No / Keratinous tissues such as nail, hair, horn, scales and feather have been used as a source of DNA for over 20 years. Particular benefits of such tissues include the ease with which they can be sampled, the relative stability of DNA in such tissues once sampled, and, in the context of ancient genetic analyses, the fact that sampling generally causes minimal visual damage to valuable specimens. Even when freshly sampled, however, the DNA quantity and quality in the fully keratinized parts of such tissues is extremely poor in comparison to other tissues such as blood and muscle – although little systematic research has been undertaken to characterize how such degradation may relate to sample source. In this review paper we present the current understanding of the quality and limitations of DNA in two key keratinous tissues, nail and hair. The findings indicate that although some fragments of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA appear to be present in almost all hair and nail samples, the quality of DNA, both in quantity and length of amplifiable DNA fragments, vary considerably not just by species, but by individual, and even within individual between hair types.

Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is a key enzyme for de novo dNTP biosynthesis. We have studied nucleotide-dependent oligomerization of the allosterically regulated mammalian RNR using a mass spectrometry–related technique called Gas-phase Electrophoretic Mobility Macromolecule Analysis (GEMMA). Our results showed that dATP and ATP induce the formation of an α6β2 protein complex. This complex can either be active or inactive depending on whether ATP or dATP is bound. In order to understand whether formation of the large complexes is a general feature in the class Ia RNRs, we compared the mammalian RNR to the E. coli enzyme. The E. coli protein is regarded a prototype for all class Ia RNRs. We found that the E. coli RNR cycles between an active α2β2 form (in the presence of ATP, dTTP or dGTP) and an inactive α4β4 form in the presence of dATP or a combination of ATP with dTTP/dGTP. The E. coli R1 mutant (H59A) which needs higher dATP concentrations to be inhibited than the wild-type enzyme had decreased ability to form these complexes. It remains to be discovered how the regulation functions in the mammalian enzyme where both the active and inactive forms are α6β2 complexes. An alternative way to produce dNTPs is via salvage biosynthesis where deoxyribonucleosides are taken up from outside the cell and phosphorylated by deoxyribonucleoside kinases. We have found that the pathogen Trypanosoma brucei, which causes African sleeping sickness, has a very efficient salvage of adenosine, deoxyadenosine and adenosine analogs such as adenine arabinoside (Ara-A). One of the conclusions made was that this nucleoside analog is phosphorylated by the T. brucei adenosine kinase and kills the parasite by causing nucleotide pool imbalances and by incorporation into nucleic acids. Ara-A-based therapies can hopefully be developed into new medicines against African sleeping sickness. Generally, the dNTPs produced from the de novo and salvage pathways can be imported into mitochondria and participate in mtDNA replication. The minimal mtDNA replisome contains DNA polymerase γA, DNA polymerase γB, helicase (TWINKLE) and the mitochondrial single-stranded DNA-binding protein (mtSSB). Here, it was demonstrated that the primase-related domain (N-terminal region) of the TWINKLE protein lacked primase activity and instead contributes to single-stranded DNA binding and DNA helicase activities. This region is not absolutely required for mitochondrial DNA replisome function but is needed for the formation of long DNA products.

