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Parkinson's disease (PD) is an incurable neurodegenerative motor disorder caused by the inexorable loss of dopamine neurones from the substantia nigra pars compacta. Cell loss is characterised by the perturbation of multiple physiological processes (including mitochondrial function, autophagy and dopamine homeostasis) and much of this pathophysiology can be reproduced in vitro using the mitochondrial toxin MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium). It was hypothesised that MPP+ toxicity could be modelled using protein-protein interaction networks (PPIN) in order to better understand the interplay of systems-level processes that result in eventual cell death in MPP+ models and PD. Initially, MPP+ toxicity was characterised in the human, dopamine-producing cell line BE(2)-M17 and it was confirmed that the neurotoxin resulted in time and dose dependent apoptosis. A radio-label pulse-chase assay was developed and demonstrated that MPP+ induced decreased autophagic flux preceded cell death. Autophagic dysfunction was consistent with lysosome deacidification due to cellular ATP depletion. Pertinent PPINs were sampled from publically available data using a seedlist of proteins with validated roles in MPP+ toxicity. These PPINs were subjected to a series of analyses to identify potential therapeutic targets. Two topological methods based on betweenness centrality were used to identify target proteins predicted to be critical for the crosstalk between mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy in the context of MPP+ toxicity. Combined knockdown of a subset of target proteins potentiated MPP+ toxicity and the combined resulted in cellular rescue. Neither of these effects was observed following single knockdown/overexpression confirming the need for multiple interventions. Cellular rescue occurred via an autophagic mechanism; prominent autophagosomes were formed and it was hypothesised that these structures allowed for the sequestration of damaged proteins. This thesis demonstrates the value of PPINs as a model for Parkinson's disease, from network creation through target identification to phenotypic benefit.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Estudos demostram que a hiperalimentação no período pós-natal causa obesidade, alterações cardiometabólicas e resistência à insulina em longo prazo. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar as consequências da hiperalimentação na lactação nos corações de camundongos filhotes e adultos ao longo do desenvolvimento. Para induzir a hiperalimentação na lactação, o tamanho da ninhada foi reduzida a 3 filhotes machos no terceiro dia, grupo hiperalimentado (GH). O grupo controle (GC) permaneceu com 9 filhotes da lactação ao desmame. Avaliamos a massa corporal, gordura epididimária e retroperitoneal, morfologia hepática e cardíaca, ultraestrutura dos cardiomiócitos, peso do PVE/CT, glicemia de jejum, triglicerídeos, colesterol total, insulina plasmática e HOMA-IR. Analisamos o consumo de oxigênio das fibras cardíacas através da respirometria de alta resolução, atividade enzimática da PDH, CS e LDH no coração e glicogênio hepático. Biologia molecular, através das proteínas: IR&#946;, IRS1, pIRS1, PTP1B, PI3K, Akt, pAkt, GLUT1, GLUT4, AMPK&#945;, pAMPK&#945;, HKII, CPT1, UCP2, FABPm, CD36, PGC-1&#945;, PPAR&#945;, 4HNE, complexos da CTE (I, II, III, IV e V), &#945;-tubulina, GP91 e VADC. Diferenças entre os grupos analisadas por Two-Way ANOVA, com significância p<0,05. O GH apresentou aumento da massa corporal, gordura epididimária, retroperitoneal e colesterol total em todas as idades; glicemia de jejum, insulina, índice de HOMA-IR e triglicerídeos aos 21 e 90 dias. Aumento do índice de Lee aos 60 e 90 dias. GH apresentou diminuição: do IR&#946; e GLUT4 aos 21 e 60 dias; aumento do IR&#946; aos 90 dias; aumento do IRS1, PTP1B, aos 21 e 90 dias e da AKT, pAMPK/AMPK e GLUT1 aos 21 dias; diminuição da pIRS1/IRS1, PI3K, pAKT/AKT aos 21 e 90 dias; diminuição da HKII aos 21 dias e aumento aos 60 e 90 dias; aumento da PDH aos 90 dias; aumento