In Germany alone, 10,000 to 12,000 transfemoral amputations occur every year. Persistent rehabilitation efforts and advanced medical devices like prosthetic knee joints are crucial to reintegrating amputees into daily life successfully. Modern knee joints represent a highly integrated mechatronic system including special kinematics, a lightweight design, various sensors, microprocessors and complex algorithms to control a damping system in the context of the given situation. A knee joint is a passive system and normally has no actuator for an active movement. To enable a natural gait pattern, dampers decelerate the swinging speed of the prosthesis depending on the walking speed and situation. The invention of a novel knee joint called VarioKnie provides two kinematics - a monocentric and a polycentric one. Both kinematics have diametrical advantages and the user can choose the preferred setting through an electromechanical switching unit. With this knee joint in mind, a special hydraulic damper is developed to support both kinematics. Requirements and technical data are provided in the present paper. State of art are microprocessor-controlled knee joints with only one kinematic and either a hydraulic, a pneumatic, or a rheological damper.

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La vue est sans doute le plus important des sens. L'anatomie, l'histologie et la physiologie de l'œil normale chez les espèces de laboratoire adultes ont généralement été bien documentées. Cependant, les références décrivant les caractéristiques histomorphologiques du développement oculaire postnatal chez les animaux de laboratoire demeurent sporadiques et incomplètes. L'évaluation de tissus oculaires provenant d'animaux immatures peut être nécessaire lors d’études précliniques juvéniles de toxicité effectuées dans le but d’évaluer l'innocuité de médicaments destinés à la population pédiatrique. En effet, les données découlant d'études précliniques réalisées avec des animaux matures ne sont pas toujours jugées appropriées pour évaluer la toxicité d'un composé lorsqu'il est administré à des enfants. Cependant, la rareté des références histologiques sur le développement postnatal chez les animaux, ainsi que l'absence courante de témoins appariés selon l'âge pour les animaux sacrifiés de façon précoce lors d’études juvéniles, peuvent rendre difficile l'analyse des structures de l’œil en développement. Ainsi, l'objectif de cette thèse était de fournir des connaissances histologiques et immunohistochimiques (IHC) sur le développement oculaire postnatal, de la naissance au stade prépubère, chez le rat Sprague Dawley (SD), cochon domestique (DP), cochon miniature Göttingen (MP) et chien Beagle (BG). Les résultats de cette thèse ont démontré l'immaturité marquée de toutes les structures oculaires chez les rats SD et les chiens BG à la naissance et pendant la période postnatale. À la naissance, la rétine chez ces espèces altriciales était encore composée de la couche neuroblastique externe fœtale, et plusieurs étapes cruciales de la rétinogenèse, mises en évidence avec l’IHC, se sont produites lors des premières semaines de vie. D’autres évidences d'immaturité oculaire chez ces espèces incluaient la stratification de l’épithélium cornéen lors de l'ouverture des paupières et la présence de vestiges de la vascularisation hyaloïde. En revanche, les yeux des DP et MP, considérés comme une espèce précoce, étaient davantage développés à la naissance, néanmoins, d'importants changements de morphogenèse ont été observés lors de la période postnatale. Par exemple, la rétine du cochon néonatal présentait des photorécepteurs peu développés. Chez toutes les espèces examinées, la prolifération cellulaire et l'engagement des cellules dans le cycle cellulaire, mis en évidence avec Ki-67 et/ou PHH3, étaient prédominants dans la majorité des structures oculaires en développement. L'apoptose, démontrée avec l'IHC contre caspase-3 activé et/ou l'histochimie TUNEL, s’est avérée une caractéristique histologique clé à des âges précis de la rétinogenèse chez les rats SD et les chiens BG. Ce changement était aussi notable dans l'épithélium immature du cristallin du rat