Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第15340号 / 工博第3219号 / 新制||工||1485(附属図書館) / 27818 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 井合 進, 教授 岡 二三生, 教授 木村 亮 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

La gestion par éclusées des aménagements hydroélectriques (plus de 150 en France) pour la production d'énergie de pointe engendre de brusques variations de débit sur les cours d'eau et est susceptible d’altérer la composition, l’abondance et la structure des populations de poissons et d’invertébrés, sur de longues distances. Les objectifs de cette thèse ont été (1) de développer une méthode de caractérisation des éclusées au sein des hydrogrammes, ainsi qu'un indicateur synthétique du niveau de perturbation hydrologique, et (2) de progresser dans la définition des mesures de mitigation des impacts des éclusées sur les poissons. A partir de l'analyse de 97 stations et 1575 années de données de débit, les gradients des variations naturelles de débit ont tout d’abord été caractérisés sur 8 gammes entre 5% et 4 fois le débit moyen interannuel (module). Des formules représentant les variations de débit « les plus rapides possibles naturellement » ont été construites en tenant compte du type de variation (hausse ou baisse), de la taille du cours d'eau (via le module) et de la gamme de débit sur laquelle se déroule la variation, pour ensuite discriminer les éclusées des événements naturels. A partir de l'analyse de 80 stations et 491 années de données de débit influencées par les éclusées, une méthode a été mise au point pour repérer au sein des hydrogrammes les éclusées dont les caractéristiques sont au-delà de ce qui peut se rencontrer en hydrologie naturelle, à partir de 3 critères : une amplitude minimale (≥ à 10% du module et ≥ à 20% du débit de base de l’éclusées), un gradient minimal (> au gradient naturel maximal) et une limite haute sur le débit maximum (pour éliminer les événements de crues). Une grande variabilité des régimes d'éclusées du fait de la diversité des aménagements hydroélectriques et des fluctuations des apports hydrologiques et de la demande énergétique, a été constatée et illustrée […]. / Hydropeaking management of hydroelectric facilities (more than 150 in France) generates sudden changes in flow on the river and can affect the composition, the abundance and the structure of fish and invertebrates populations over long distances. The objectives of this thesis were (1) to develop a method for characterizing hydropeaks within hydrograph and a synthetic indicator of hydrological disturbance, and (2) to progress in defining mitigation measures of hydropeaking impacts on fish. From the analysis of 97 stations and 1575 years of flow data, rate of change of natural flow variations have been characterized within 8 ranges between 5% and 4 times the mean inter-annual discharge. Formulas representing the "fastest variations possible naturally" and taking into account the type of change (increase or decrease), the size of the stream (via the mean inter-annual discharge) and the flow range over which the variation takes place have been constructed and then used to discriminate hydropeaks and natural events. From the analysis of 80 stations and 491 years of flow data affected by hydropeaks, a method was developed to identify, within the hydrograph, hydropeaks whose characteristics are beyond what can occur in natural hydrology, using 3 criteria: a minimum range (≥ 10% of the mean inter-annual discharge and ≥ 20% of the hydropeak base flow), a minimal rate of change (> to the maximum natural rate of change) and an upper limit on the maximum flow rate (to remove flood events). A large variation in hydropeaking regimes, due to the diversity of hydroelectric schemes and fluctuations in incoming flow and energy demand, was observed and illustrated […]

Noise is today defined as an unwanted sound that invades the lives of many people in their homes and at work. During a construction phase a large amount of noise is generated that often leads to community complaints. The construction business has to face this issue today when larger infrastructure projects are performed in highly dense areas. Therefore the aim of this Master’s Thesis is to investigate the effect construction noise has on humans and the perceived annoyance in the concerned studied areas, which Bilfinger Berger is contractor for. The impact was studied on both the third party around a construction site on Södermalm, Stockholm and on Bilfinger Berger’s employees on the site. The work concerns three areas, which are situated in the inner city of Stockholm and represent contracts of the infrastructure pro-jects Citybanan and Norra länken. The extensive noise emission during an infrastructure project is affecting the surrounding environment both due to the high noise level that is generated from a number of machines and work activities. Also due to the extensive time frame a project of this kind has. Therefore it is a complex problem to handle and essential for both contractor and client to handle properly. By using appropriate mitigation measures through both the planning stage, the construction phase and clear information towards all parties the impact can be reduced. Through a literature study among the existing science and observations of which mitigation measures are used today to reduce the noise level on sites, a base of theoretical knowledge could be built up for this study. The real noise impact among the affected parties was performed through a survey, which gave results that could be evaluated and discussed. The results from the surveys show that the third party around the workplace is definitely affected by the noise generated from the production. It is also possible to assume that the most affected are persons, which spend a lot of the daytime at home, and therefore feels the noise very disturbing and has to adapt their life after the project’s progress. Through the survey among the employees at Bilfinger Berger a certain acceptance exist towards the noise even if they feel disturbed by the noise. The conclusion drawn from this is that the human attitude to noise impact becomes more positive if they have the knowledge about why and how it arises even if the noise has the same impact on everyone. Therefore the noise issue has to be raised in future projects, even during the tender phase when noise is always easier to control in an earlier stage.