da LDH aos 21 dias e redução aos 60 dias; aumento da CS aos 21 dias e diminuição aos 60 e 90 dias; aumento da oxidação de carboidratos aos 21 dias e redução aos 90 dias; diminuição na oxidação de ácidos graxos aos 60 e 90 dias. Adicionalmente, aumento do desacoplamento mitocondrial entre a fosforilação oxidativa e a síntese de ATP aos 60 e 90 dias. Diminuição da CPT1 e aumento da UCP2 aos 21 e 90 dias. Diminuição da PGC-1&#945; aos 60 e 90 dias; da FABPm e CD36 em todas idades. Aumento da 4HNE aos 21 e diminuição aos 90 dias. Diminuição na expressão do mRNA para CPT1 aos 21, 60 dias. Diminuição na expressão do mRNA para PPAR&#945; e aumento na expressão do mRNA para UCP2 aos 21 dias; diminuição na expressão do mRNA para UCP2 ao 60 dias. Alterações morfológicas cardíacas e hepáticas, assim como na ultraestrutura dos cardiomiócitos, em todas as idades, maior conteúdo de glicogênio hepático aos 21 e 90 dias. Concluímos que a hiperalimentação na lactação levou à obesidade, com aumento da oxidação de glicose, alterações no metabolismo energético associadas à diminuição da sensibilidade à insulina, redução da capacidade oxidativa mitocondrial, levando ao desacoplamento e alteração da morfologia e ultraestrutura dos cardiomiócitos do desmame até a idade adulta. / Recent studies have shown that overnutrition in the postnatal period lead obesity, cardiometabolic alterations, insulin resistance at long term. The objective of the study was to investigate the consequences of overnutrition lactation in the hearts of mice pups and adults throughout the development. To induce overnutrition during lactation, the litter size was reduced from three male pups at the third day, overnutrition group (OG). The control group (CG) remained with 9 pups per litter at lactation until weaning. We evaluated the body weight, epididymal and retroperitoneal fat, liver and cardiac morphology, ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes, left ventricle weight/ tibia length ratio, fasting glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, plasma insulin and HOMA-IR. The oxygen consumption of cardiac fibers was analyzed by high-resolution respirometry. We evaluated the enzymatic activity of PDH, CS and LDH and liver glycogen. Molecular biology, through: IR&#946;, IRS1, pIRS1, PTP1B, PI3K, Akt, pAkt, GLUT1, GLUT4, AMPK&#945;, pAMPK&#945;, HKII, CPT1, UCP2, FABPm, CD36, PGC-1&#945;, PPAR&#945;, 4HNE, eletrons transport chain complex (I, II, III, IV and V), &#945;-tubulin, GP91 and VADC. Differences between groups analyzed by Two-way ANOVA, significance level p <0.05. The OG had increased body weight, epididymal and retroperitoneal fat and total cholesterol in all ages. Fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and triglyceride levels at 21 and 90 days. Increased Lee index at 60 and 90 days. OG showed a decrease: the IR&#946; and GLUT4 at 21 and 60 days; IR&#946; increased to 90 days; increased IRS1, PTP1B, at 21 and 90 days and AKT, pAMPK/ AMPK and GLUT1 to 21 days; decrease of pIRS1/IRS1, PI3K, pAKT/ AKT at 21 and 90 days; HKII decreased at 21 days and increased at 60 and 90 days; PDH increased to 90 days; increased LDH at 21 days and reduced to 60 days; CS increased at 21 days and decreased at 60 and 90 days; increased oxidation of carbohydrates to 21 days and reduced to 90 days; decrease in fatty acid oxidation at 60 and 90 days. Additionally, increased mitochondrial uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis at 60 and 90 days. We observed decrease in CPT1 and increased UCP2 at 21 and 90 days. Decreased PGC-1&#945; at 60 and 90 days and FABPm and CD36 in all ages. increased 4HNE at 21 and decrease at 90 days. However, we observed a decrease in the expression of mRNA for CPT1 to 21 and 60 days. Decrease in mRNA expression of PPAR&#945; and increased in mRNA expression of UCP2 at 21 days; decrease in mRNA expression of UCP2 at 60 days. Heart and liver morphological changes, as well as the ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes, in all ages, hepatic glycogen content at 21 and 90 days. We conclude that the overfeeding lactation led to obesity with increased glucose oxidation, changes in energy metabolism, associated with decreased insulin signaling, reduced mitochondrial oxidative capacity, leading to decoupling and changing the morphology and ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes from weaning to adulthood.

