Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka minimilöners effekter på ungdomssysselsättning inom Europeiska unionen (EU). De åldrar som undersöks är ungdomar (15–24), vilket vidare delas in i tonåringar (15–19) och unga vuxna (20–24). Som metod används panelregressioner med fasta effekter för 17 EU-medlemsländer (inklusive Storbritannien) med lagstadgade minimilöner under perioden 2000 till 2018. Vi finner att minimilöner har signifikanta negativa effekter på ungdomssysselsättning inom EU och att dessa effekter är mer kraftfulla för tonåringar än för unga vuxna. Med hänsyn till resultatet drar vi slutsatsen att minimilöner inom EU bör handskas med försiktighet eftersom de kan leda till mindre sysselsättning bland ungdomar. / The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the effects of minimum wages on youth employment in the European Union (EU). The main study group is youths between 15-24 which is then further divided into teenagers (15–19) and young adults (20-24). We employ panel regression methods with fixed effects for 17 EU countries (including the UK) that have statutory minimum wages during the period 2000 to 2018. We find that minimum wages have significant negative employment effects for youths in the EU and that the effects are stronger for teenagers compared to young adults. We reach a conclusion that minimum wage policies in EU countries should be handled with caution as they can lead to lower youth employment.

Presented dissertation analysis to what extent is motivation to occupation affected by minimum wage and by State system of social help. It focuses on very controversial topic of today's society and that is if current rate of minimum wage is sufficient for people to pay off or if it is discouraging them to search for a new job so people then prefer to draw the social benefits rather than working. The dissertation illustrates definition of minimum wage and its development in the Czech Republic, furthermore it deals with the function of minimum wage and especially with its influence on motivation to work and its consequences on an employment. It also contains how and in what amount the minimum wage set down in European Union is. In the contrast the dissertation handles the theory of welfare state and social system in the Czech Republic, it contains scope of social benefits which are in the Czech Republic provided during unemployment or to people with low income. In the next section the dissertation is focused on the analysis of existing issues originating from minimum wage and social benefits. It also introduces us research that have been done in this area. Finally, the dissertation includes its own research investigation whose goal was to prove whether people are motivated or not to accept job with...

Even though the legal minimum wage is not a new thing (it was first set in 1912 in the state of Massachusetts in the USA), we first come across the stipulation of a minimum wage in an amendment to Act No. 65/1965 Coll. of the Labour Code from 1990. The specific level of minimum wage and the conditions for applying it were then set by government resolution in February 1991. Since then the level of minimum wage has been valorised many times (in January 2006 the valorisation of minimum wage was the thirteenth time the minimum wage had been changed). The submitted dissertation deals with selected impacts of the minimum wage on firms, with special consideration to small and medium-sized enterprises (up to 250 employees). Attention is focused both on the demand side of the labour market (acceptance of legal level of minimum wage by firms), as well as on the supply side (effect of the legal level of minimum wage on willingness and motivation of the unemployed to supply their labour on the labour market). The work is focused on the following fundamental areas: detailed mapping of the effect of the minimum wage on firms and employment in economic theory and in contrast to theories for the results of empirical research, identification of the position of minimum wage in wage distribution in the Czech Republic (secondary research), acceptance of minimum wage by small and medium-sized firms in Southern Moravia County (primary research) and willingness of the unemployed to work for the minimum wage (primary research). An integral part of the work is the setting up of aids for the needs of a firm for enrolment and taking on of new employees - decision trees that provide information to the firm on the external labour market.

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The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the literature focused on the increased utilization of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) by low-income workers attempting to become food secure. Poverty measurement will be discussed for its importance to accurately identify individuals and families who are still excluded of social services and programs due to a faulty measurement of poverty. Furthermore, this paper will identify how the limitations of the current minimum wage system in the United States contributes to food insecurity within the population of low-income workers. A concise history of the creation of the SNAP program and the current minimum wage system will be provided. Identifying the increased utilization of the SNAP program, how this intersects with the current minimum wage system and increased food insecurity, will help identify potential areas for advocacy within social work practice and potential areas for policy change