No description available.

Les infrastructures linéaires de transports (ILT), dont les routes, sont une des principales causes du déclin de la biodiversité. Bien que les évaluations environnementales permettent de limiter ce déclin, la séquence "Eviter, Réduire et Compenser" les impacts peine à s'appliquer pleinement. En effet, la séquence ERC fait bien souvent appel à des données qualitatives en oubliant les processus biologiques et/ou écologiques et leur échelle spatio-temporelle. L'impact des routes est globalement bien documenté pour plusieurs groupes biologiques, hormis pour les chauves-souris, pourtant susceptibles d'être très fortement affectées. Par ailleurs, leur protection stricte nécessite leur prise en compte dans la séquence ERC. Pour étudier l’impact des routes, et notamment des autoroutes, je me suis concentré sur l’étude des chauves-souris afin de mesurer et quantifier leur magnitude. Pour cela, différentes méthodes développées et réutilisables par les différents acteurs de terrain seront présentées. Ainsi, dans un premier temps, je me suis intéressé à une méthode de traitement des données issues d'écoutes acoustiques et à une méthode de valorisation. Dans un second temps, nous avons appliqué ces méthodes afin (i) de connaitre quels étaient les impacts des routes sur les populations de chauves-souris et (ii) afin d'évaluer l'efficience des mesures de réductions engagées pour réduire ces impacts. Nos principaux résultats montrent que les autoroutes ont un impact négatif significatif sur l'activité de chasse et de transit pour plusieurs espèces de chauves-souris jusqu'à au moins cinq kilomètres de distance à une autoroute. De plus, l'effet des autoroutes semblerait également avoir des conséquences sur la génétique des populations. Enfin, nous avons étudié les chiroptéroducs, ouvrages dédiés aux chauves-souris visant à réduire ces impacts par l'amélioration des connectivités écologiques. Ce type d'ouvrage dédié semble être approprié lorsqu'il est situé dans des corridors écologiques fins tels que les haies. / Biodiversity is being lost at an increased rate as a result of human activities. One of the major threats to biodiversity is infrastructural development. Although the measures taken in environmental impact assessments can limit this loss, the mitigation hierarchy to "Avoid, Reduce and Offset" impacts on biodiversity is not fully functional. Indeed, the mitigation hierarchy often uses qualitative data and does not account for the biological and/or ecological processes and their different spatial and temporal scales. The impact of roads is well documented for several biological groups but not for bats whereas they are likely to be very strongly affected. Moreover, as they are strictly protected, they should be considered in the mitigation hierarchy. Therefore, through the study of bats, I investigated the effects of roads, especially major roads, and intended to measure and quantify the magnitude of their impacts. This thesis presents different methods developed to reach this objective and which may be used by stakeholders in the field. First, I intended to determine how to process data collected through passive acoustic monitoring and how to exploit these data. Then I determined what the impacts of roads on bat populations are and I proposed a method in order to assess the mitigation measures which presume to restore bat habitat connectivity. Our main results show a significant negative effect of roads on bats foraging and commuting behaviour for several species and up to at least five kilometres away from a major road. In addition, the effect of major roads also seems to have consequences on populations’ genetics. Finally, we studied bat overpasses which are structures specifically dedicated to bats and aiming at reducing the impacts of roads by improving bats’ habitat connectivity. These structures seem to be appropriate when located in narrow ecological corridors such as hedgerows.