"Mémoire présenté à la faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit (LL.M.) option droit, biotechnologies et société" / Le transfert d'ooplasme est une nouvelle technique de reproduction (NTR) qUI bouscule les fondements utilisés pour encadrer les modifications génétiques chez l'humain. Par l'intervention dans le matériel génétique contenu dans les mitochondries des cellules, ce nouveau procédé implique la création d'enfant issus du matériel génétique de trois parents. L'exemple est intéressant en ce qu'il permet à la fois d'analyser une situation spécifique aux enjeux éthiques et sociaux considérables, mais également de poser une réflexion plus générale sur les modes d'encadrement des NTR et leur impact sur la liberté de la recherche scientifique. Les théories sociologiques issues de l'analyse de la technoscience permettent de démontrer d'une part un enthousiasme pour la recherche et d'autre part les craintes de sa dérive. L'hypothèse du pluralisme normatif, issue de ces craintes et de l'incapacité du droit à parvenir à les calmer, permet de mettre en lumière la multiplication des normes destinées à encadrer la recherche scientifique. Cette pléthore de normes est responsable d'une confusion dans l'interprétation des différents principes qui les justifient (dignité humaine, innocuité, bienfait thérapeutique), d'autant plus qu'elles doivent être conciliées entre les niveaux international, régional et national. Cette réflexion éthique sur la limitation de la liberté de la recherche par l'encadrement des NTR permet la démonstration des véritables enjeux qu'impliquent la génétique de la reproduction et propose un regard neuf sur la façon de l'envisager. / Ooplasm transfer is a new reproductive technique that jostles the basis of human gene modification. This new fertility treatment involved the transplantation of genetic material included in mitochondrion, and results in new-born with DNA from three different persons. This technique brings important sociological and ethical dilemmas. It also raises a critical discussion on how new reproductive techniques are regulated and how that regulation limits the freedom of research. Sociological theories about technosciences have shown that there is a great enthusiasm for research in society, but also great concerns on its excess. Those concerns have generated a multiplication of norms in order to control possible abuses of researchers. The multiplication of norms limits not only the freedom of research, but is also responsible for the confusion in interpreting the principles that justify them (human dignity, innocuity, health benefits), especial1y when these principles have to be reconciled at the national, regional and international level. This study is an ethical reflection on limits imposed on the freedom of research in the new reproductive genetics area. By using ooplasmic transfer as an example, this work addresses main issues of reproductive genetic and proposes a new way of understanding and considering genetics in the socio-economical context of technoscientific societies.

Autism is a complex disorder with possible genetic, epigenetic and environmental components. As the etiology remains uncertain and an increase in incidence is suspected, the involvement of possible environmental risk factors has gained increasing attention. With this thesis, I aim to provide tools for assessing such risk factors. Firstly, I aim to construct a questionnaire for the analysis of an environmental component in the etiology of autism. Secondly, I aim to assess the importance of prenatal exposure to metals in certain diseases and thirdly I aim to construct a methodology enabling the analysis of the mitochondrial epigenome, which is especially interesting in relation to autism as mitochondrial diseases occur more frequently in an autistic population than in the general population. For the creation of the questionnaire the scientific literature was reviewed. The resulting questionnaire contains general, prenatal, neonatal and paternal risk factors. The metal analysis was conducted on the cord blood of patients who later developed autism, antinuclear antibodies positive rheumatoid arthritis or diabetes, which were then compared to healthy control subjects. My findings propose a link between elevated levels of cord blood cadmium or aluminum and rheumatic arthritis. In addition, elevated aluminum levels might be associated with autism. In regards to the analysis of the mitochondrial epigenome, to my knowledge, no standard protocol exists with frozen human whole blood as a source. In this thesis, I succeeded in creating the basis for such a protocol, however still needing several small modifications for an increased overall yield.