SD, ainsi que dans les vestiges hyaloïdes chez toutes les espèces. Enfin, des évidences d’activation non-apoptotique de caspase-3 ont été observées dans différents types cellulaires chez toutes les espèces. Les connaissances présentées dans cette thèse pourront servir de référence pour les pathologistes devant évaluer des structures oculaires en développement dans le cadre d'études précliniques de toxicité. Par ailleurs, les résultats de cette thèse ouvrent la voie pour des investigations plus approfondies sur le développement oculaire, particulièrement chez le chien et le cochon, qui pourront servir à des recherches futures en ophtalmologie pédiatrique. / Vison is arguably the most important of senses. The normal anatomy, histology, and physiology of the eye in mature laboratory species have generally been well documented, particularly in rodents. However, references addressing the histomorphological features of the postnatal ocular development in laboratory animals, notably in nonprimate large animal models, remain sporadic and incomplete. From a veterinary toxicologic pathology perspective, the evaluation of ocular tissues from immature animals may be needed during different types of preclinical juvenile animal toxicity studies conducted to assess the safety of xenobiotics on the pediatric population. Data from preclinical studies conducted in mature animals are often not deemed appropriate to evaluate the toxicity of a drug when administered to children, thus warranting the need to use juvenile animals. However, the paucity of histological references describing the postnatal development of laboratory animals, along with the common lack of age-matched controls when animals are unexpectedly sacrificed (or found death) early during juvenile studies, can render the analysis of developing ocular structures challenging. Thus, the objective of this thesis was to provide comprehensive histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) knowledge on the postnatal ocular development, using several age timepoints from birth to the peripubertal stage, in the Sprague Dawley (SD) rat, domestic pig (DP), Göttingen minipig (MP) and Beagle (BG) dog. Overall, the results from this thesis demonstrated the marked immaturity of all ocular structures in SD rats and BG dogs at birth and during the postnatal period. Notably, the retina at birth in these altricial species still contained the highly proliferative fetal outer neuroblastic layer, and critical retinogenesis events, highlighted with IHC, occurred rapidly during the first few weeks of life. Other noteworthy features of ocular immaturity in these species included the corneal epithelial stratification happening around the time of eyelid opening, the presence of hyaloid vascular remnants, and the globally poorly developed eye anterior segment. Contrastingly, the eyes of the DP and MP, considered a precocial species, were appreciably more developed at birth, although important ocular morphogenesis changes still occurred after birth. Importantly, the neonatal pig retina presented poorly developed cone and rod photoreceptors. In all examined species, cellular proliferation and the engagement of cells in the cell cycle, highlighted by Ki-67 and/or PHH3 IHC, were prominent in nearly all developing ocular structures for variable periods of time. Physiologically occurring apoptosis, highlighted by cleaved-caspase-3 IHC and/or TUNEL histochemistry, was a key histological feature of retinogenesis at specific age timepoints in SD rats and BG dogs, and was notable in the SD rat immature lens epithelium, as well as in regressing hyaloid vasculature remnants of all species. Lastly, evidence of nonapoptotic activation of caspase-3 was observed in different ocular cell types in all species. The information presented in this thesis will hopefully serve as general reference material for pathologists evaluating immature ocular structures in the context of preclinical toxicity studies. Moreover, the results pave the way for more in-depth investigations of specific ocular developmental events in nonprimate large animal models that may be useful for pediatric ophthalmology translational research.