As rodovias podem representar um importante fator na fragmentação de habitat para espécies silvestres adaptadas a habitats de alta complexidade estrutural, como as florestas tropicais. As estradas reduzem a conectividade da paisagem e a capacidade da população regional em habitar todas as áreas adequadas e estes efeitos são mais significativos nas espécies que evitam a estrada, que são, muitas vezes, espécies de interior de florestas. A magnitude dos efeitos de barreira dependerá do comportamento e mobilidade destas espécies. Quando as estradas representam ralos (sink) ou barreiras para as populações, devido, respectivamente, aos atropelamentos ou à repulsa, medidas mitigadoras são indicadas para aumentar a conectividade entre as manchas de habitat separadas por essas estradas. A qualidade do habitat é um fator que deve ser considerado, mesmo com baixas frequências de atropelamentos nesses locais. O objetivo desse estudo foi propor dois métodos de seleção de áreas prioritárias para implantação de medidas mitigadoras dos efeitos das estradas sobre espécies de vertebrados florestais: Seleção Hierárquica Multivariada e Seleção Bivariada. A área de estudo foi o bioma Mata Atlântica, sendo recortado em paisagens hexagonais em três escalas diferentes (10.000, 1.000 e 100 km), usando a extensão Repeating Shapes no programa ArcGIS 9.3. Em cada hexágono foram calculados: área de floresta e de Unidade de Conservação, densidade de estradas e de hidrografia. Apenas os hexágonos cobertos por no mínimo 45% pela Mata Atlântica, com mais de 50% de cobertura florestal e mais de 1% de Unidades de Conservação foram incluídos nas análises. Após esta seleção, no método Seleção Hierárquica Multivariada, foi feita uma análise de componentes principais (PCA) com as quatro variáveis medidas, para cada escala separadamente. Os hexágonos foram então ordenados segundo o posicionamento deles no 1 Eixo da PCA de forma hierárquica e da maior para menor escala de hexágonos. Para área de estudo o método de Seleção Bivariada foi construído um gráfico de pontos, para cada escala de hexágono, com as variáveis cobertura florestal e rios. Foram selecionados os hexágonos que estavam localizados no quadrante do gráfico que representasse maior densidade de rios e maior porcentagem de cobertura florestal. Posteriormente foi feita uma simulação para avaliar se os métodos eram capazes de recuperar escores tão alto quanto a ordenação seguindo apenas o posicionamento dos hexágonos no Eixo 1 da PCA, sem uma análise hierárquica. O método de Seleção Hierárquica Multivariada foi mais eficiente para escolha de áreas prioritárias do que a Seleção Bivariada tanto para a escala intermediária (1.000 km) quanto para a menor escala (100 km). Os cinco hexágonos de 100 km mais prioritários estão localizados em São Paulo e Paraná, abrangendo quatro UCs (PARES de Jacupiranga, APA de Guaraqueçaba, APA Cananéia- Jacuípe e PARES da Ilha do Cardoso). Devido à simplicidade e fácil aplicabilidade do método, acredita-se que este pode ser uma opção interessante para escolha de áreas prioritárias para implantação de medidas mitigadoras dos efeitos de estradas / Roads may represent an important factor in fragmentation of habitat for wild species adapted to habitats of high structural complexity as rainforests. Roads reduce landscape connectivity and the capacity of the regional population live in all suitable areas and these effects are most significant in species that avoid the road, which are often species dependent on forests. The magnitude of the barrier effects depend on the behavior and mobility of these species. When roads represent "sinkers" or barriers for populations due, respectively, trampling or avoidance, mitigation measures are indicated to increase connectivity between habitat patches separated by these roads. The habitat quality is a factor that must be considered, even at low frequencies of road kill there. The goal of this study was to propose two methods of selecting priority areas for implementation of mitigation measures of roads effects on forest vertebrate species: Multivariate Hierarchical Selection and Bivariate Selection. The study area was the Atlantic Forest biome, being cut into hexagonal landscapes at three different scales (10,000, 1,000 and 100 km), using the extension "Repeating Shapes" program in ArcGIS 9.3. In each hexagon was calculated: area of forest, protected areas, density of roads and hydrograph. Only hexagons covered by at least 45% by the Atlantic Forest, with over 50% forest cover and more than 1% of protected areas were included in the analyzes. After this using the Multivariate Hierarchical selection method, we performed a principal component analysis (PCA) with the four variables measured for each scale separately. The hexagons were then ordered according to their position in the first axis of PCA, using a hierarchical manner and the smaller scale of hexagons. For the Bivariate selection method we did a dot plot for each scale hexagon, with the variables forest cover and