Mitochondrial disorders resulting from defects in oxidative phosphorylation are the most common form of inherited metabolic disease. Mutations in the human mitochondrial translation elongation factor GFM1 have recently been shown to cause the lethal pediatric disorder Combined Oxidative Phosphorylation Deficiency Syndrome (COXPD1). Children harboring mutations in GFM1 exhibit severe developmental, metabolic and neurological abnormalities. This work describes the identification and extensive characterization of the first known mutations in iconoclast (ico), the Drosophila orthologue of GFM1. Expression of human GFM1 can rescue ico null mutants, demonstrating functional conservation between the human and fly proteins. While point mutations in ico result in developmental defects and death during embryogenesis, animals null for ico survive until the second or third instar larval stage. These results indicate that in addition to loss-of-function consequences, point mutations in ico appear to produce toxic proteins with antimorphic or neomorphic effects. Consistent with this hypothesis, transgenic expression of a mutant ICO protein is lethal when expressed during development and inhibits growth when expressed in wing discs. In addition, animals with a single copy of an ico point mutation are more sensitive to acute hyperthermic or hypoxic stress. Removal of the positively-charged tail of the protein abolishes the toxic effects of mutant ICO, demonstrating that this domain is necessary for the harmful gain-of-function phenotypes observed in ico point mutants. / Further, expression of GFP-tagged constructs indicates that the C-terminal tail enhances ectopic nuclear localization of mutant ICO, suggesting that mislocalization of the protein may play a role in the antimorphic effects of mutant ICO. Taken together, these results illustrate that in addition to loss-of-function effects, gain-of-function effects can contribute significantly to the pathology caused by mutation in mitochondrial translation elongation factors. / by Catherine F. Trivigno. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

A terapia fotodinâmica (TFD) é uma modalidade de tratamento que utiliza um fotossensibilizador, luz e oxigênio para gerar espécies reativas de oxigênio capazes de induzir a morte de células indesejadas, como tumores e micro-organismos infecciosos. Nosso foco está na morte induzida por 1,9-dimetil azul de metileno fotoativado (TFD-DMMB). Este fotossensibilizador foi previamente estudado por nosso grupo. Foi mostrado que o DMMB se acumula em lisossomos e mitocôndrias, e danifica essas organelas após fotoativado. O DMMB em concentração nanomolar promove uma morte celular eficiente, que parece ser resultante do bloqueio da conclusão do processo autofágico, enquanto outros fotossensibilizadores geralmente são empregados na faixa de micromolar. Nosso objetivo neste trabalho foi investigar o mecanismo molecular da TFD-DMMB através do estudo do papel da proteína p53 nas respostas celulares à TFD-DMMB. Sendo uma proteína supressora tumoral, p53 participa de vários processos celulares em resposta a diferentes estresses. Para atingir nosso objetivo, utilizamos linhagens celulares HEK293T que expressam diferentes quantidades de p53, sendo uma linhagem knockdown para p53 (HEK293T-p53KD) e outra com expressão normal de p53 (HEK293T-SC, scramble). Após o tratamento com DMMB fotoativado, avaliamos a fototoxicidade, apoptose, dano no DNA, ciclo celular e autofagia. Nossos resultados mostram que, apesar de não observarmos a estabilização de p53, a TFDDMMB parece induzir a localização citoplasmática de p53, sugerindo que p53 citoplasmática participa da resposta celular à TFD-DMMB. A linhagem HEK293T-p53KD mostrou-se menos sensível à TFD-DMMB. Essa diferença foi explicada pelo acúmulo de células em sub- G1, indicativo de morte por apoptose, apenas na linhagem HEK293T-SC, que foi mais sensível ao tratamento. É possível que a atividade citoplasmática de p53 esteja relacionada com a indução de apoptose no nosso modelo. Em contraste aos efeitos de p53 na morte celular, encontramos respostas à TFD-DMMB independentes de p53 na parada do ciclo celular e autofagia. Observamos acúmulo de células na fase S do ciclo celular associado à fosforilação de CHK1 e H2AX, indicativo da ocorrência de estresse replicativo. A relação com a autofagia foi confirmada pelo acúmulo de vesículas ácidas e aumento dos níveis proteicos de LC3-II. Esses resultados indicam a indução ou o bloqueio da autofagia, entretanto não observamos um aumento simultâneo nos níveis de BECLIN-1, proteína