Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Hidráulica, na Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, sob a orientação do Prof. Doutor Malafaya Baptista

In early 2001, the Government of Taiwan opened Kinmen and Matsu areas for ¡§Mini Three Links¡¨ with the coastal area of Fukien, China. The main purposes of the ¡§Mini Three Links¡¨ policy are to enhance the construction and development of the off-island area and promote positive interaction across the Taiwan Strait. However, the implementation of ¡§Mini Three Links¡¨ policy also reveals that the interchanges between both sides of the Taiwan Strait are inevitable as well as the issues of ¡§Three Links¡¨ can not be broken through all the time. As a result, both sides of the Taiwan Strait start a subtle political competition in issues related to ¡§Mini Three Links¡¨. Now, it has been many years since the ¡§Mini Three Links¡¨ policy took effect. However, the Government of Taiwan still has a sense of powerlessness in its promotion of the policy, and complaints are also frequently heard from people. This is mainly because of too many restrictions set by the Government on ¡§Mini Three Links¡¨. People of Kinmen and Matsu feel that the benefits they actually obtained from the policy are different from what they expected. Moreover, the differences between the appeal of the Government¡¦s policy and peoples¡¦ expectation toward the policy are also reflected in the implementation of the policy. Owing to the reasons mentioned above, the policy only achieves a limited effect. Besides, the failure of both governments across the strait to communicate with each other effectively is also one of the important factors leading to the poor results of the policy. On the one hand Mainland China is promoting the policy for its political end, and on the other hand Taiwan is unwilling to accept the principle of ¡§One China¡¨. Therefore, the benefits of ¡§Mini Three Links¡¨ policy are questioned due to the lack of mutual trust between both sides. In terms of transportation cost and time saving, even though the implementation of ¡§Mini Three Links¡¨ policy is not so perfect, it is still a worthy policy before the ¡§Three Links¡¨ is formally opened. So far, the ¡§Mini Three Links¡¨ policy has created a certain degree of prosperity for Kinmen and Matsu areas where the political warfare is lifted, so it does have its value of existence.