rivers. We selected hexagons that were located in the quadrant of the graph that represented higher density of rivers and larger percentage of forest cover. After that, we made a simulation to evaluate if the two methods were able to retrieve scores as high as the ordination following only the positioning of the hexagons on Axis 1 of the PCA, without a hierarchical analysis. For the study site, the Multivariate Hierarchical selection was more efficient for choosing priority areas than Bivariate Selection for both the intermediate scale (1000 km) and to a lesser extent (100 km). The five hexagons of 100 km of highest priorities are located in São Paulo and Paraná, covering four protected areas (PARES of Jacupiranga, Guaraqueçaba APA, and APA Cananéia-Jacuípe and PARES Ilha do Cardoso). Due to simplicity and easy applicability of the method, we believe this may be an interesting option for selecting priority areas for implementation of mitigation measures of the effects of roads

As rodovias podem representar um importante fator na fragmentação de habitat para espécies silvestres adaptadas a habitats de alta complexidade estrutural, como as florestas tropicais. As estradas reduzem a conectividade da paisagem e a capacidade da população regional em habitar todas as áreas adequadas e estes efeitos são mais significativos nas espécies que evitam a estrada, que são, muitas vezes, espécies de interior de florestas. A magnitude dos efeitos de barreira dependerá do comportamento e mobilidade destas espécies. Quando as estradas representam ralos (sink) ou barreiras para as populações, devido, respectivamente, aos atropelamentos ou à repulsa, medidas mitigadoras são indicadas para aumentar a conectividade entre as manchas de habitat separadas por essas estradas. A qualidade do habitat é um fator que deve ser considerado, mesmo com baixas frequências de atropelamentos nesses locais. O objetivo desse estudo foi propor dois métodos de seleção de áreas prioritárias para implantação de medidas mitigadoras dos efeitos das estradas sobre espécies de vertebrados florestais: Seleção Hierárquica Multivariada e Seleção Bivariada. A área de estudo foi o bioma Mata Atlântica, sendo recortado em paisagens hexagonais em três escalas diferentes (10.000, 1.000 e 100 km), usando a extensão Repeating Shapes no programa ArcGIS 9.3. Em cada hexágono foram calculados: área de floresta e de Unidade de Conservação, densidade de estradas e de hidrografia. Apenas os hexágonos cobertos por no mínimo 45% pela Mata Atlântica, com mais de 50% de cobertura florestal e mais de 1% de Unidades de Conservação foram incluídos nas análises. Após esta seleção, no método Seleção Hierárquica Multivariada, foi feita uma análise de componentes principais (PCA) com as quatro variáveis medidas, para cada escala separadamente. Os hexágonos foram então ordenados segundo o posicionamento deles no 1 Eixo da PCA de forma hierárquica e da maior para menor escala de hexágonos. Para área de estudo o método de Seleção Bivariada foi construído um gráfico de pontos, para cada escala de hexágono, com as variáveis cobertura florestal e rios. Foram selecionados os hexágonos que estavam localizados no quadrante do gráfico que representasse maior densidade de rios e maior porcentagem de cobertura florestal. Posteriormente foi feita uma simulação para avaliar se os métodos eram capazes de recuperar escores tão alto quanto a ordenação seguindo apenas o posicionamento dos hexágonos no Eixo 1 da PCA, sem uma análise hierárquica. O método de Seleção Hierárquica Multivariada foi mais eficiente para escolha de áreas prioritárias do que a Seleção Bivariada tanto para a escala intermediária (1.000 km) quanto para a menor escala (100 km). Os cinco hexágonos de 100 km mais prioritários estão localizados em São Paulo e Paraná, abrangendo quatro UCs (PARES de Jacupiranga, APA de Guaraqueçaba, APA Cananéia- Jacuípe e PARES da Ilha do Cardoso). Devido à simplicidade e fácil aplicabilidade do método, acredita-se que este pode ser uma opção interessante para escolha de áreas prioritárias para implantação de medidas mitigadoras dos efeitos de estradas / Roads may represent an important factor in fragmentation of habitat for wild species adapted to habitats of high structural complexity as rainforests. Roads reduce landscape connectivity and the capacity of the regional population live in all suitable areas and these effects are most significant in species that avoid the road, which are often species dependent on forests. The magnitude of the barrier effects depend on the behavior and mobility of these species. When roads represent "sinkers" or barriers for populations due, respectively, trampling or avoidance, mitigation measures are indicated to increase connectivity between habitat patches separated by these roads. The habitat quality is a factor that must be considered, even at low frequencies of road kill there. The goal of this study was to propose two methods of selecting priority areas for implementation of mitigation measures of roads