importante para a iniciação da autofagia. Além disso, DMMB fotoativado resultou em dano seletivo no DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA), que não foi reparado em 24 horas. Desse modo, e baseado nos resultados preliminares do nosso grupo, propomos que a morte celular induzida por DMMB fotoativado é decorrente principalmente do bloqueio da resolução da via autofágica, comprometendo a eliminação de mitocôndrias danificadas e levando a alterações na dinâmica do ciclo celular. Nossos resultados sugerem que há respostas celulares à TFDDMMB dependentes e independentes de p53. Resultados similares foram obtidos para a linhagem HEK293, que é a linhagem parental de HEK293T. Do nosso conhecimento, a relocalização de p53 para o citoplasma, a habilidade em induzir dano seletivo no mtDNA e o bloqueio da progressão do ciclo celular na fase S são resultados inéditos decorrentes da TFDDMMB. O dano seletivo ao mtDNA torna o DMMB um modelo útil para estudos de mecanismos de resposta a dano no DNA específicos para a mitocôndria. / Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality that uses a photosensitizer, light and oxygen to generate reactive oxygen species capable of inducing death of unwanted cells, such as cancer cells and infectious microorganisms. In this work, we are interested in studying death induced by 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue as a photosensitizer by PDT (DMMB-PDT). This photosensitizer has been previously studied by our group. It has been shown that DMMB accumulates within lysosomes and mitochondria, and damages these organelles after photoactivation. In this case, cell death is believed to be a result from the impairment of autophagy. DMMB at nanomolar concentration promotes efficient cell death, while other photosensitizers are usually employed in the micromolar range. The aim of this work is to investigate the molecular mechanism of DMMB-PDT action through the study of p53 protein role over the cell response to DMMB-PDT. Being a tumor suppressor protein, p53 participates in several cellular processes in response to different stresses. To achieve our goal, we used HEK293T cell lines that express different amounts of p53: a p53 knockout cell line (HEK293T-p53KD) and a normal cell line (HEK293T-SC, scramble). After treatment with photoactivated DMMB, we evaluated phototoxicity, apoptosis, DNA damage, cell cycle, and autophagy. Our results showed that, although we did not observe p53 stabilization, DMMBPDT seems to induce the cytoplasmic localization of p53, suggesting that cytoplasmic p53 participates in the cell response to DMMB-PDT. The HEK293T-p53KD cell line was less sensitive to DMMB-PDT. This difference could be explained by the level of sub-G1 accumulation suggestive of apoptosis that was only observed for HEK293T-SC cell line, which was more sensitive to the treatment. It is possible that the cytoplasmic activity of p53 was related to apoptosis induction according our model. In contrast to p53 effects on cell death, we found that there are p53-independent responses to DMMB-PDT on cell cycle arrest and autophagy. We observed a significant increase in the fraction of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle associated with phosphorylation of the CHK1 and H2AX proteins, indicating induction of replicative stress. The relationship of DMMB-PDT and autophagy was confirmed by the accumulation of acidic vesicles and the increased LC3 conversion (LC3-I to LC3-II). These results indicated that DMMB-PDT induces and/or impairs autophagy. However, we did not observe a simultaneous increase in BECLIN-1 levels, which is an important protein to autophagy initiation. Photoactivated DMMB resulted in selective damage in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that was not repaired in 24 hours. According to these results, we propose that cell death induced by photoactivated DMMB is mainly related to blockade of a late stage of the autophagy pathway. It could compromise the elimination of damaged mitochondria and might lead to cell cycle dynamics alterations. Our results suggested that there are p53-dependent and p53-independent cell responses to DMMB-PDT. Similar results were obtained from HEK293 cell line, which is the parental cell line of HEK293T. To the best of our knowledge, the p53 relocalization to the cytoplasm, the ability to induce selective mtDNA damage, and the S arrest represent new insights in the DMMB-PDT field. The selective mtDNA damage makes DMMB a useful model for studies on mechanisms of DNA damage responses in mitochondria.

