The thesis "Development of Peruvian economy in new millenium" is divided into four chapters. The first part deals with Peruvian geography, demography nad history. The second part focuses on development of GDP and its structure, on inflation, currency, public debt and unemployment. The third part analyses the development of Peruvian trade and presents the trade with United States and European Union as a study. The final part evaluates the perspectives of economic development and on the basis of mentioned facts gives the problems that are limited for the fast growth of Peruvian economy. The result is a complete study about progress, development and limiting factors of Peruvian republic.

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Afin de ne pas prêter le flanc aux railleries et aux critiques, l’Église fait preuve d’une grande prudence à l’égard des déclarations de « guérison miraculeuse ». C’est dans cette perspective qu’elle s’attache à départager l’"authentique" et l’"inauthentique" parmi les manifestations de la vie religieuse et qu’elle considère que « les faux miracles doivent être discernés des vrais ». Ces distinctions ne vont pas de soi. Elles nécessitent des procédures d’enquêtes dont le fonctionnement reste largement inexploré par les sciences humaines. Si, depuis le XIe siècle, le magistère catholique exerce un droit de regard, allant s’élargissant, sur les miracles déclarés par les fidèles, c’est sans doute à la suite des événements de Lourdes (« apparitions » et « guérisons » à partir de 1858) que cette volonté de contrôle s’exprime sous une forme nouvelle. À une époque qui exalte les vertus de la rationalité scientifique, au moment précis où la médecine parisienne atteint le sommet de sa notoriété pour ses travaux sur l’hystérie, redoutant les controverses provoquées par « l’épidémie de guérison » qui suit les visions de Bernadette Soubirous, de nombreux membres de la hiérarchie catholique française souhaitent donner des formes plus respectables à ce que l’on peut considérer comme une « explosion de dévotion populaire » non orthodoxe et difficilement contrôlable. C’est dans le cadre de cette stratégie d’encadrement des événements que s’inscrit, en 1883, au sein même du sanctuaire de Lourdes, la création d’une instance médicale chargée de contrôler les revendications de guérisons miraculeuses. En s’attachant à analyser cette procédure de contrôle, spécifique au sanctuaire de Lourdes, cette thèse voudrait permettre de mieux comprendre la manière dont sont produits les miracles à Lourdes. Notre travail souhaite montrer qu’il est, au contraire, produit collectivement par un ensemble d’acteurs (témoins, médecins, ecclésiastiques…) engagés dans une activité concertée d’enquête complexe au résultat incertain / Not to invite the critics, the Church shows a big caution towards the declarations of "supernatural cure". It’s in this perspective that she attempts to decide between the "authentic" and between the "not authentic" among the demonstrations of the religious life and that she considers that " the false miracles must be discerned by the truths ". These distinctions are not obvious. They require investigation procedures the functioning of which remains widely unexplored by the human sciences. If, for the XIth century, the catholic magistery exercises a right to inspect, going widening, the miracles declared by the believers, it is doubtless following the events of Lourdes ("appearances" and "cures" from 1858) that this will of control expresses himself under a new shape. In a time which excites the virtues of the scientific rationality, at the precise moment when the Parisian medicine reaches the summit of its fame for its works on the hysteria, dreading the caused controversies by " the epidemic of cure " which follows the visions of Bernadette Soubirous, numerous members of the French catholic hierarchy wish to give more respectable forms to what we can consider as a explosion of popular worship not orthodox and with difficulty controllable. It is within the framework of this strategy of frame of the events that joins, in 1883, within the sanctuary of Lourdes, the creation of a medical authority asked to control the claiming of supernatural cures. By attempting to analyze this control procedure, this thesis would like to allow to understand better the way are produced the miracles in Lourdes. Our work wishes to show that it is produced, on the contrary, collectively by a set of actors (witnesses, doctors, clerics) committed in a joint activity of complex investigation to the uncertain result

Le miraculeux se comprend comme une catégorie événementielle à connotation profane ou religieuse : c’est cette dernière, dans sa perspective chrétienne, que ce travail prend en compte. Mais afin que ce point de vue croyant puisse signifier quelque chose pour l’observateur impartial, le choix a été fait d’examiner les réactions de surprise et d’étonnement éprouvées par les bénéficiaires de ces événements. Celles-ci pourraient-elles nous informer sur ce qui a supposément lieu dans le miraculeux ? La méthodologie phénoménologique mise en place pour pouvoir répondre à cette question prend appui sur deux corpus : l’un consiste en des textes scripturaires, où les réactions de surprise et d’étonnement accompagnant les miracles sont évaluées pour comprendre comment elles opèrent dans le mécanisme de révélation à l’œuvre dans ces textes ; l’autre se compose de récits de « miraculés », interviewés dans le cadre de la méthode microphénoménologique en 1ère personne. Ces récits, une fois analysés, permettent de disposer de ressources expérientielles qui montrent la façon dont le miraculeux est éprouvé dans le vécu, comment il a surpris et bouleversé. La phénoménologie de la surprise ainsi extraite, puis confrontée à celle qui découle des récits bibliques, permet d’abord de mieux comprendre comment opèrent les affects de surprise et d’étonnement lors d’événements irruptifs dits miraculeux, et comment leur matérialité, associée à la foi des sujets-témoins, peut rendre compte de ce vécu si particulier. Le travail contribue aussi à caractériser la surprise et l’étonnement comme des outils phénoménologiques à part entière dans l’entreprise de connaissance de l’humain face à ce qui le dépasse. / The miraculous can be understood as a category of event, either profane or religious. Only the latter, in its Christian perspective, will be dealt with in this present work. But in order for this believer’s point of view to mean anything to the impartial observer, the choice has been made to examine the reactions of surprise and wonder felt by the beneficiaries of these unusual events. Could these reactions inform us about what supposedly takes place in the miraculous? The phenomenological methodology which has been implemented in order to answer this question relies on two corpuses: one consists in a set of New Testament texts, in which the reactions of surprise and wonder which accompany the miracles are evaluated to understand how they operate in the mechanism of revelation at work in those texts; the other is composed of narratives told by beneficiaries of miracles who have been interviewed within the frame of the micro-phenomenological 1st person method. Once they have been transcribed and analyzed for their emotional content, these narratives make available experiential resources which exemplify how the miraculous is lived by the beneficiaries, how it surprised and overwhelmed them. The phenomenology of surprise thus brought forward and confronted to that which can be drawn from Scripture narratives enables, first, to understand better how affects of surprise and wonder operate during so-called miraculous irruptive events, and how their materiality, can account for such an experience. But the work also aims at characterizing surprise and wonder as full-fledged phenomenological tools usable for the understanding of the human reality confronted to what exceeds it.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