Existe, na América Latina, um paradoxo de inversão entre as conquistas democráticas, que tendem a ampliar e incluir os cidadãos, e a dinâmica de sociedades que historicamente produziram grandes desigualdades, levando ao aprofundamento da exclusão e à negação da cidadania inscrita nas regras dos direitos políticos e sociais auto-regulados. O que significa que o encaminhamento da questão social e da pobreza pressupõe considerar as variáveis das políticas societais, através das quais os Estados se vêem obrigados a (re)construírem instituições para acesso e/ou alternativas de oportunidade social, em beneficio da maioria. Dentro da análise comparativa, esta pesquisa analisa como no Brasil e na Argentina se constroem os arcabouços de formação dos cidadãos (e da cidadania), em tanto que instituição social. Diante do fenômeno cada vez mais abrangente das desigualdades e à medida que os conceitos de cidadania e sociedade civil dizem respeito aos campos de atuação de forças políticas em relação ao local (território) e ao campo social de origem, a pesquisa se centra na análise comparativa de dois programas oficiais de combate à pobreza: Bolsa Família (Brasil) e Plan Jefes y Jefas del Hogar Desocupados (Argentina) e seus resultados. Trata-se de período em que a questão social e a realidade da exclusão assumiram novas dimensões, exigindo medidas mais eficazes de combate à pobreza. O projeto centra na análise do enquadramento sistêmico macro e micro-sociológico dos agentes envolvidos, buscando desvendar as correlações de força, tensões e contradições das visões dos dois programas, e as estratégias de sobrevivência dos excluídos, analisando os conceitos, processos e teorizações dos discursos sobre a questão social, em contraste com as ações e práticas dos governos selecionados. A metodologia se articula em torno da composição documental dos dois programas e observação analítica dos dados primários e secundários de fontes oficiais, mapeamento e entrevista de agentes atuantes e outros documentos complementares à apreensão dos programas analisados. / There is in Latin America an inversion paradox in the terrain of democratic conquests that has tried to include its citizens into the Substantive Rights and a society dynamics that in its History, has produced huge inequalities deepening the exclusions, and denying the citizenship concerning its self-regulated Political and Social Rights. It does concerns the ways of facing the social question to the poverty condition foresee considering several social policies through where States seen forced to re-build its institutional access and/or creating social and alternative opportunities to the majority of its excluded population. This research centers the investigation in a comparative study of two official social programs (monetary transference programs) to fight poverty: Bolsa Família and Plan Jefes y Jefas del Hogar Desocupado (Argentina) and its results, facing the phenomena more all-purpose of inequality and as the citizenship and civil society concepts connect to its broad social fields of political sources, in connection to the local (territory), and also, its specific aspects, in contrast with official speeches and contradiction actions, also its correlated tensions. The monetary transference programs concerns the period where exclusion in the two countries increased, assuming new dimensions, and demanding more effect measures to fight poverty. The investigation centers the analysis of a systemic institution role reflecting the macro and micro sociological aspects concerning the agents involved into different states and in different governmental levels through the analytic and criticized view, mapping the internal circuits, actors involved in this process, its discursiveness through selected programs documents, primary and secondary sources of the socio-political field study.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar adequação do uso do salário mínimo, em comparação com outras medidas de renda, na investigação de aspectos de segurança alimentar e nutricional no Brasil; especialmente quanto à representatividade do poder aquisitivo, à qualidade nutricional do padrão alimentar da população e às alternativas para solução de situações de insegurança alimentar. A partir de dados disponibilizados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e pelo Departamento Intersindical de Estatística e Estudos Econômicos (DIEESE), foram conduzidas análises sobre: (1) evolução do poder aquisitivo do salário mínimo desde sua criação até atualmente, em comparação ao valor monetário necessário para aquisição dos itens alimentares inicialmente previstos na cesta básica utilizada para seu cálculo; (2) adequação nutricional da cesta básica de alimentos em relação às recomendações nutricionais vigentes na atualidade; (3) qualidade nutricional do consumo alimentar da população brasileira em comparação à dieta baseada em itens da cesta básica pela aplicação do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado; (4) caracterização de domicílios brasileiros em situação de insegurança alimentar para mapeamento das atitudes adotadas em resposta à escassez de alimentos. Os resultados obtidos indicaram deterioração da relevância do salário mínimo no contexto alimentar e nutricional, devido à ausência de atualizações monetárias de valor em períodos críticos da inflação brasileira e à mudança nas recomendações nutricionais em decorrência da evolução do conhecimento na área, sem correspondente revisão da composição da cesta de alimentos originalmente proposta como base para cálculo do salário mínimo. O padrão de consumo alimentar da população brasileira e a dieta baseada no consumo dos itens da cesta básica de alimentos foram caracterizados por baixo consumo de frutas, vegetais e cereais, além de excesso de ingestão energética proveniente de gorduras e açúcar. Em relação à insegurança alimentar, observou-se preferência por atitudes de redistribuição intradomiciliar de alimentos ou busca de apoio em rede social proximal dos indivíduos em situação de insegurança alimentar. Programas governamentais raramente são mencionados como parte das ações principais para mitigar problemas de escassez de alimentos no contexto domiciliar. A partir do conjunto de evidências analisadas, conclui-se que políticas de reajuste do salário mínimo e de distribuição de renda apresentam baixa efetividade em termos de promoção de um melhor padrão alimentar para população brasileira. Determinados programas governamentais direcionados à promoção da segurança alimentar e nutricional possivelmente apresentam insuficiência na cobertura ou baixa divulgação entre segmentos populacionais de menor renda, colocando em risco a garantia do acesso à alimentação adequada no Brasil. / The objective of the study was to assess the adequacy of the use of minimum wage in the investigation of aspects related to food and nutrition security in Brazil, in comparison to other income measures; especially referring to its characteristics in representing purchase power, nutritional quality of food consumption patterns at population level and alternatives for solution of food insecurity situations. Using data from the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and the Brazilian Interunion Department for Statistics and Economic Studies (DIEESE), a set of analysis was performed in relation to: (1) evolution of purchase power of the Brazilian minimum wage from its inception until nowadays, in comparison to the monetary value required to acquisition of the food items originally proposed in the basic food basket used for its calculation; (2) nutritional adequacy of the Brazilian basic food basket in comparison to recent nutritional recommendations; (3) nutritional quality of the food consumption patterns from the Brazilian population in comparison to a diet based on items of the basic food basket, using the Healthy Eating Index Revised adapted for Brazil; (4) characterization of Brazilian households under food insecurity in order to map attitudes adopted to deal with food scarcity. The results showed deterioration of the relevance of the Brazilian minimum wage in the food and nutrition context, due to the absence of updates in its monetary value during periods of high inflation in Brazil, and due to changes in nutritional recommendations derived from advances in knowledge without revision of the composition of the basic food basket originally proposed for estimation of the minimum wage. The Brazilian population dietary pattern nowadays and the diet based on the basic food basket were marked by low proportion of fruits, vegetables and cereals; and excess of calories from fats, oils and sugar. In relation to food insecurity, results pointed to preference for adoption of attitudes related to intra-household food redistribution and support of social networks in order to deal with lack of food. Government programs were rarely mentioned as potential solutions for reducing the impacts of food scarcity in the household context. The evidences analyzed in the study indicated that policies for adjustment of the minimum wage and programs for income distribution in Brazil had low effectiveness for promotion of improvements in food consumption patterns among the Brazilian population. Certain government programs directed towards promotion of food security probably present insufficient coverage or low dissemination among low income segments of the population, compromising the assurance of adequate access to food in Brazil.