O envelhecimento da população mundial no último século elevou significativamente o número de casos da doença de Alzheimer (DA), bem como os custos para os sistemas de saúde pública. Apesar de avanços significativos no entendimento da fisiopatologia da doença, pouco se sabe a respeito dos mecanismos moleculares que desencadeiam a perda de memória e a morte neuronal. Resultados recentes sugerem que o acúmulo de bases oxidadas no DNA mitocondrial e alterações nas vias que removem essas lesões desempenham um papel importante na morte neuronal observada em DA. A maioria das lesões em DNA induzidas oxidativamente são removidas pela via de reparo por excisão de bases (BER, do inglês Base Excision Repair). Resultados da literatura mostraram que a atividade da via BER está reduzida no lóbulo parietal e no cerebelo de pacientes com DA, quando comparadas com amostras de indivíduos com cognição normal da mesma faixa etária. Entretanto, esse trabalho mediu a atividade de BER apenas em extratos celulares totais. No presente estudo, foram medidas as atividades de BER em extratos mitocondriais de cérebros de indivíduos com DA, uma vez que lesões no DNA mitocondrial acumulam mais significativamente nos pacientes. Para testar a hipótese que alterações em BER mitocondrial estão associadas ao desenvolvimento da doença, foram analisadas atividades de BER em mitocôndrias em duas regiões cerebrais de indivíduos normais, indivíduos com DA e um grupo de indivíduos que apresentam alterações neuropatológicas de DA (agregados proteicos), porém que se mantiveram cognitivamente normais, nomeados DA assintomático. A atividade da enzima AP endonuclease apresentou-se elevada no cerebelo do grupo DA assintomático, enquanto que não apresentou variação no córtex temporal. Esses resultados sugerem que a preservação de APE1 no grupo DA assintomático pode exercer um papel protetor às lesões neuropatológicas, bem como indicar que as regiões cerebrais apresentam suscetibilidade distinta aos danos. Já a atividade de uracil DNA glicosilase está reduzida no cerebelo tanto em indivíduos com DA quanto com DA assintomático, quando comparados ao grupo controle, enquanto que, no córtex temporal, a redução é verificada somente no grupo DA. Além disso, observou-se que a atividade de UDG e o critério Braak apresentam uma correlação negativa. Os resultados referentes à enzima UDG sugerem que a redução da sua atividade compromete a viabilidade neuronal tornando as células mais propensas às lesões da DA. Assim, o comprometimento da via BER em mitocôndriais de cérebros humanos pode contribuir para os eventos moleculares que ocasionam a morte neuronal associada ao desenvolvimento de DA. / The number of Alzheimer\'s disease cases (AD) has increased steadly over the last century, paralleling a sharp rise in mean Iife expectancy. Consequently, AD- associated public health costs have also increased. Despite several important findings in AD physiopathology, a clear understanding of the molecular events leading to memory loss and neuronal death is still lacking. Recent results show that oxidized DNA lesions accumulate in mitochondrial DNA in neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. Moreover, alterations in DNA repair may also play a causative role in neuronal death. Most oxidized lesions are repaired by the Base Excision Repair (BER) pathway. It has been recently shown that BER activities are reduced in whole cell extracts from parietal lobule and cerebellum from AD patients, when compared with age-matched controls. As accumulation of oxidized bases is seen more prominently in mitochondrial DNA, here we investigated whether changes in BER activities in mitochondria are associated with the development of AD. Thus, we measured BER activities in mitochondria from two brain regions from age-matched normal individuais, AD patients and a group of individuais that show AD-like neuropathological alterations but remained cognitively normal, thus called asymptomatic AD. AP endonuclease activity is elevated in asymptomatic AD cerebellum, while not changed in temporal cortex. Theses results suggest that APE1 activity in asymptomatic AD may play a protective role against neuropatological lesions, and indicate that brain regions show different susceptibility to damage. On the other hand, uracil DNA glycosylase activity is reduced in cerebellum in both AD and asymptomatic individuais, when compared to controls. In temporal cortex, this reduction is observed only in AD group. In addition, UDG activity and Braak stage showed a significant negative correlation. These results indicate that decreased UDG activity may compromise neuronal viability, making the cells more prone to AD lesions. Thus, impairtment of BER in human brain mitochondria may contribute to the molecular events that cause neuronal death during the development of this disease.