effects on forest vertebrate species: Multivariate Hierarchical Selection and Bivariate Selection. The study area was the Atlantic Forest biome, being cut into hexagonal landscapes at three different scales (10,000, 1,000 and 100 km), using the extension "Repeating Shapes" program in ArcGIS 9.3. In each hexagon was calculated: area of forest, protected areas, density of roads and hydrograph. Only hexagons covered by at least 45% by the Atlantic Forest, with over 50% forest cover and more than 1% of protected areas were included in the analyzes. After this using the Multivariate Hierarchical selection method, we performed a principal component analysis (PCA) with the four variables measured for each scale separately. The hexagons were then ordered according to their position in the first axis of PCA, using a hierarchical manner and the smaller scale of hexagons. For the Bivariate selection method we did a dot plot for each scale hexagon, with the variables forest cover and rivers. We selected hexagons that were located in the quadrant of the graph that represented higher density of rivers and larger percentage of forest cover. After that, we made a simulation to evaluate if the two methods were able to retrieve scores as high as the ordination following only the positioning of the hexagons on Axis 1 of the PCA, without a hierarchical analysis. For the study site, the Multivariate Hierarchical selection was more efficient for choosing priority areas than Bivariate Selection for both the intermediate scale (1000 km) and to a lesser extent (100 km). The five hexagons of 100 km of highest priorities are located in São Paulo and Paraná, covering four protected areas (PARES of Jacupiranga, Guaraqueçaba APA, and APA Cananéia-Jacuípe and PARES Ilha do Cardoso). Due to simplicity and easy applicability of the method, we believe this may be an interesting option for selecting priority areas for implementation of mitigation measures of the effects of roads

A exploraÃÃo de Ãreas de emprÃstimo para obtenÃÃo de materiais para obras civis tem resultado na degradaÃÃo ambiental, muitas vezes, com sÃrios impactos nos meio fÃsico e biÃtico. Assim, os impactos ambientais de Ãreas de emprÃstimo devem ser identificados, para que sejam propostas e executadas medidas visando à sua recuperaÃÃo. Neste trabalho, procurou-se avaliar a eficÃcia das medidas mitigadoras propostas nos estudos de impacto ambiental dos aÃudes pÃblicos Aracoiaba e SÃtios Novos, no estado do CearÃ, para a recuperaÃÃo das Ãreas degradadas durante a obtenÃÃo de matÃria prima para suas obras civis. A pesquisa teve inÃcio com o levantamento dos EIA/RIMA dos AÃudes PÃblicos Aracoiaba e SÃtios Novos, com Ãnfase na anÃlise dos impactos identificados como possÃveis de ocorrerem nas Ãreas de emprÃstimo dos dois empreendimentos. Foram tambÃm levantadas as medidas mitigadoras propostas para recuperaÃÃo das Ãreas de emprÃstimos dos dois reservatÃrios. A partir de pesquisas de campo foi realizado levantamento das medidas mitigadoras efetivamente implantadas para recuperaÃÃo das Ãreas de emprÃstimo. A pesquisa permitiu a realizaÃÃo de estudo comparativo entre as medidas propostas e as efetivamente implantadas nas Ãreas de emprÃstimo dos dois aÃudes. Constatou-se que vÃrias medidas propostas nÃo foram implantadas, principalmente nas Ãreas de emprÃstimo do AÃude SÃtios Novos, resultando na existÃncia de Ãreas ainda degradadas, necessitando de recuperaÃÃo. Ao final, propÃe-se a adoÃÃo de aÃÃes visando mitigar a degradaÃÃo ambiental resultante dos dois aÃudes, nas suas Ãreas de emprÃstimo. / Exploitation of borrow areas to obtain materials for civil works has resulted in environmental degradation , often with serious impacts on physical and biotic environment . Thus , the environmental impacts of borrow areas should be identified , to be proposed and implemented measures aimed at their recovery . In this study, we sought to assess the effectiveness of mitigation measures proposed in the environmental impact studies and public dams Aracoiaba Novos , in the state of Cearà , for the recovery of degraded areas for obtaining feedstock for its civil works . The research began with a survey of the EIS / EIR for Public and Sites New Dams Aracoiaba , with emphasis on the analysis of the impacts identified as possible to occur in the areas of loan of two developments . Were also raised proposals for the rehabilitation of the two reservoirs loans mitigation measures . From field research was conducted survey of mitigation measures effectively implemented for the rehabilitation of loan. The survey allowed for a comparative study between the proposed measures and effectively implemented in the areas of borrowing of the two dams . It was observed that several proposed measures were not implemented , mainly in the areas of loan Novos Dam, resulting in the existence of yet degraded areas needing recovery . At the end, we propose the adoption of actions to mitigate environmental degradation resulting from the two dams in their lending areas.