<b>Français : </b> La mitochondrie est un organite dont les fonctions dépassent largement le rôle bioénergétique. De ce fait, il apparaît de plus en plus clairement qu’un grand nombre de pathologies sont liées à un dysfonctionnement mitochondrial. Au cours de ces dernières années l’existence d’une communication moléculaire rétrograde entre la mitochondrie non fonctionnelle et le noyau a été mise en évidence dans les cellules eucaryotes de mammifères. Les voies de signalisation moléculaire menant à l’expression différentielle de gènes nucléaires en réponse à un dysfonctionnement mitochondrial sont néanmoins encore peu connues. Dans ce domaine, l’utilisation de lignées cellulaire totalement (r0) ou partiellement (r-) déplétées en ADN mitochondrial (ADNmt) s’est révélée essentielle dans l’étude de la réponse cellulaire induite par un dysfonctionnement mitochondrial. L’objectif de ce travail était de mieux comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la réponse cellulaire à un dysfonctionnement mitochondrial 1) en recherchant comment les cellules déplétées en ADNmt maintiennent un potentiel de membrane mitochondrial en étudiant les mécanismes impliqués dans le maintien de la biogenèse mitochondriale et 3) en caractérisant la sensibilité des cellules déplétées en ADNmt à l’apoptose. Au cours de la première partie de ce travail, nous avons mis en évidence le rôle de la protéine mtCLIC dans le maintien du Dym des cellules déplétées en ADNmt. Nous avons ainsi démontré que le gène codant cette protéine est surexprimé dans les cellules présentant un dysfonctionnement mitochondrial, et que l’activité de canal à chlore pouvait rendre compte du maintien du Dym dans ces cellules. Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail, nous avons caractérisé et comparé les populations mitochondriales des cellules parentales et déplétées en ADNmt (143B r0, ostéosarcome humain). L’activité de certains facteurs de transcription décrits pour jouer un rôle dans le processus de biogenèse mitochondriale a été recherchée ainsi que le niveau d’expression de certaines protéines marqueurs de la biogenèse mitochondriale. Le rôle de la voie calcium-CaMKIV-CREB dans le maintien de la biogenèse mitochondriale des cellules r0 a ainsi pu être mis en évidence. Nous avons également mis en évidence une diminution de l’activité d’importation de protéines chimériques matricielles dans les mitochondries des cellules déplétées en ADNmt. Cette diminution peut s’expliquer par la réduction du Dym et de la charge en ATP dans ces cellules mais n’est pas généralisable à l’ensemble des protéines mitochondriales. En effet, l’importation du cytochrome c est augmentée et celle de la sous-unité ß de la F1-ATPase est inchangée dans des cellules 143B r0. La dernière partie de ce travail a été consacrée à la caractérisation et à la comparaison de la réponse des cellules 143B et 143B r0 à un stimulus pro-apoptotique. Après avoir clairement établi que les cellules r0 présentent une sensibilité accrue à la staurosporine, nous avons recherché les mécanismes moléculaires pouvant expliquer cette réponse différentielle. Nous proposons que la sensibilité accrue des cellules r0 peut s’expliquer par la sous-expression constitutive des protéines anti-apoptotiques Bcl-2 et Bcl-XL. De plus, nous montrons également que les mécanismes impliqués pourraient faire intervenir la cathepsine B, libérée du lysosome par un mécanisme non encore élucidé. Nous montrons également que l’activation spécifique de l’autophagie dans les cellules 143B r0 en réponse à la staurosporine pourrait également contribuer à la plus grande sensibilité à l’apoptose des cellules présentant un dysfonctionnement mitochondrial. Les résultats obtenus au cours de ce travail ont permis d’identifier certains mécanismes d’adaptation mis en place dans des cellules de mammifères