Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1965. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

The mining industry has been associated with environmental pollution throughout the ages. Old abandoned mines are of particular concern due to the lack of remediation and monitoring of the pollution. The abandoned Edendale Lead Mine in Tshwane, South Africa, was in operation from the 1980’s until 1938 and mined primarily galena for the lead content, although some silver was also recovered in the early years. The mine was decommissioned before environmental legislation in South Africa, namely the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998 and the Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002, required the mitigation of environmental impacts associated with mining. Consequently, the environmental effects of Edendale Lead Mine have not been determined. This study is aimed at establishing the source, extent and magnitude of environmental pollution associated with metal contamination from mining operations in the area. Such investigation is of particular interest as there are two schools in the area, namely the Edendale Primary and High School, and the mine site is located immediately adjacent to the Edendalespruit. Furthermore, there are numerous farms and some private residences in the area that rely on borehole water that may potentially be polluted. The ore at Edendale Lead Mine was mined from a hydrothermal deposit, with irregularly disseminated argentiferous galena being the only ore mineral of importance. Two mineralisation stages can be recognised from material available on waste rock dumps, i.e. an intensely fragmented and strongly silicified breccia and a carbonate-dominated breccia with minor pyrite. The galena is restricted to the first mineralisation stage. Water and solid samples were collected from the mine site and from the surrounding area. Through ion chromatography, Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis, the water of the area is found to be of good quality according to the South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Domestic Water Guidelines. The main concern is the presence of hazardous concentrations of lead in the Edendalespruit below the old plant site and in a pit near shaft one; determined to be from the abundance of relatively soluble anglesite (PbSO4) and susannite/leadhillite (Pb4(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)2) in the slag heap and the waste rock dump. Solid samples were mineralogically and chemically analysed using X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF), which determined the soil to be enriched in lead, zinc, and copper. The lead, zinc and copper are from secondary minerals of galena, sphalerite and chalcopyrite, respectively. Metal mobility and availability was found to be limited through high soil pH conditions, which encourage metal-carbonate precipitation reactions and absorption by iron oxides and hydroxides. However, the high concentrations of lead in the soil are of considerable concern due to its toxicity and the number of people at risk, namely at the Edendale Primary and High Schools as well as users of the Edendalespruit and local ground water sources. The soil lead levels exceed the European Union target and intervention standards, therefore, requiring immediate mitigation and remediation measures. Recommendations for remediation and prevention measures may include the removal of the slag heap at the old mine site and the use of phytoremediation. / Prof. J.M. Huizenga Prof. J. Gutzmer Mr. H. Coetzee

Gullies have been regarded as the "artery" in mining because they provide the only access route for material, people and ore in stopes. It thus becomes vital to provide the industry with suitable guidelines for gully layouts, geometry and the support required at all depths to keep the gully safe at all times. The research has indicated that best practices for gully layouts have been well recognised, but often poorly applied for many years. To address the issue of best gully practices, research was based on a review of past practices, underground visits, mine standards, codes of practice and the use of numerical modelling as a tool to back- analyse the underground conditions observed. The recommendations provided do not attempt to develop any new techniques for gully protection. They try to provide a guide for best practice under various geotechnical conditions. Based on depth, or stress environment, a broad based recommendation for gully geometry is provided. Using numerical modelling calibrated to underground observations, optimum widths and spans for each mining layout used at different depths are provided as a prescriptive guideline. • Sidings can only be omitted where stress damage does not occur. • A minimum siding width of 2m is recommended wherever sidings are cut. • Lagging sidings should be avoided and used only if absolutely essential. • In high stress areas gullies should be footwall lifted behind the stope faces or within wide headings. • All sidings must be cut on reef. Off reef sidings are not acceptable. • Correct blasting practice is essential to ensure stability of gully shoulders. • Gully width and span between support over gullies should be minimised. • Gullies must be kept straight. Excavation and cleaning of downdip sidings remains problematical from a practical mining point of view and future research is recommended in this area. / Dissertation (MSc (Mine Strata Control))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Mining Engineering / unrestricted

