The sensors provide information about aerial tactical situation to the TOC. This TOC is in charge of evaluating the received information in order to compute the attainability of the targets, then an engagement plan that includes the assignment of the available weapons to the incoming targets and a date to fire for each assignment. This engagement plan is then proposed to one human operator in charge of accepting whole or part of this engagement plan and engage the targets following the received instructions. To achieve this goal, an innovative and patented approach to mitigate the issues related to multi-objective optimisation is proposed. Then, a continuous optimisation algorithm based on the combination of the Particle Swarm Optimisation and the Evolutionary Game Theory was proposed to determine the best dates to fire. The optimal assignment was obtained by adapting the aforementioned algorithm to the discrete case. This thesis also gives the proof that the designed algorithms are locally convergent and intensive benchmarking confirms the developed theory. In order to respect the real-time requirement, it was also devised to use the Neural Networks to lighten the identified burdensome parts of the algorithm and decrease computational time. Not limited to the military operation research field, the herein study reuse some basic concepts of missile guidance and navigation to compute the attainability of the targets. From this thesis, it can be identified that following aspects need to be carefully considered to provide an efficient decision making support to a human operator: First, clearly define what a good engagement plan is. Second, the engagement plan must be steady to avoid high rate changing in the assignments that could significantly disturb the operator. Third, the proposed engagement also must be reliable and robust to face any possible situations. Fourth, the computation time and computation load are technical constraints that cannot be overstepped. Finally, the operational constraints related to the mission context defined during a pre-mission stage must also be taken into account. Therefore, the proposed decision making support must help and significantly reduce the operator's work load in this situation of high stress and sensitive context

No / This paper discusses theoretical and conceptual issues in leadership and how these apply to complex military operations in this global age. It identifies the reason for and the point at which the need for leadership arose among the early humans. It suggests the need for every human activity to be assessed within the context of its relative existence, based on the employment of accepted standards. Thereafter, the subject matter was treated under four main sections; namely, the Elements of Power, Leadership and its Sanctity, Concept of Military Operations, and Analosynthesis. With improvements in technology and mastery over their environments, the homo habilis gained control over their means of subsistence and the basic necessities of life. Their quest for better security and stability, in order to facilitate progressive developments, led to the emergence of community life. This was the stage at which the need for leadership, among humans, became apparent. Lessons on Leadership and Influence dictate that Power and Influence, which is one’s art of getting others to follow one’s lead, are best understood in terms of the interactions among the Elements of Power. The paper identified five enabling factors of power and influence; namely, how power works, how influence works, the TOPS Formula, the influence skills and cultural differences. These would enhance his ability to positively communicate with the led for maximum effect. Defined as a process of influencing a group of individuals to achieve a common goal, leadership is seen as a key variable in the development of human society. Any leader that fails to imbibe some ethical leadership values and principles that would guide his leadership, he would hardly gain the confidence and loyalty of the led. These include respect for others; service to others; justice, fairness and equity for all and sundry; honesty; resourcefulness; and truthfulness/trustworthiness – all leading to the building of a strong, united, virile and prosperous community. It is believed that the crises bedevilling Nigeria today, particularly Northern Nigeria, can be largely attributed to the negation of ethical values/principles on the part of our leaders, both past and present. It is hoped that the Change which Nigerian electorates voted for on 28th March 2015 would make the needed difference. A military operation is a set of activities characterised by mutual belligerent actions; regardless of how the opposing elements are defined, equipped or disposed. Hence, military operations may not be limited to the conventional battlefield; new forms of battlefields and domains of warfare will continue to emerge for as long as human technology is progressive. Currently, a critical analysis yields the existence of five warfare domains; namely, Land, Sea, Air, Space (Strategic Defence Initiative or Star Wars) and Cyber Space. In view of the above, even the concept of military operation, in terms of the troops that execute warfare, must also be re-assessed in tune with the dictates of globalisation. Thus, as opposed to seeing soldiers as some illiterates, dressed in ragtag attire and engaging in a “woo-chebe!” warfare; the contrary should now be the case. Soldiering should be seen as an enterprise for people traversing the entire levels of education/training throughout the social strata of the society; comprising the illiterate and semi-illiterate local informants, highly educated troops, and all shades of professionals and technocrats up to the University Professors, globally. Concomitantly, there is need to also re-evaluate, by reconfiguring and expanding, the concept of the military element of national power into a more suitable gauge of national strength - the socio-military element of national power. That is, the military is no longer expected to function effectively independent of its wider society setting. In a nutshell, for one to succeed as a leader of officers and men in a military operation, one must first of all imbibe the general principles/values of ethical leadership expected of all categories of leaders, as enumerated above. In addition to these, one must then train to internalise those other attributes that would sustain one in leadership position as one confronts an uncertain death; namely, valour, bravery, courage, faithfulness and an existence of a balanced coordination between a healthy mind and a healthy body. / Petroleum Technology Development Fund (PTDF)

Topic of this diploma work is Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) - legal aspects. CFSP is one of policie sof EU based on intergovermental cooperation in foreign relations and defence policy which includes Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The second part of the diploma work describes history of CFSP from WW 2 to describing of Treaty on European Union (TEU). The third part of diploma work describe CFSP of EU in TEU from 90's to current wording. Main topics are instruments and institutions and voting procedure. Marginally I write something about Common Commercial Policy and Cooperation with Third States in the fourth part of diploma work. The last part of diploma work is about the CSDP and EU millitary and civil missions. The content of the work is about CFSP and related issues, therefore I write the basic information about CFSP below. CFSP (as Europian polical cooperation) was established in 70's in last century by member's states for cooperation in foreign policy. In 1992 CFSP was incorporated in TEU and built as authority of Union in second pillar. CFSP was novelised by Amsterdam Treaty and Nice Treaty and Lisbon Treaty as last novelisation. Today is cancelled the Three Pillar structure and CFSP is classified in other external action of EU. Treatment of external action is divided between...