O Realismo Científico tem sido defendido quase exclusivamente através do Argumento do Milagre, segundo o qual ou assumimos que as teorias científicas são verdadeiras ou tornamos o sucesso da atividade científica em um fenômeno misterioso e inexplicável. No primeiro momento, as principais críticas ao argumento do milagre são reunidas em cinco objeções: (i) apresenta-se uma explicação alternativa para o sucesso da ciência que não assuma a verdade das teorias científicas e que compita com a explicação realista; (ii) defende-se que a hipótese realista não é uma explicação satisfatória para o sucesso da ciência, acusando-a de vacuidade explicativa, ou (iii) acusando-a de não satisfazer os critérios de rigor metodológico científico que ela mesmo impõe à justificação de teorias; (iv) afirma-se que o argumento seja uma petição de princípio, por pressupor uma regra de inferência abdutiva aceita apenas pela posição realista; (v) propõe-se que o argumento constitua uma falácia estatística ao ignorar um índice de fundo relevante. Ao replicar às objeções apresentadas, alguns autores propõem distinguir entre uma versão semântica do argumento, baseada no sucesso empírico obtido pelas teorias científicas enquanto entidades semânticas; e uma versão metodológica do argumento, baseada no sucesso pragmático dos cientistas em escolher teorias férteis e descobrir teorias bem sucedidas. Além disso, outros autores propõem uma segunda distinção entre uma versão geral do argumento, baseada estatisticamente no sucesso generalizado das teorias científicas, e uma versão retalhada do argumento, baseada na sua aplicação específica a uma teoria tomada individualmente. Após comparar as vantagens e desvantagens de cada interpretação, critica-se a relevância das distinções propostas e defende-se uma versão do argumento que sintetize suas diferentes interpretações de modo a solucionar as objeções inicialmente apresentadas. / Scientific Realism has been defended almost exclusively by the Non-Miracle Argument, which states that either it‘s assumed that scientific theories are true or the success of the scientific enterprise becomes a mysterious and unexplainable fact. At first, the main criticisms of the Non-Miracle Argument are gathered in five objections: (i) it‘s presented an alternative explanation to the success of science that competes with the realist explanation and does not assume the truth of the scientific theories; (ii) it‘s defended that the realist hypothesis is not a satisfactory explanation to the success of science, charging it of being an empty explanation, or (iii) charging its capacities to reach the scientific methodological rigorousness that itself imposes to the warrant of theories; (iv) it‘s affirmed that the argument is a petition principii, on account of presupposing an abductive rule of inference accepted only by the realist perspective; (v) it‘s proposed that the argument constitutes a statistical fallacy on account of neglecting a relevant base rate; When replying to the presented objections, some authors come up with the distinction between a semantic version of the argument, based on the empiric success reached by scientific theories considered as semantic entities, and a methodological version of the argument, based on the pragmatic success of scientists at choosing fruitful theories and discovering succeeded theories. Furthermore, other authors offer a second distinction between a general version of the argument, statistically based on the generalized success of science, and a retail version of the argument, based on its specific application to an individual theory. After comparing the advantages and drawbacks of each interpretation, the relevance of each distinction is reanalyzed and a new version of the argument by making a synthesis of its different interpretations is defended in a way to answer the five initial objections.

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Exceptionally high FDI inflows into Ireland have been one of the main resources of Irish rapid economic growth, and earned the country a title of “Celtic Tiger”.  The goal of this thesis is to find out the driving sources behind this high inward investment and to examine whether Ireland has truly enjoyed higher amounts of FDI inflows than predicted by the model. This thesis analyzes the determinants of foreign direct investment in Ireland. The determinants being examined are GDP, GDP per capita, infrastructure, labor productivity, education and trade openness. The analyzed period is from 1997 to 2007 and data is collected for 30 OECD member states. With the help of the pooled regression we were able to obtain the following results: GDP, GDP per capita, infrastructure and education have a significant effect on FDI and FDI per capita inflows. However, labor productivity and trade openness turned out to be less significant in attracting FDI to Ireland. Moreover, based on the results, infrastructure had an unexpected negative sign, while the rest of the variables indicated expected positive relation to FDI.