Os métodos geofísicos têm sido utilizados para definir a extensão em área e em profundidade de contaminações causadas por compostos orgânicos ou inorgânicos, uma vez que tais contaminações alteram as propriedades físicas do meio. Este trabalho abrangeu o desenvolvimento de ensaios realizados em laboratório e em campo para verificar a aplicabilidade de minissonda de resistividade, que utiliza quatro eletrodos dispostos segundo o arranjo Wenner em conjunto com uma fonte de corrente e dois multímetros, o que torna possível a execução de uma medida convencional de resistividade em diferentes profundidades à medida que a sonda é cravada no solo. Uma eventual aplicação desta minissonda seria sua utilização na avaliação de salinização secundária de solos. A agroindústria, principalmente no estado de São Paulo, vem utilizando cada vez mais estufas para a produção de frutos e flores, principalmente. Os processos de irrigação, e o microclima criados dentro das estufas, têm causado o incremento da quantidade de sais no solo, uma vez que o solo não é naturalmente lixiviado pela água da chuva. Isto pode comprometer a utilização dessas estufas para fins ligados à agricultura. A salinidade refere-se à presença de sais dissolvidos no solo, na água superficial e subterrânea. A salinização do solo pode estar ligada a processos naturais como a pedogênese do solo ou ao clima local por exemplo, ou pode ter origem secundária, podendo estar relacionada às atividades antrópicas capazes de alterar esta propriedade do meio. O presente trabalho visou testar a aplicabilidade da minissonda de resistividade para a avaliação da salinização secundária de solos. O trabalho foi inicialmente desenvolvido em laboratório, onde foram efetuados experimentos em amostras de solo saturadas com soluções de NaCl em diferentes concentrações. Os resultados obtidos nestes ensaios utilizando um meio arenoso totalmente saturado mostraram que a condutividade elétrica aumenta em função da concentração de NaCl utilizado na solução. Observou-se ainda a relação inversa entre a resistividade aparente calculada e a concentração da solução utilizada. Os ensaios de campo foram executados em duas estufas distintas, que utilizam diferentes técnicas de cultivo, localizadas nos municípios de Holambra e Elias Fausto, e não indicaram correlação entre a condutividade elétrica calculada a partir das resistividades obtidas e a condutividade elétricas medidas em laboratório, nas amostras de solo encaminhadas para análise. Foram analisados também os íons Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn, e cloretos. Nas duas estufas observa-se correlação entre as condutividades obtidas e alguns dos íons analisados. As diferenças observadas entre as condutividades elétricas calculada e medida, podem estar relacionadas às condições de campo, uma vez que nas duas estufas observou-se porções porosas no solo, a presença de solo argiloso nas estufas, principalmente em Holambra, e à presença dos metais presentes no solo local, conforme mostram os resultados analíticos obtidos. Adicionalmente, durante a realização dos ensaios em laboratório o meio encontrase totalmente saturado, o que não ocorreu nos ensaios realizados em campo, uma vez que na estufa em Holambra o solo estava úmido e na estufa em Elias Fausto apresentava-se bastante seco. As diferenças de umidade também podem ter interferido nos resultados obtidos. Os trabalhos realizados evidenciaram que a minissonda pode ser aplicada para medida de resistividade in situ, porém, seu uso deve se limitar à avaliação de áreas onde o solo é mais arenoso e pouco compactado. / Geophysical methods have been used to define the extension and depth of contaminations caused by organic and inorganic compounds spills. This is because those contaminations change the physical properties of the underground materials. This study presents the tests results performed both in laboratory and field of a small probe that allows the in situ measurement of the resistivity, avoiding the need of installation of monitoring wells and allowing low cost and fast measurements. It consists in a probe with four electrodes according a Wenner array, a current source and two multimeters. It makes possible to take in situ resistivity measurements in different depths while the probe is inserted in the soil. An eventual application for that mini probe would be for evaluation of secondary salinity of the soil. The agro industry, mainly in the São Paulo state, has been using greenhouses to increase the production mainly of fruits and flowers. The irrigation processes used and the microclimate generated in the greenhouse have been causing an increasing salt quantity in the soil. This happens because the natural lixiviation (by the rain) does not occur. That increasing salinization may prejudice the use of such greenhouses for agricultural purposes. Salinization refers to a build up of salts in soil, in the superficial water and groundwater. It may be due to natural process, like e.g. the pedogenesis or the local climate, or it may have a secondary origin, normally related to antropic activities that are capable to modify such property. This study aimed at testing the applicability of the resistivity mini probe to evaluate the secondary salinization of the soil. It was performed firstly in laboratory, using soil samples saturated with NaCl solutions of different concentrations. The results of those experiments showed that the electrical conductivity increases as function of the NaCl concentration and, naturally, the inverse relation with the apparent and calculated resistivity. Field tests were performed in two different greenhouses where distinct techniques are used. They are located in the Holambra and Elias Fausto municipalities. These tests did not indicate correlation between the electrical conductivity calculated from the measures resistivities and the electrical conductivities measured in the soil samples sent to the laboratory. In those samples the ions Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn, and chloride were also analyzed. For both greenhouses, some ions presented correlation with the electrical conductivities. The observed differences between the electrical conductivity calculated and measured may be related to the field conditions, since that in both greenhouses the soil was porous (avoiding the perfect coupling of the probe), the presence of clay that sticks in the probe between the electrodes, or the presence of metals in the soil, shown by the chemical analysis. In addition, during the laboratory tests, the soil was completely saturated, what was not the case in the field. In Holambra the soil was wet and Elias Fausto it was completely dry. So, the humidity differences may have interfered in the results. Finally, the tests results showed that the mini probe may be applied to measure the resistivity in situ but, its use may be limited to the evaluation of areas where the soil is more sandy and relatively loose.