No description available.

No description available.

Ultra Wideband (UWB) communication has recently drawn considerable attention from academia and industry. This is mainly owing to the ultra high speeds and cognitive features it could offer. The employability of UWB in numerous areas including but not limited to Wireless Personal Area Networks, WPAN's, Body Area Networks, BAN's, radar and medical imaging etc. has opened several avenues of research and development. However, still there is a disagreement on the standardization of UWB. Two contesting radios for UWB are Multiband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MB-OFDM) and DS-UWB (Direct Sequence Ultra Wideband). As nearly all of the reported research on UWB hasbeen about a very narrow/specific area of the communication system, this thesis looks at the end-to-end performance of an MB-OFDM approach. The overall aim of this project has been to first focus on three different aspects i.e. interference, antenna and propagation aspects of an MB-OFDM system individually and then present a holistic or an end-to-end system analysis finally. In the first phase of the project the author investigated the performance of MB-OFDM system under the effect of his proposed generic or technology non-specific interference. Avoiding the conventional Gaussian approximation, the author has employed an advanced stochastic method. A total of two approaches have been presented in this phase of the project. The first approach is an indirect one which involves the Moment Generating Functions (MGF's) of the Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise-Ratio (SINR) and the Probability Density Function (pdf) of the SINR to calculate the Average Probabilities of Error of an MB-OFDM system under the influence of proposed generic interference. This approach assumed a specific two-dimensional Poisson spatial/geometric placement of interferers around the victim MB-OFDM receiver. The second approach is a direct approach and extends the first approach by employing a wider class of generic interference. In the second phase of the work the author designed, simulated, prototyped and tested novel compact monopole planar antennas for UWB application. In this phase of the research, compact antennas for the UWB application are presented. These designs employ low-loss Rogers duroid substrates and are fed by Copla-nar Waveguides. The antennas have a proposed feed-line to the main radiating element transition region. This transition region is formed by a special step-generating function-set called the "Inverse Parabolic Step Sequence" or IPSS. These IPSS-based antennas are simulated, prototyped and then tested in the ane-choic chamber. An empirical approach, aimed to further miniaturize IPSS-based antennas, was also derived in this phase of the project. The empirical approach has been applied to derive the design of a further miniaturized antenna. More-over, an electrical miniaturization limit has been concluded for the IPSS-based antennas. The third phase of the project has investigated the effect of the indoor furnishing on the distribution of the elevation Angle-of-Arrival (AOA) of the rays at the receiver. Previously, constant distributions for the AOA of the rays in the elevation direction had been reported. This phase of the research has proposed that the AOA distribution is not fixed. It is established by the author that the indoor elevation AOA distributions depend on the discrete levels of furnishing. A joint time-angle-furnishing channel model is presented in this research phase. In addition, this phase of the thesis proposes two vectorial or any direction AOA distributions for the UWB indoor environments. Finally, the last phase of this thesis is presented. As stated earlier, the overall aim of the project has been to look at three individual aspects of an MB-OFDM system, initially, and then look at the holistic system, finally. Therefore, this final phase of the research presents an end-to-end MB-OFDM system analysis. The interference analysis of the first phase of the project is revisited to re-calculate the probability of bit error with realistic/measured path loss exponents which have been reported in the existing literature. In this method, Gaussian Quadrature Rule based approximations are computed for the average probability of bit error. Last but not the least, an end-to-end or comprehensive system equation/impulse response is presented. The proposed system equation covers more aspects of an indoor UWB system than reported in the existing literature.

<p>This dissertation focused on the development of mass spectrometric methodologies, separation techniques, and engineered devices for the optimal analysis of complex mixtures relevant to the energy sector, such as alternative fuels, petroleum-based fuels, crude oils, and processed base oils. Mass spectrometry (MS) has been widely recognized as a powerful tool for the analysis of complex mixtures. In complex energy samples, such as petroleum-based fuels, alternative fuels, and oils, high-resolution MS alone may not be sufficient to elucidate chemical composition information. Separation before MS analysis is often necessary for such highly complex energy samples. For volatile samples, in-line two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) can be used to separate complex mixtures prior to ionization. This technique allows for a more accurate determination of the compounds in a mixture, by simplifying the mixture into its components prior to ionization, separation based on mass-to-charge ratio (<i>m/z</i>), and detection. A GC×GC coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight MS was utilized in this research to determine the chemical composition of alternative aviation fuels, a petroleum-based aviation fuel, and alternative aviation fuel candidates and blending components as well as processed base oils.</p> Additionally, as the cutting edge of science and technology evolve, methods and equipment must be updated and adapted for new samples or new sector demands. One such case, explored in this dissertation, was the validation of an updated standardized method, ASTM D2425 2019. This updated standardized method was investigated for a new instrument and new sample type for a quadrupole MS to analyze a renewable aviation fuel. Lastly, the development and evaluation of a miniaturized coreflood device for analyzing candidate chemically enhanced oil recovery (cEOR) formulations of brine, surfactant(s), and polymer(s) was conducted. The miniaturized device was used in the evaluation of two different cEOR formulations to determine if the components of the recovered oil changed.

The dissertation focuses on the decoration of 16th century choral manuscripts. The first part is devoted to the person of Jan Táborský of Klokotská Hora (1499-1572) who was a scribe and an owner of a scribe manufactory, and to the most significant illuminators of the the 16th century who contributed to the decoration of songbooks in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. Attention is given not only to the illuminators to whom Jan Táborský of Klokotská Hora assigned the work and whose contribution can be inferred from the documents or stylistic analysis of their illuminations, but also to their contemporaries. Besides the frequently mentioned Fabián Puléř, we can assume that Jan Taborský also collaborated with Matouš Ornys of Lindperk, Matyáš Hutský of Křivoklát, Ambrož Ledecký and, presumably, others. In this context, one part of the thesis is focused on engravings by Martin Schongauer, Albrecht Dürer, Bernard Salomon and on the domestic prints by George Melantrich the Elder, as these engravings, mostly woodcuts, served as patterns and inspiration for almost every Bohemian illuminator. Themes found in this type of manuscript are mostly based on Biblical stories, corresponding to the feasts of the liturgical year. In addition to these themes, the graduals contain many miniatures associated with various...