This study was carried out on the main coal-producing and the extensively block-faulted area of Mchenga Coal Mine, southeast of the 90 km2 intracratonic Livingstonia Coalfield in the north of Malawi. It was initiated against the background of indistinct information on coal geology, shortage of energy and potential environmental threats due to mine activities. The study aimed at integrating investigations of characterization of the lithostratigraphy, coal seam correlation, coal quality determination, examination of the mineralogy and geochemistry of coal and hosts rocks, assessment of water quality and providing information for mining and potential environmental and water quality impact assessment in the study area. The methodologies used in this study include literature review, field visits, mapping, sites selection and characterization, borehole logging, geochemical analyses, data processing and interpretation. The geochemical analyses include proximity analysis of coal quality, microscopy and X-ray Diffraction for mineralogy and petrology, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) for rock geochemistry and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for determination water geochemistry. The results have shown that a) The Coal Measures comprises of four to six coal seams in different localities, and the occurrence is flat and gently dipping southeast and are correlated. Thicknesses of the coal seams vary from 0.10m to 3.0m with some notable lateral and horizontal variations. Thick and workable seams occupy the lower portion of the Coal Measures and are exposed along the North Rumphi River bank; b) Coal quality belongs to sub-bituminous ‘A’ to ‘C’ on ASTM classification (1991), being characterised by low moisture content (0.8 to 1.3 wt percent) and sulphur content (0.49 to 0.85 wt percent), high ash content (9.0 to 17 wt percent) and volatile matter (24 to 32.9 wt percent), fixed carbon (53.6 to 62.6 wt percent), calorific value (7,015 to 7,670 kcal/kg); c) Mineral matters constitute approximately 9.55 to 38.34 wt percent of the coal samples, predominantly clays (interstratified illite/smectite and kaolinite) with varying proportions of quartz, mica and feldspars, as well as minor calcite and pyrite and their geochemistry, being characterised by enrichment of SiO2 from 5.37 to 20.56 wt percent, Al2O3 (2.63 to 11.21 wt percent) and K2O (0.32 to 3.65 wt percent) with trace concentrations of CaO (0.04 to 0.41 wt. percent), MgO (0.08 to 0.65 wt percent) and P2O5 (0.018 to 0.037 wt percent) and Na2O concentration notably below 0.01 wt percent; d) Calcite and pyrite constitute minor concentration in both sandstones and shales; e) Water quality in the area is characterised as two groups of acidic (pH 3.3-6.4) and near-neutral to slightly alkaline (pH 6.9-7.3) and low pH, high TDS, SO42- and EC are noted at the coal crusher plant which points out to high leaching of trace elements such as Pb and Fe. Na++K+ are dominant in upper sections of North Rumphi and Mhlepa Rivers. Ca2+ cations are dominant at crusher plant, underground mine and lower section of Mhlepa; f) Based on the geochemistry analysis, Na and trace elements such as Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Zn, Rb, Sr and Zr from coal and host rocks have the ability to contribute significantly to deterioration in the ground and surface water quality in the study area. It can be concluded that the coals of the Livingstonia Coalfield belong to Gondwana group deposited in sub-basin with multiple seams embedded in sandstone and shale host rocks.

M.Com. (Business Management) / South-Africa's market share in gold produced dropped from 80 percent in 1980 to about 34 percent currently. This is due to entrance of cheaper producers of gold on the world market. The USA is our main competitor with a market share of about 17 percent. The difference is that South-Africa's remaining reserves is deep below surface and the USA are using open pit techniques to mine cheaply. In order for South-Africa to stay competitive and win back the lost market share it will be necessary to utilise the current available ore resources to it's full potential. This will also create new jobs in a South-Africa that needs it desperately. The calculation of the pay limit is investigated and found to be adequate. The different types of pay limits and their usage was explained. It was found that the current method, of using the pay limit directly as a cutoff limit, was incorrect. The use of a proposed pay limit was suggested. The definition of the proposed pay limit is slightly different than the current pay limit changed in order to clarify the correct use of the pay limit. The inadequacies of the pay limit was recognised and explained. A new term in gold mining was formulated namely the optimal limit. The purpose of this cutoff limit is to determine the cutoff value at which the resultant grade will be such that the mine's profit will be maximised over the long term. The combined usage of the proposed pay limit and the optimal limit in order to manage the ore resource, was described. This method of ore resource management is easily understandable, easy to use and addresses the inadequacies of the current pay limit successfully.