Introduction The ISOTRACE™ Super-Conducting Cyclotron is PMB-Alcen’s redeveloped and modernized version of Oxford Instrument’s OSCAR superconducting cyclotron [1]. Its extracted 80+ mi-croamperes of 12 MeV protons are used for the production of PET radioisotopes. Following the philosophy of Dickie, Stevenson, Szlavik [2] for minimizing dose to personnel, and as developed by Dehnel et al [3,4], and Stokely et al [5], the ISOTRACE™ shall utilize an innovative, light-weight, integrated and self-supporting Mini-Beamline. This permits the relatively high residual radiation fields around PET targets to be moved ~1 metre away from the cyclotron, and facilitates the use of local shielding (around the targets) that limits prompt gammas and neutrons, but more importantly attenuates the residual target radiation, so that maintenance/research staff can work on the cyclotron in a relatively low activity environment. In addition, the mini-beamline for PET utilizes a compound quadrupole/steerer doublet that permits active and dynamic focusing/steering of the extracted proton beam for optimized production and minimized losses [3], so it improves on the successful work of Theroux et al [6]. The integrated beamline unit is extremely small, so that it is very unlike bulky traditional PET and SPECT beamlines that require substantial support structures, such as described by Dehnel in [7,8]. Material and Methods The ISOTRACE™ cyclotron is pictured in FIG. 1. The exit port flange and gate valve to which the integrated mini-beamline for PET shall be mounted is shown. Immediately upstream of the exit port, hidden from view, is a 4 jaw collimator (called BPI for Beam Position Indicator) with spilled beam current readbacks to the control system. TABLE 1 shows the nominal beam emittance and Twiss parameter values at the exit port flange location. This ion-optical information is necessary to simulate ion beam transport, develop the mini-beamline, and determine a nominal tune (i.e. magnet settings). Results and Conclusion TABLE 2 shows the ion-optical system parameters. FIGS. 2 and 3 show the horizontal and vertical beam profiles. The Horizontally focusing Quadrupole magnet (HQ), and Vertically focusing Quadrupole magnet (VQ) aperture diameter, 33 mm, was chosen to give sufficient beam acceptance. The focusing strength is a function of BL, so the effective length, L = 150 mm, was chosen to ensure Bmax less than 0.3 Tesla, while keeping overall magnet mass down. The quad-rupole magnets are fitted with water-cooled compound coils in which the copper/mylar strip wound portion of each coil is a winding for the quadrupole focusing function, and the wire wound portion is for the steering function. To increase beam acceptance and provide additional section strength for the pipe support function, the internal aperture of the low-activation aluminium beam pipe and the external shape are in the shape of a cross. FIG. 4 shows the beam crosssection at the mid-point of the downstream quadrupole magnet, and illustrates the additional acceptance as compared to a round beampipe. In order to machine the interior profile, the pipe is comprised of two premachined pieces that are friction stirwelded together. FIG. 5 is an isometric of the mini-beamline for PET. The four upstream HQ compound coils are excited with a 75A power supply for the horizontally focusing quadrupole magnet function, and a ± 10A power supply for a vertical steering function. The same power supplies are used for the four downstream VQ compound coils for the purpose of a vertically focusing quadrupole magnet function and horizontal steering function.