The miniature tailsitter is a unique aircraft with inherent advantages over typical unmanned aerial vehicles. With the capabilities of both hover and level flight, these small, portable systems can produce efficient maneuvers for enhanced surveillance and autonomy with little threat to surroundings and the system itself. Such vehicles are accompanied with control challenges due to the two different flight regimes. Problems with the conventional attitude representation arise in estimation and control as the system departs from level flight conditions. Furthermore, changing dynamics and limitations in modeling and sensing give rise to significant attitude control design challenges. Restrictions in computation also result from the limited size and weight capacity of the miniature airframe. In this research, the inherent control challenges discussed above are addressed with a computationally efficient adaptive quaternion control algorithm. A backstepping method for model cancellation and consistent tracking of reference model attitude dynamics is derived. This is used in conjunction with two different algorithms designed for the identification of system parameters. For a metric of baseline performance, gain-scheduled quaternion feedback control is developed. With a regularized data-weighting recursive least-squares parameter estimation algorithm, the adaptive quaternion controller is shown to be better than the baseline method in simulation and hardware results. This method is also shown to produce universal performance for all aircraft with the three conventional control surface actuators (aileron, elevator, and rudder) barring saturation and assuming accurate system identification. Testing of attitude control algorithms requires development in quaternion-based navigational control and attitude estimation. A novel technique for hover north/east position control is derived. Also, altitude tracking in hover, given an inconsistent thrust system, is addressed with an original method of on-line throttle system identification. Means for quaternion-based level flight control are produced from adaptations made to existing techniques employed in the Brigham Young University Multi-Agent Coordination and Control Lab. Also generated are simple trajectories for transitions between flight modes. A method for the estimation of quaternion attitude is developed, which uses multiple sensors combined in a filtering technique similar to the fixed-gain Kalman filter. Simulation and hardware results of these methods are presented for concept validation. A discussion of the development and production of these testing means (a simulation environment and hardware flight test system) is provided. In culmination, a fully autonomous miniature tailsitter system is produced with results demonstrating its various capabilities.

Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdorales, 2015-2016 / Cette recherche entend mettre en lumière les modalités de transmission et d'acquisition des savoirs liés aux arts islamiques de la calligraphie et de la peinture miniature. Cette monographie se veut une immersion dans le monde de l'artiste afghan, une rencontre avec son altérité. Elle se focalise plus particulièrement sur la relation maître-apprenti qui se déroule dans les ateliers de l'Institut pour les arts et l'architecture afghans de la Turquoise Mountain, à Kaboul. La relation maître-apprenti, une relation institutionnalisée ancienne et sacrée en Asie, est le point central de cette recherche, à partir duquel s'articuleront toutes nos observations et interprétations. Savoir-être, connu sous le vocable adab, et savoir-faire s'entremêlent durant la formation de l'artiste ; une formation qui vise à former la personne dans sa totalité. La visée de cette recherche ethnographique est donc celle de saisir la nature de la relation maître-apprenti et des processus par lesquels ces savoir-faire et savoir-être se transmettent, s'approprient et s'acquièrent. / This research aims to spotlight the means of knowledge transmission and acquisition related to the Islamic arts of calligraphy and miniature painting. This monograph represents an immersion in the reality of the Afghan artist, an encounter with his/her alterity. It especially focuses on the master-apprentice relationship inside the art workshops of the Turquoise Mountain’s Institute for Afghan Arts and Architecture, in Kabul. The master-apprentice relationship, an ancient and sacred relationship in the East, is the focal point of this research, from which our observations and explanations are drawn. Personal qualities and attributes of good behavior, known as adab, and practical know-how are jointly developed in the training of the apprentice; a training that educates the person in a holistic manner. The intention of this ethnographic research is then to understand the nature of the master-apprentice relationship and the nature of processes through which these different knowledges are transmitted, appropriated and acquired.