While as South Africans, we support the dream of an African Renaissance our developing country and economy has experienced a critical shortage of skills, which is clearly reflected in our matured gold mining industry. Against this background, I undertook a modernist qualitative study to (i) capture, describe, understand skills development on a marginal South African gold mine, and (ii) create a development framework for human development. Using symbolic interactionism as broad theoretical framework I designed a single case study, gathered material first hand through 22 unstructured in-depth interviews and other data sources, analysed the material by applying a blended strategy of grounded theory and analytical induction created with a black male skills development facilitator storyteller his life history. Exploring the fifteen sets of legislated transformational requirements, over forty practical opportunities emerged, including an indigenous mindset and cultural theme, UBUNTU. In addition to the range of recommendations, an UBUNTU driven skills development framework is suggested as catalyst for optimizing human resources development on our marginal gold mines. This broad framework could facilitate a learning culture where people could experience service delivery of legislation, implementation of existing policy, and effective skills development. The two-year study was generally written as a realist tale, which as I left the research scene represented a co-constructed story bordering an autoethnographical tale. / Prof. Willem Schurink

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 2019 / South Africa is a land in which mining has played a pivotal role over the last one hundred and fifty years. Silver was one of the metals prospected for and mined during the 1885-1895 period. There were a few silver mines that developed into very successful operations and produced large tonnages of argentiferous lead or copper and the largest of these, and the primary focus of this thesis, was the mine now referred to as the Argent silver mine. This thesis is about the development of mineral beneficiation technology, coupled with excavations and the analysis of the lifeways of the black mine workers at the Argent mine. I intend to follow the trend taken by some archaeologists over the last ten years for such sites in both the UK and the USA and combine an industrial archaeological study with the social or historical archaeological study. This holistic multi-disciplinary approach to industrial or mining sites and their communities helps to provide a more integrated analysis of humans and technology at a particular site (Norris 2009; Ford 2011; Tumberg 2012; Cowie 2015). The Argent Silver Mine appears to have been at the forefront of new and developing mining beneficiation technologies, both in the 1890s and the 1920s. This thesis will show how many of the new beneficiation technologies were apparently employed at the Argent mine before being brought into more general use in other mining industries, such as gold, in South Africa. The social development of South Africa’s black people, from the late nineteenth century, has been one of repression and enforced living conditions. From a formerly agrarian and rural lifestyle they became cogs in the wheels of industrialisation and foremost in this industrial jump, was the mining industry. Mining began in the 1870s with diamonds at Kimberley and gold at Pilgrim’s Rest in eastern Mpumalanga. It was, however, the finding of gold on the Witwatersrand that opened up so many mining industries, of which silver mining was but one, coupled with ancillary engineering support industries. It was this industrialisation that was to change black lives forever and to create the urban black populations of South Africa today. The results of this thesis provide evidence of their lifeways and potential employment positions on a silver mine. / TL (2020)