L'Ilot de Chaleur Urbain (ICU) est l'un des phénomènes du changement climatique les plus documentés. Il est le résultat de températures plus élevées dans le centre des villes que dans leurs banlieues ou les zones rurales alentour et peut avoir des conséquences néfastes sur les habitants des villes, notamment au niveau de la qualité de l'air, la consommation d'énergie, la santé publique et même le taux de mortalité. À Beyrouth, capitale du Liban, la littérature scientifique existante dénote un déficit de recherche sur ce sujet. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc d'étudier l'intensité de l'ICU à Beyrouth, d'identifier les mesures les plus appropriées susceptibles d'en alléger les effets d'un point de vue technique, d'en évaluer les conséquences sur les politiques d'urbanisme et de faire des propositions pour la planification urbaine et la conception des bâtiments à Beyrouth. Dans cette thèse, l'ICU à Beyrouth a été étudié à l'aide du modèle Town Energy Balance (TEB), outil de modélisation servant à calculer les échanges d'énergie et d'eau entre les villes et l'atmosphère, développé par Météo France (Masson, 2000). TEB est inclus dans le système de modélisation des surfaces continentales SURFEX. SURFEX est une contraction de « Surface Externalisée » et c'est un code qui modélise les processus d'échange d'énergie entre l'atmosphère et les surfaces urbaines. Des simulations ont été effectuées à Beyrouth durant une journée, en hiver, le 1er janvier de 00:00 UTC (soit 02:00 heure locale) à 23:00 UTC et une journée, en été, le 1er juillet de 00:00 UTC à 23:00 UTC à des intervalles d'une heure. En été, des écarts significatifs allant jusqu'à 6°C ont été enregistrés pour les températures de canyon. Typiquement, les températures les plus élevées ont été enregistrées dans les zones à forte densité de construction où la part de surfaces travaillées par l'homme est la plus grande et où on a mesuré les albédos les plus bas (généralement 0.2). En hiver, les écarts de température ont été moins significatifs avec un différentiel de 1°C entre les zones à forte densité de construction et les espaces naturels. On en a déduit que les zones avec une grande proportion de végétations ont un rôle réfrigérant à Beyrouth. De plus, nous avons mesuré un écart significatif dans la consommation d'énergie pour la climatisation en été dans différentes parties de Beyrouth ; les simulations ont déterminé la demande requise d'énergie à 50 W/m2 dans les quartiers caractérisés par une grande proportion de jardins et jusqu'à 800 W/m2 dans les quartiers à forte densité de construction. En hiver également, les simulations ont montré des écarts importants au niveau de la demande d'énergie pour le chauffage dans différents quartiers de Beyrouth variant de 20 à 300 W/m2. Six scénarios ont été modélisés sur TEB et ils ont indiqué que l'augmentation de la surface des végétations et l'augmentation de l'albédo des toits produisaient les effets de refroidissement les plus notables. Cette thèse a mis en évidence des opportunités pour améliorer les lois de l'Urbanisme et le Code de la Construction au Liban pour une meilleure prise en compte des aspects microclimatiques urbains et recommande la mise en place de stratégies pour le développement d'espaces verts urbains et pour l'optimisation du refroidissement par les toits. Cette thèse a donc contribué à une meilleure compréhension de l'environnement urbain de la ville de Beyrouth et des paramètres urbains pouvant avoir le plus grand impact sur la réduction des effets de l'ICU. Ce faisant, cette étude a préparé le terrain pour des travaux plus poussés en vue de réduire les effets de l'ICU à Beyrouth dans le but de créer un environnement confortable et sain pour ses habitants et pour les générations futures / The urban heat island (UHI) is one of the more commonly documented phenomena of climate change. It is related to higher urban temperatures in the city centers as compared to the surrounding rural or suburban areas and can lead to unpleasant effects on urban dwellers not least of all on air quality, energy consumption levels, human health, and even mortality rates. In Beirut, the capital city of Lebanon, the literature clearly points to a lack of research on this topic. In addition, there is no evidence that there is a systematic transfer of urban climatic knowledge between concerned stakeholders like urban planning and environmental authorities which is cause for concern given the ever-increasing worldwide attention being given to climate change adaptation and mitigation measures and sustainable city developments. The objective of this research is to therefore investigate the intensity