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivos estimar os efeitos da inclusão de linha materna e do DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA) nos modelos de avaliação genética, avaliar o efeito do DNA satélite em características de desenvolvimento ponderal, bem como estimar parâmetros genéticos para características de carcaça e idade ao primeiro parto. Análises do mtDNA foram realizadas a partir de sangue coletado de 457 animais da raça Nelore, linhagem Lemgruber. Para as características de desenvolvimento ponderal foram analisados 14.432 registros de produção relacionados com 16.561 animais no pedigree. Para característica reprodutiva e as de carcaça foram analisados 4.621 registros de idade ao primeiro parto e 951 registros de área de olho de lombo e espessura de gordura subcutânea, relacionados com 7.135 registros de pedigree. As estimativas dos efeitos de linha materna e DNA mitocondrial foram analisadas sob 5 modelos diferentes. Os componentes de (co)variância para idade ao primeiro parto e características carcaça foram estimados em análises uni e bicaracterísticas. Não foram encontrados efeitos significativos de linhagem materna ou de DNA mitocondrial sobre as características de produção. Entretanto, foi verificado que animais com mitocôndria de origem Bos taurus, apresentam uma pequena superioridade na média de seus valores genéticos para as características de desenvolvimento ponderal. Animais com padrão de DNA satélite B tiveram suas médias ligeiramente superiores aos outros padrões. Os efeitos da precocidade de acabamento sobre a precocidade sexual devem ser avaliados utilizando-se estruturas de dados mais adequadas. / The aim of this research was to estimate the effect of the maternal lineage and mitochondrial DNA inclusion in the genetic evaluation model for growth traits, to evaluate the satellite DNA effect in these traits and to estimate genetic parameters for carcass traits and age at first calving. Blood samples were collected to mtDNA analysis from 457 Nellore cattle. Growth traits were analyzed from 14,432 production data and 16,561 pedigree data. Reproductive and carcass traits were analyzed from 4,621 age at first calving data and 951 loin-eye area and subcutaneous fat thickness data related to 7,135 pedigree data. Maternal lineage and mitochondrial DNA estimative were analyzed under 5 different models, (co)variance components for age at first calving and carcass traits were estimated in single and multiple-trait. There were no significant effects of maternal lineage or mitochondrial DNA related to production traits, but animals harboring Bos taurus mtDNA showed a low superiority on breeding values average for growth traits and animals harboring satellite DNA B pattern also showed a low superiority related to the other patterns. Further studies are suggested to evaluate the backfat thickness precocity effect related to sexual precocity.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar se a baixa fertilidade de vacas Holandesas repetidoras de serviço [RS; comparativamente a novilhas (NOV) e vacas próximas ao pico de lactação (PL)] está associada com comprometimento da qualidade oocitária e se esta condição é agravada pelo estresse térmico. Fêmeas das três categorias foram tratadas com o mesmo protocolo de sincronização da emergência de onda folicular. Cinco dias após o início do protocolo, a ovum pick-up (OPU) foi realizada e foram avaliados (Capítulo; Cap. 1) o número de folículos ovarianos, de oócitos totais e viáveis, temperatura retal (TR), temperatura de superfície cutânea (TC) e frequência respiratória (FR). Os oócitos viáveis foram utilizados para a produção in vitro de embriões (Cap. 2) e avaliações biomoleculares (Cap. 3). No Cap. 2, foram avaliados o desenvolvimento embrionário (taxa de clivagem, de blastocisto e de eclosão) e a qualidade dos embriões produzidos (número de células e frequência de núcleos fragmentados). No Cap. 3, realizou-se a extração de RNA e DNA de parte dos oócitos coletados