Os métodos geofísicos têm sido utilizados para definir a extensão em área e em profundidade de contaminações causadas por compostos orgânicos ou inorgânicos, uma vez que tais contaminações alteram as propriedades físicas do meio. Este trabalho abrangeu o desenvolvimento de ensaios realizados em laboratório e em campo para verificar a aplicabilidade de minissonda de resistividade, que utiliza quatro eletrodos dispostos segundo o arranjo Wenner em conjunto com uma fonte de corrente e dois multímetros, o que torna possível a execução de uma medida convencional de resistividade em diferentes profundidades à medida que a sonda é cravada no solo. Uma eventual aplicação desta minissonda seria sua utilização na avaliação de salinização secundária de solos. A agroindústria, principalmente no estado de São Paulo, vem utilizando cada vez mais estufas para a produção de frutos e flores, principalmente. Os processos de irrigação, e o microclima criados dentro das estufas, têm causado o incremento da quantidade de sais no solo, uma vez que o solo não é naturalmente lixiviado pela água da chuva. Isto pode comprometer a utilização dessas estufas para fins ligados à agricultura. A salinidade refere-se à presença de sais dissolvidos no solo, na água superficial e subterrânea. A salinização do solo pode estar ligada a processos naturais como a pedogênese do solo ou ao clima local por exemplo, ou pode ter origem secundária, podendo estar relacionada às atividades antrópicas capazes de alterar esta propriedade do meio. O presente trabalho visou testar a aplicabilidade da minissonda de resistividade para a avaliação da salinização secundária de solos. O trabalho foi inicialmente desenvolvido em laboratório, onde foram efetuados experimentos em amostras de solo saturadas com soluções de NaCl em diferentes concentrações. Os resultados obtidos nestes ensaios utilizando um meio arenoso totalmente saturado mostraram que a condutividade elétrica aumenta em função da concentração de NaCl utilizado na solução. Observou-se ainda a relação inversa entre a resistividade aparente calculada e a concentração da solução utilizada. Os ensaios de campo foram executados em duas estufas distintas, que utilizam diferentes técnicas de cultivo, localizadas nos municípios de Holambra e Elias Fausto, e não indicaram correlação entre a condutividade elétrica calculada a partir das resistividades obtidas e a condutividade elétricas medidas em laboratório, nas amostras de solo encaminhadas para análise. Foram analisados também os íons Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn, e cloretos. Nas duas estufas observa-se correlação entre as condutividades obtidas e alguns dos íons analisados. As diferenças observadas entre as condutividades elétricas calculada e medida, podem estar relacionadas às condições de campo, uma vez que nas duas estufas observou-se porções porosas no solo, a presença de solo argiloso nas estufas, principalmente em Holambra, e à presença dos metais presentes no solo local, conforme mostram os resultados analíticos obtidos. Adicionalmente, durante a realização dos ensaios em laboratório o meio encontrase totalmente saturado, o que não ocorreu nos ensaios realizados em campo, uma vez que na estufa em Holambra o solo estava úmido e na estufa em Elias Fausto apresentava-se bastante seco. As diferenças de umidade também podem ter interferido nos resultados obtidos. Os trabalhos realizados evidenciaram que a minissonda pode ser aplicada para medida de resistividade in situ, porém, seu uso deve se limitar à avaliação de áreas onde o solo é mais arenoso e pouco compactado. / Geophysical methods have been used to define the extension and depth of contaminations caused by organic and inorganic compounds spills. This is because those contaminations change the physical properties of the underground materials. This study presents the tests results performed both in laboratory and field of a small probe that allows the in situ measurement of the resistivity, avoiding the need of installation of monitoring wells and allowing low cost and fast measurements. It consists in a probe with four electrodes according a Wenner array, a current source and two multimeters. It makes possible to take in situ resistivity measurements in different depths while the probe is inserted in the soil. An eventual application for that mini probe would be for evaluation of secondary salinity of the soil. The agro industry, mainly in the São Paulo state, has been using greenhouses to increase the production mainly of fruits and flowers. The irrigation processes used and the microclimate generated in the greenhouse have been causing an increasing salt quantity in the soil. This happens because the natural lixiviation (by the rain) does not occur. That increasing salinization may prejudice the use of such greenhouses for agricultural purposes. Salinization refers to a build up of salts in soil, in the superficial water and groundwater. It may be due to natural process, like e.g. the pedogenesis or the local climate, or it may have a secondary origin, normally related to antropic activities that are capable to modify such property. This study aimed at testing the applicability of the resistivity mini probe to evaluate the secondary salinization of the soil. It was performed firstly in laboratory, using soil samples saturated with NaCl solutions of different concentrations. The results of those experiments showed that the electrical conductivity increases as function of the NaCl concentration and, naturally, the inverse relation with the apparent and calculated resistivity. Field tests were performed in two different greenhouses where distinct techniques are used. They are located in the Holambra and Elias Fausto municipalities. These tests did not indicate correlation between the electrical conductivity calculated from the measures resistivities and the electrical conductivities measured in the soil samples sent to the laboratory. In those samples the ions Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn, and chloride were also analyzed. For both greenhouses, some ions presented correlation with the electrical conductivities. The observed differences between the electrical conductivity calculated and measured may be related to the field conditions, since that in both greenhouses the soil was porous (avoiding the perfect coupling of the probe), the presence of clay that sticks in the probe between the electrodes, or the presence of metals in the soil, shown by the chemical analysis. In addition, during the laboratory tests, the soil was completely saturated, what was not the case in the field. In Holambra the soil was wet and Elias Fausto it was completely dry. So, the humidity differences may have interfered in the results. Finally, the tests results showed that the mini probe may be applied to measure the resistivity in situ but, its use may be limited to the evaluation of areas where the soil is more sandy and relatively loose.