Doctorat en sciences politiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

References appear at the end of each chapter / The importance of gold in the development of South Africa as an industrialised economy cannot be over - emphasised. Towards the end of the 19th century the economy depended almost entirely on the production of gold and diamonds which laid the foundation for a highly - developed national economy. With gold still continuing to play an important role coupled with the recent price increases, a need was felt to investigate the potential effect of higher prices on gold production in South Africa. For reasons set out in the study, it was decided to compare potential out put for five different gold prices. A gold price received by the mines of 050 per ounce was used as abase. Further calculations were made at 060, 070, 0100 and 0150 per ounce. The calculations for all the cases were done duri ng the period when the Rand was floating with the Pound Sterling and a Rand : Dollar parity of 1:1, 2 4 was used. Since then two parity changes occured : the Rand was pegged to the Dollar on the 25th October, 1972 to give a Rand : Dollar parity of 1:1,27732, and the Dollar was devalued on the 13th February, 1973 by 1 1,1 % to give the present Rand : Dollar parity of 1:1, 4192. The e ffect of the above two parity changes is that revenue in Dollar terms is overstated by 14,45 5%. It is suggested that for purposes of this study the Rand figures be accepted and wherever Dollars are used in future estimates these be increased by the afore-mentioned 14, 455%. In Dollar terms the five Cases analised will change as follows: Case A : 5350 becomes 057, 23 per ounce Case B : 260 becomes 068, 67 per ounce Case C : 270 becomes 080,12 per ounce Case D : 0100 becomes 0114 ,46 per ounce Case E : 0150 becomes 0171, 68 per ounce To do an in-depth investigation into the effects of higher gold prices on each individual mine, it was necessary to analyse the various parameters required in the determination of gold p r oduction, revenue, lease and tax payments , and dividends. For each mine the pay limits at the various gold prices and at estimated working cost levels, were determined . Graphs of the estimated tonnages at various pay limits as well as the average grade of ore mineable at these limits were determined. From these graphs it is possible to obtain the total tonnage mi neable at various pay limits. Once the foregoing parameters were obtained for each mine, it was possible to determine annual gold production, revenue, lease and tax payments and amounts available to share holders which are then summarised in tables and illustrated in graphs. For ease of reference the mines were divided up into geographica l areas. Gold production revenue, lease and tax payments to the State and the amounts available to shareholders are summarised and compared for the various gold prices. The summaries show bold production remaining fairly constant at or just below the present level of about 900 000 kilograms per year until 1978 for Case A, 1979 for Cases B and C, 1983 for Case D, and 1984 for Case E. before declining progressively thereafter. Revenue following the same pattern as gold production for Case A , as is to be expected, but increasing to a peak of R1 466 million in 1977 for Case B before progressively declining, increasing to a peak of R2 434 million in 1982 for Case D before progressively declining, increasing to a peak of R3 478 million in 1983 for Case E but remaining above the 1973 level of R1 254 million until the year 2005. Lease and tax payments and amounts available to share-holders following the same pattern as that indicated by revenue reaching peaks of respectively R390 million and R268 million for Case B R485 million and R339 million for Case C R756 million and R536 million for Case D R1 000 million and R779 million for Case E. Following the recent monetary unrest, gold prices assumed for 1973 are too conservative. Should the present gold price of about $80 and the 1972 level of production of 909 000 kilograms continue for the remainder of 1973, then gold production, revenue, lease and tax payments and dividends as shown for Case C for the year 1975 will be applicable for 1973. This shams gold production of 919 520 kilograms, gold revenue of R 1690 million, lease and tax payments of R465 million, and dividends of R339 million. The effect of the higher gold price can be clearly seen when the fore-going figures are compared with the 1971 totals of gold production of 97 6,600 kilogr ams , revenue of R396 million from gold, lease and tax payments of approximately R139 million, and dividends of R142 million . Despite a decline in gold production, revenue is expected to be up by 8 9 % whilst lease and tax payments increase by 2 35% compared with a dividend increase of 139%. Finally certain tax concessions to increase productivity and the rebuy alleviate the labour shortage, prolong the li ves of the mines by mining lower grade ore, and encourage exploration was investigated and suggestions made. / Business Management / D. Com.

The underground hard rock mining industry in South Africa is faced with the challenge of simultaneously delivering both safety and productivity excellence. Frontline supervisors need to manage the inherent trade-off between safety and productivity to achieve excellence in both. Previous research suggests that supervisors with a transformational leadership style have delivered safety and productivity in separate studies. This study examined the relationship between the transformational leadership style of underground mining supervisors at Impala and the simultaneous delivery of both safety and productivity. It also investigated the mediating effect of group safety climate on the relationship between transformational leadership and injury rate, and the mediating effect of group cohesiveness on the relationship between transformational leadership and productivity. The relationship between transformational leadership and the perception of leader effectiveness was also investigated in the study context. The research design was a case study using mixed methods in the form of a sequential explanatory design. In the first quantitative main phase of the study, survey questionnaires were completed by respondents to determine the leadership style of the mine overseers who were the unit of analysis. Data was also collected using survey questionnaires for group safety climate and group cohesiveness. The injury rate and productivity data for the mine overseer sections was recorded for a one year period prior to the survey. In the second qualitative phase of the study selected mine overseers were interviewed and a focus group of mine overseers was conducted. Also, underground observations were carried out and documents were scrutinised. The focus of the qualitative research was to interpret and explain the results that were obtained in the quantitative first phase of the study. The results indicate that transformational leadership is related to the perception of supervisors’ effectiveness. This relationship is partially mediated by group safety climate and group cohesiveness. The relationship between transformational leadership and the objective measures of injury vi rate and productivity were not supported in the quantitative results. This may indicate that these measures were too narrow to determine supervisors’ leadership effectiveness, and/or were contaminated by confounding variables as was suggested in the qualitative phase of the study. The qualitative findings indicated that supervisors’ perception was that transformational leadership style is effective in delivering safety and productivity excellence. The overall conclusion of this study is that in the context of Impala or similar operations, that the effective supervisor should employ the full range of leadership. This behaviour includes maintaining discipline and using contingent reward to motivate the achievement of goals. The effective supervisor also uses the transformational leadership style giving meaning to work and creating a feeling of team membership. Transformational leadership inspires the diverse workforce to deliver safety and productivity excellence in the difficult and risky mining conditions. Furthermore, supervisors’ behaviour is greatly influenced by management’s priorities. / Business Management / D. B. L.