soumises à un stress énergétique chronique, et donc de mieux comprendre les implications d’un dysfonctionnement mitochondrial, une situation associée à ou responsable de nombreuses pathologies mitochondriales. <b>English : </b> Mitochondria are involved in numerous cell processes, such as ATP production, calcium homeostasis, fatty acid metabolism, heme synthesis, urea cycle, redox cell status, autophagy and apoptosis. Impairment of its bioenergetic activity is thus obviously associated with numerous pathologies. However, while various origins and symptoms have been described for mitochondrial diseases over the past 10 years, only very few retrograde signalling pathways (that could be defined as communication between impaired mitochondria and nucleus) have been identified. In addition, little is still known about the molecular mechanisms leading to differential gene expression in response to chronic or acute mitochondrial dysfunction. In that research field, the generation of cells totally (r0) or partially (r-) depleted in mtDNA has been very useful to study the response of cells to a chronic energetic stress. The major aim of this work was to get a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the retrograde communication between impaired mitochondria and the nucleus that participate to the maintenance of 1) the mitochondrial membrane potential (Dym), 2) the mitochondrial biogenesis and 3) the apoptotic response to staurosporine, an alkaloïd that inhibits numerous kinases. In the first part of this work, we highlighted the role of the protein mtCLIC/CLIC4 in the maintenance of the Dym in mtDNA-depleted cells. Using a “mRNA RT-PCR differential display” approach, we first identified that the gene was over-expressed in mtDNA-depleted cells. We also show that modifications of its abundance (over expresion and silencing by siRNA) were able to modify the Dym. Finally, we evidenced that mtCLIC allows the importation of chlorine into mitochondria of r-L929 (murine fibrosarcoma cells). In the second part of this work, we characterized and compared mitochondrial populations between 143B (osteosarcoma cell line) and 143B r0 cells. We monitored the activity status of several key transcription factors known to be involved in the control of mitochondrial biogenesis and we determined the expression level of several mitochondrial proteins used as common markers of mitochondrial biogenesis. We also clearly demonstrated the role for calcium-CaMKIV-CREB pathway in the maintenance of mitochondrial biogenesis in mtDNA-depleted cells. Indeed, we show that the over-expression of cytochrome c and the higher mitochondrial NAO (Nonyl Acridine Orange) staining (two indicators for a higher abundance of mitochondrial mass) observed in mtDNA-depleted cells could be reduced in r0 cells that over-express either a dominant negative forms of CREB or CaMKIV. Moreover, we show that the importation of matrix-targeted proteins is reduced in mtDNAdepleted cells, a feature that can be explained by the lower Dym and reduced ATP content in these cells. As several evidence were reported to link mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in vivo, the last part of this work has been dedicated to the characterization of the apoptotic response of mtDNAdepleted cells to staurosporine. Indeed, the higher or lower sensitivity of mtDNA-depleted cells to apoptotic stimuli is still a debated question in the literature. We first show that r0 143B cells are hypersensitive to staurosporine-induced apoptosis, a phenomenon that could most likely be explained by the constitutive down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2 an Bcl-XL in r0 cells. Moreover, we show that the mechanisms of r0 cells response to staurosporine seems to be different from those triggered in parental cells. Indeed, we show that cathepsin B might play a role in staurosporine-induced mtDNA-depleted cell apoptosis, despite the activation of many caspases. Finally, we show that autopahgy is also triggered by staurosporine in r0 143B cells, an upstream event of caspase activation as 3-methyladenine (3-MA) strongly reduces caspase activation. In conclusion, our results bring new information in the understanding of mechanisms and cell signalling activated in mammalian cells facing a chronic energetic stress, and thus bring new insights into the cellular consequences of mitochondrial impairment, a feature found in numerous mitochondrial diseases and pathologies associated with aging.