BACKGROUND: The temporary anchorage devices (TAD) rely on mechanical retention to achieve their function. Following dental implants, the design has not been thoroughly studied. Most of the TADs available in the market are either conical or cylindrical homogenous designs. This study aims to evaluate whether a non-homogeneous design would be able to achieve better biomechanical properties than the current mini- screw designs available on the market. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a preliminary study comparing two different 1.5mm TAD designs, the Spider Screw® (Ortho Technology®), and one experimental TAD, the Novel TAD Design (NTD). The two TAD designs were generally described and evaluated following the ANSI/ADA Standard No. 178, then the core diameter / TAD diameter ratio was calculated at 0, 2, 4, and 6mm using the Mitutoyo PH-3500 projection machine in combination with QM-data 200. 10 TADs from each design were inserted in a 30 PCF laminated block from SAW Bone under a 12N axial load, using the Instron 5566A to measure the insertion torques and removal torques. Torque ratios were then calculated. Using the same Instron machine with TADs fully inserted in the artificial bone (2 per design per angle), pull-out tests were performed at angles of 0° / 30° / 60° / 90°. The TADs were loaded up to failure. One-way ANOVA and student's t-test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The Spider Screw® is a conical, self-drilling, self-tapping design with the following general dimensions (d1: 1.5mm ; d2: 0.5mm; d3: 3.4mm; k1: 1mm; k2: 2mm; L1: 9.5mm; L2: 6.5mm; L3: 6.2mm), a 0.6mm pitch, 0.3mm thread depth, asymmetrical triangular threads. NTD, it is a cylindrical-conical, self-tapping design with the following general dimensions (d1: 1.5mm; d2: 0.85mm; d3: 2.5mm; k1: 1mm; k2: 2mm; L1: 9mm; L2: 6mm; L3: 6mm), a 0.5mm pitch, double threads in the first 2mm, a variable thread depth (0-2mm: 0.2mm ; 3-5mm: 0.35mm) and symmetrical rectangular threads. The core to width ratios for the Spider Screw® and NTD were respectively 1 ; 0.64 ; 0.61; 0.54 and 0.7; 0.53; 0.56 and 0.58. Mean insertion torque, removal torque and torque ratio for the Spider Screw and the NTD were respectively (12.78 N.cm / 11.32 N.cm, 0.90 ; 12.73 N.cm / 12.65 N.cm, 0.99 ) Mean pull-out forces at 0°/30°/60° and 90° for the Spider Screw® and the NTD were respectively 124.18 N / 108.59 N / 69.67 N / 84.75 N and 137.72 N / 109.7 N / 64.96 N / 66.78 N. There were no statistically significant differences found. CONCLUSIONS: After evaluating both of the TADs, it is clear that the designs are relatively different. The NTD showed to have a higher torque ratio, and therefore it could mean that the design would be clinically more effective. The NTD showed to perform as good or even slightly better than the Spider Screw® design, but a larger variety of TAD designs is needed to be able to confirm the conclusions of this study. / 2023-03-02T00:00:00Z

No description available.

Tese de mestrado. Engenharia Mecânica. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 1998

Thesis (Ph.D) --Brandeis University, 2003. / Bibliography : p.301-305.

Zugl.: Braunschweig, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2009