Existe, na América Latina, um paradoxo de inversão entre as conquistas democráticas, que tendem a ampliar e incluir os cidadãos, e a dinâmica de sociedades que historicamente produziram grandes desigualdades, levando ao aprofundamento da exclusão e à negação da cidadania inscrita nas regras dos direitos políticos e sociais auto-regulados. O que significa que o encaminhamento da questão social e da pobreza pressupõe considerar as variáveis das políticas societais, através das quais os Estados se vêem obrigados a (re)construírem instituições para acesso e/ou alternativas de oportunidade social, em beneficio da maioria. Dentro da análise comparativa, esta pesquisa analisa como no Brasil e na Argentina se constroem os arcabouços de formação dos cidadãos (e da cidadania), em tanto que instituição social. Diante do fenômeno cada vez mais abrangente das desigualdades e à medida que os conceitos de cidadania e sociedade civil dizem respeito aos campos de atuação de forças políticas em relação ao local (território) e ao campo social de origem, a pesquisa se centra na análise comparativa de dois programas oficiais de combate à pobreza: Bolsa Família (Brasil) e Plan Jefes y Jefas del Hogar Desocupados (Argentina) e seus resultados. Trata-se de período em que a questão social e a realidade da exclusão assumiram novas dimensões, exigindo medidas mais eficazes de combate à pobreza. O projeto centra na análise do enquadramento sistêmico macro e micro-sociológico dos agentes envolvidos, buscando desvendar as correlações de força, tensões e contradições das visões dos dois programas, e as estratégias de sobrevivência dos excluídos, analisando os conceitos, processos e teorizações dos discursos sobre a questão social, em contraste com as ações e práticas dos governos selecionados. A metodologia se articula em torno da composição documental dos dois programas e observação analítica dos dados primários e secundários de fontes oficiais, mapeamento e entrevista de agentes atuantes e outros documentos complementares à apreensão dos programas analisados. / There is in Latin America an inversion paradox in the terrain of democratic conquests that has tried to include its citizens into the Substantive Rights and a society dynamics that in its History, has produced huge inequalities deepening the exclusions, and denying the citizenship concerning its self-regulated Political and Social Rights. It does concerns the ways of facing the social question to the poverty condition foresee considering several social policies through where States seen forced to re-build its institutional access and/or creating social and alternative opportunities to the majority of its excluded population. This research centers the investigation in a comparative study of two official social programs (monetary transference programs) to fight poverty: Bolsa Família and Plan Jefes y Jefas del Hogar Desocupado (Argentina) and its results, facing the phenomena more all-purpose of inequality and as the citizenship and civil society concepts connect to its broad social fields of political sources, in connection to the local (territory), and also, its specific aspects, in contrast with official speeches and contradiction actions, also its correlated tensions. The monetary transference programs concerns the period where exclusion in the two countries increased, assuming new dimensions, and demanding more effect measures to fight poverty. The investigation centers the analysis of a systemic institution role reflecting the macro and micro sociological aspects concerning the agents involved into different states and in different governmental levels through the analytic and criticized view, mapping the internal circuits, actors involved in this process, its discursiveness through selected programs documents, primary and secondary sources of the socio-political field study.