The development of Parkinson's disease (PD) in humans has been linked to genetic and environmental factors for many years. However, finding common single insults which can produce pathology in humans has proved difficult. Exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE) or traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been shown to be linked to PD and it has also been proposed that multiple insults may be needed for disease development. The present studies show that exposure to TCE prior to a TBI can result in pathology similar to early PD and that the interaction of both insults is required for impairment in behavioral function, and cell loss. Following exposure to TCE for 2 weeks there is a 75% impairment in mitochondrial function but it has yet to be shown if the addition of a TBI can make this worse. If the exposure to TCE is reduced to 1 week and combined with TBI a 50% reduction in mitochondrial function is observed following the dual injury which requires both insults. These studies provide further support for the hypothesis that PD may result from a multifactorial mechanism. It had been established that regional differences exist in mitochondrial function across brain regions. The present studies indicate that previous findings are not likely to be the result of differences in individual mitochondria isolated from the cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. Further analysis of the effect of mitochondrial inhibitors on enzyme activity and oxygen consumption reveal that the different regions of the brain are similarly affected by the inhibitors. These results suggest that findings from previous studies indicating regionally specific deficits following systemic toxin exposure, such as with TCE, are not the result of regional differences in the individual mitochondria. Given that TBI results in significant dysfunction, finding effective therapeutics for TBI will provide substantial benefits to individuals suffering an insult. Treatment with Pioglitazone following TBI reduced mitochondrial dysfunction, cognitive impairment, cortical tissue loss, and inflammation. These findings provide initial evidence that treatment with Pioglitazone may be an effective intervention for TBI.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Estudos demostram que a hiperalimentação no período pós-natal causa obesidade, alterações cardiometabólicas e resistência à insulina em longo prazo. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar as consequências da hiperalimentação na lactação nos corações de camundongos filhotes e adultos ao longo do desenvolvimento. Para induzir a hiperalimentação na lactação, o tamanho da ninhada foi reduzida a 3 filhotes machos no terceiro dia, grupo hiperalimentado (GH). O grupo controle (GC) permaneceu com 9 filhotes da lactação ao desmame. Avaliamos a massa corporal, gordura epididimária e retroperitoneal, morfologia hepática e cardíaca, ultraestrutura dos cardiomiócitos, peso do PVE/CT, glicemia de jejum, triglicerídeos, colesterol total, insulina plasmática e HOMA-IR. Analisamos o consumo de oxigênio das fibras cardíacas através da respirometria de alta resolução, atividade enzimática da PDH, CS e LDH no coração e glicogênio hepático. Biologia molecular, através das proteínas: IR&#946;, IRS1, pIRS1, PTP1B, PI3K, Akt, pAkt, GLUT1, GLUT4, AMPK&#945;, pAMPK&#945;, HKII, CPT1, UCP2, FABPm, CD36, PGC-1&#945;, PPAR&#945;, 4HNE, complexos da CTE (I, II, III, IV e V), &#945;-tubulina, GP91 e VADC. Diferenças entre os grupos analisadas por Two-Way ANOVA, com significância p<0,05. O GH apresentou aumento da massa corporal, gordura epididimária, retroperitoneal e colesterol total em todas as idades; glicemia de jejum, insulina, índice de HOMA-IR e triglicerídeos aos 