para a quantificação relativa e absoluta de DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA) e a avaliação da expressão de genes relacionados à replicação/transcrição do mtDNA (PPARGC1A, NRF1, POLG, POLG2, TFAM e MT-CO1), à apoptose (BAX, BCL2 e ITM2B) e ao estresse térmico (HSP90AA1 e HSPA1AB). No Cap. 4, a taxa de concepção após IATF foi avaliada em ambas as estações do ano e nas três categorias quando o mesmo protocolo de sincronização para IATF e a mesma partida de sêmen foram utilizados. No Cap. 1, vacas RS e PL aumentaram sua FR e TR no verão em relação ao inverno (P<0,0001), enquanto as NOV mantiveram essas variáveis constantes em ambas as estações. Nas três categorias houve aumento (P<0,0001) da TC no verão, mas esta sempre foi superior (P<0,001) em vacas RS e PL do que nas NOV, independente da estação. O número de folículos e de oócitos totais e viáveis declinou nas RS e PL durante o verão, mantendo-se semelhante em NOV em ambas as estações. No Cap. 2, a taxa de clivagem foi semelhante entre categorias e estações. Já a taxa de blastocisto foi reduzida no verão nas três categorias, sendo essa queda mais acentuada nas RS. A taxa de eclosão e o número de células dos blastocistos foram menores no verão (independente de categoria). Menor número de células foi observado em embriões de RS e PL (independente da estação). Além disso, a porcentagem de núcleos fragmentados foi maior nos blastocistos das RS no verão. No Cap. 3, a expressão de ITM2B e BAX foi maior em RS durante o verão. Ainda, detectaram-se indícios da ativação de mecanismos pró-apoptóticos nos oócitos de RS (maior relação BAX/BCL-2) comparadas a PL e de mecanismos compensatórios da deficiência da função mitocondrial (menor conteúdo de mtDNA e maior expressão de PPARGCC1, NRF1, TFAM, POLG e POLG2) nas RS durante o verão em relação as demais categorias. No Cap. 4, menor taxa de concepção foi observada em RS e durante o verão. Os resultados geram evidências de que o baixo desempenho reprodutivo de vacas RS durante o verão deva estar relacionado ao comprometimento da qualidade de seus oócitos, demonstrado pelo seu reduzido conteúdo de mtDNA e elevada expressão de genes relacionados a replicação/transcrição do mtDNA, apoptose e síntese de chaperonas, culminado em baixa taxa de blastocisto e alta fragmentação nuclear destes. / The aims of the present study were to evaluate whether lower fertility of repeat-breeder (RB) Holstein cows [compared to peak lactation cows (PL) and heifers (H)] is associated with oocyte quality and whether this condition is aggravated by summer heat stress. Females of the three categories were treated with same protocol for synchronization of follicular wave emergence during summer and winter. Five days after the protocol onset, the ovum pick-up (OPU) was performed. The following variables were evaluated in Chapter 1: number of ovarian follicles before OPU, number of total and viable oocytes, rectal temperature (RT), cutaneous temperature (CT) and respiration rate (RR). Viable oocytes were sent forThe aims of the present study were to evaluate whether lower fertility of repeat-breeder (RB) Holstein cows [compared to peak lactation cows (PL) and heifers (H)] is associated with oocyte quality and whether this condition is aggravated by summer heat stress. Females of the three categories were treated with same protocol for synchronization of follicular wave emergence during summer and winter. Five days after the protocol onset, the ovum pick-up (OPU) was performed. The following variables were evaluated in Chapter 1: number of ovarian follicles before OPU, number of total and viable oocytes, rectal temperature (RT), cutaneous temperature (CT) and respiration rate (RR). Viable oocytes were sent for in vitro embryo production (Chapter 2) and bimolecular evaluation (Chapter 3). In Chapter 2, embryo development (rates of cleavage, blastocyst and hatching) and quality (total number of nuclei and frequency of nuclear fragmentation) were assessed. In Chapter 3, part of the oocytes were subjected to DNA and RNA extraction to allow relative and absolute quantification of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and the evaluation of the expression of genes related to mtDNA replication/transcription (PPARGC1A, NRF1, POLG, POLG2, TFAM and MT-CO1), apoptosis (BAX, BCL2 and ITM2B) and heat stress (HSP90AA1 e HSPA1AB). In Chapter 4, RB, PL and H were subjected to same protocol