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Social Sciences Institute of Economic Studies Three Essays on Labor Market Institutional Environment Dissertation Thesis Kamila Fialová Prague 2012 Abstract This thesis consists of three papers about labor market institutional environment. The first paper "Labor Market Institutions and Their Effect on Labor Market Performance in the New EU Member Countries" estimates the effects of labor market institutions on various performance indicators (unemployment, long-term unemployment, employment, activity rate) in European countries. The results confirm that high taxes increase unemployment, whereas active labor market policies tend to reduce it. The paper also shows that stricter employment protection, higher taxes, and a larger economic burden represented by the minimum wage decrease employment and activity rates. The second paper "Labor Market Institutions and Their Impact on Shadow Economies in Europe" analyzes the role of labor market institutions in explaining developments of shadow economies in European countries using several alternative measures of the shadow sector. The results indicate that the one institution that unambiguously increases shadow production and employment is strict employment protection legislation. Other labor market institutions have less...

This thesis The system of material need benefits as an instrument of protection against poverty in the Czech Republic deals with the relationship between poverty and social benefits. The subject of research is to analyze the impact of system material need benefits to deals problem of poverty. The theoretical basis for thesis is the concept of social exclusion and redistributive discourse. The theoretical part of the thesis analyzed the different concepts and identified tools of social policy in the fight against poverty. Closer is characterized by social protection and help system in the Czech Republic. The practical part of the thesis, realized through research studies and interviews with experts, analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of material need benefits and suggestions for improvement. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)