of UHI in Beirut, to identify most suitable measures to alleviate the effects of UHI from a technical perspective, to assess the implications on urban planning processes and to accordingly find opportunities for planning and design practices in Beirut. Beirut is a coastal city that sits on a peninsula that extends westward into the Mediterranean Sea. It covers a surface area of about 20 square kilometers, has a population of approximately 500,000 inhabitants, with a very high population density of about 21,000 inhabitants / km2.The UHI in Beirut was investigated using the Town Energy Balance (TEB) urban surface exchange modeling scheme developed by Météo France (Masson, 2000). TEB is included in the SURFEX land-surface modeling system. SURFEX means “surface externalisée” and it is a code that represents the energy exchange processes that occur between the atmosphere and the urban surfaces. Simulations were accordingly run across Beirut using TEB for 1 day during the winter season on 1 January, from 00:00 UTC (equivalent to 2:00AM local standard time) to 23:00 UTC, and 1 day during the summer season on 1 July from 00:00 UTC to 23:00 UTC with one hour time steps or one hour output results. During the summer significant variations of up to 6oC were found for canyon temperatures whereas areas characterized by dense urban fabrics had higher temperatures typically due to the larger fraction of man-made as opposed to natural surfaces and due to the lower albedo values (generally 0.2). During the winter, temperature variations were not as significant, differing by up to 1oC between aforementioned areas across Beirut. Therefore areas with high garden fractions were found to play an important cooling effect in the simulations for Beirut. In addition, a significant variation in cooling energy usage was found during the summer across Beirut where simulations showed energy demands as low as 50 W/m2 in areas characterized by higher garden fractions whereas simulations were much higher, up to 800 W/m2, in areas with dense urban fabrics. In the summer heating energy demands were also significant ranging from as low as 20-300 W/m2 across Beirut. Six scenarios were also run on TEB which showed that increasing the albedo of roofs and the fraction of gardens had the most noteworthy cooling effects. This research found that there are opportunities for improvement of the Urban Planning Law and the Building Code of Lebanon for better consideration of the urban microclimatic issues and recommended emphasis on urban greening strategies and cool roofing strategies. this thesis contributed to a better understanding of the urban environment of the city of Beirut and the respective urban parameters that have the most significant impact on reducing some of the impacts of the urban heat island phenomenon. In doing so, this research has paved the way for further work on reducing the UHI effect in Beirut, with the ultimate aim of creating a comfortable and safe environment for its residents, and future generations

Environmental Impact Assessment stands as a crucial tool in the realm of sustainable development, serving to evaluate the potential environmental implications of proposed projects. While Environmental Impact Assessment processes are widely adopted across nations, their efficacy continually evolves in response to contemporary challenges. This study delves into the effectiveness of EIA procedures, focusing on the Environmental Impact Assessment report of the Mullikulam on-shore wind farm project in Sri Lanka. Initially, the research scrutinizes the criteria for assessing the effectiveness of EIA through desk review and content analysis. Subsequently, it employs a comprehensive checklist to evaluate the effectiveness of the Environmental Impact Assessment report of the said wind farm project, analyzing its adherence to key effectiveness criteria. This evaluation extends to comparative analysis, encompassing two additional Environmental Impact Assessment reports concerning on-shore wind farms in other countries. While the study's objective is to critically evaluate the effectiveness of the Environmental Impact Assessment report of the Mullikulam wind farm project, findings indicate notable deficiencies, particularly concerning site selection, mitigation strategies, and stakeholder engagement. By highlighting these shortcomings, the research underscores the imperative for improvements in EIA practices to enhance effectiveness. The study contributes valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders involved in EIA processes, advocating for enhancements to ensure stronger environmental assessments in future projects.