for fixed-time AI using the same batch of semen of a single sire in order to evaluate their P/AI during summer and winter. In Chapter 1, RB and PL had increased (P<0.0001) RR and RT during summer compared to winter; while H maintained similar RR and RT in both seasons. CT was greater (P<0.0001) during summer than winter in all categories, but it was always higher (P<0.001) in RB and PL than H, regardless of season. The numbers of follicles and total and viable oocytes were lower in RB and PL during summer than winter, and maintained stable in H in both seasons. In Chapter 2, cleavage rate was similar among categories and between seasons. However, blastocyst rate was invariably reduced during summer, but more pronouced in RB. Hatching rate and the total number of nuclei were decreased during summer, regardless of category. Lower number of nuclei was observed in RB and PL embryos compared to H, regardless of the season. Furthermore, the percentage of fragmented nuclei was greater in RB blastocysts during the summer. In Chapter 3, expressions of ITM2B and BAX were greater in RB oocytes collected during summer. Also, the activation of pro-apoptotic mechanisms (greater BAX/BCL2 ratio) was suggested in RB heat stressed-oocytes compared with PL. Activation of compensatory mechanisms of deficient mitochondrial function (low number of copies of mtDNA and increased expression of PPARGCC1, NRF1, TFAM, POLG and POLG2) were also observed in RB heat stressed-oocytes compared with PL and H. In Charpter 4, lower P/AI was observed in RB and under summer heat stress. These data provide evidences that the lower reproduction performance observed in RB during heat stress may be due to impaired oocyte quality, as shown by their reduced mtDNA content and upregulation of several genes related to mtDNA replication/transcription, apoptosis and chaperones synthesis, resulting in lower blastocyst rate and higher nuclear fragmentation of embryos.

A presente tese compreende 2 capítulos, dedicados à investigação de complexo de espécie e polimorfismo em Aedes scapularis. No Capítulo 1 foi desenvolvido um resumo técnico dos procedimentos utilizados na análise e montagem dos genes do DNA mitocondrial de 19 indivíduos da espécie Aedes scapularis e de como foi realizada a filtragem do DNA de alguns mosquitos em relação ao DNA amplificado do animal picado. No Capítulo 2 realizamos as análises de complexo de espécies e polimorfismo molecular em Aedes scapularis, com espécimes da Mata Atlântica, Caatinga e Mata Amazônica utilizando os marcadores: Morfometria Geométrica, gene Citocromo Oxidase Subunidade I e análise do DNA mitocondrial completo. Encontramos alto polimorfismo evidenciados por todos os marcadores populacionais nos mosquitos dos diferentes biomas estudados e alta estruturação populacional na análise filogenética dos genes mitocondriais codificadores de proteínas. Obtivemos duas conclusões majoritárias em nosso trabalho: 1) a espécie Aedes scapularis é genética e morfologicamente polimórfica em todos os ambientes estudados 2) Não encontramos evidência de complexo de espécies neste mosquito e então acreditamos que este mosquito trate-se de uma única entidade taxonômica. / The present thesis comprises 2 chapters, dedicated to the investigation of species complex and polymorphism in Aedes scapularis. In Chapter 1 a technical summary of procedures used in the analysis and assembly of mitochondrial DNA genes of 19 individuals of the species Aedes scapularis and how the \"filtering\" of the DNA of some mosquitoes was performed in relation to the amplified DNA of the animal bitten. In Chapter 2 we performed the analyzes of species complex and molecular polymorphism in Aedes scapularis, with Atlantic Forest, Caatinga (Xerophytic sparse tropical scrub) and Amazon Forest specimens using the markers: geometric morphometrics, Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I gene Whole mitochondrial DNA analysis. We found high polymorphism evidenced for every markers in the mosquitoes of different biomes studied and high population structure in the phylogenetic analysis of the protein-coding mitochondrial genes. We obtained two principal conclusions in our work: 1) the species Aedes scapularis is genetic and morphologically polymorphic in all studied environments 2) We did not find evidence of species complex in this mosquito and therefore we believe that this mosquito is a single taxonomic entity.