21 e 90 dias. Aumento do índice de Lee aos 60 e 90 dias. GH apresentou diminuição: do IR&#946; e GLUT4 aos 21 e 60 dias; aumento do IR&#946; aos 90 dias; aumento do IRS1, PTP1B, aos 21 e 90 dias e da AKT, pAMPK/AMPK e GLUT1 aos 21 dias; diminuição da pIRS1/IRS1, PI3K, pAKT/AKT aos 21 e 90 dias; diminuição da HKII aos 21 dias e aumento aos 60 e 90 dias; aumento da PDH aos 90 dias; aumento da LDH aos 21 dias e redução aos 60 dias; aumento da CS aos 21 dias e diminuição aos 60 e 90 dias; aumento da oxidação de carboidratos aos 21 dias e redução aos 90 dias; diminuição na oxidação de ácidos graxos aos 60 e 90 dias. Adicionalmente, aumento do desacoplamento mitocondrial entre a fosforilação oxidativa e a síntese de ATP aos 60 e 90 dias. Diminuição da CPT1 e aumento da UCP2 aos 21 e 90 dias. Diminuição da PGC-1&#945; aos 60 e 90 dias; da FABPm e CD36 em todas idades. Aumento da 4HNE aos 21 e diminuição aos 90 dias. Diminuição na expressão do mRNA para CPT1 aos 21, 60 dias. Diminuição na expressão do mRNA para PPAR&#945; e aumento na expressão do mRNA para UCP2 aos 21 dias; diminuição na expressão do mRNA para UCP2 ao 60 dias. Alterações morfológicas cardíacas e hepáticas, assim como na ultraestrutura dos cardiomiócitos, em todas as idades, maior conteúdo de glicogênio hepático aos 21 e 90 dias. Concluímos que a hiperalimentação na lactação levou à obesidade, com aumento da oxidação de glicose, alterações no metabolismo energético associadas à diminuição da sensibilidade à insulina, redução da capacidade oxidativa mitocondrial, levando ao desacoplamento e alteração da morfologia e ultraestrutura dos cardiomiócitos do desmame até a idade adulta. / Recent studies have shown that overnutrition in the postnatal period lead obesity, cardiometabolic alterations, insulin resistance at long term. The objective of the study was to investigate the consequences of overnutrition lactation in the hearts of mice pups and adults throughout the development. To induce overnutrition during lactation, the litter size was reduced from three male pups at the third day, overnutrition group (OG). The control group (CG) remained with 9 pups per litter at lactation until weaning. We evaluated the body weight, epididymal and retroperitoneal fat, liver and cardiac morphology, ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes, left ventricle weight/ tibia length ratio, fasting glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, plasma insulin and HOMA-IR. The oxygen consumption of cardiac fibers was analyzed by high-resolution respirometry. We evaluated the enzymatic activity of PDH, CS and LDH and liver glycogen. Molecular biology, through: IR&#946;, IRS1, pIRS1, PTP1B, PI3K, Akt, pAkt, GLUT1, GLUT4, AMPK&#945;, pAMPK&#945;, HKII, CPT1, UCP2, FABPm, CD36, PGC-1&#945;, PPAR&#945;, 4HNE, eletrons transport chain complex (I, II, III, IV and V), &#945;-tubulin, GP91 and VADC. Differences between groups analyzed by Two-way ANOVA, significance level p <0.05. The OG had increased body weight, epididymal and retroperitoneal fat and total cholesterol in all ages. Fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and triglyceride levels at 21 and 90 days. Increased Lee index at 60 and 90 days. OG showed a decrease: the IR&#946; and GLUT4 at 21 and 60 days; IR&#946; increased to 90 days; increased IRS1, PTP1B, at 21 and 90 days and AKT, pAMPK/ AMPK and GLUT1 to 21 days; decrease of pIRS1/IRS1, PI3K, pAKT/ AKT at 21 and 90 days; HKII decreased at 21 days and increased at 60 and 90 days; PDH increased to 90 days; increased LDH at 21 days and reduced to 60 days; CS increased at 21 days and decreased at 60 and 90 days; increased oxidation of carbohydrates to 21 days and reduced to 90 days; decrease in fatty acid oxidation at 60 and 90 days. Additionally, increased mitochondrial uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis at 60 and 90 days. We observed decrease in CPT1 and increased UCP2 at 21 and 90 days. Decreased PGC-1&#945; at 60 and 90 days and FABPm and CD36 in all ages. increased 4HNE at 21 and decrease at 90 days. However, we observed a decrease in the expression of mRNA for CPT1 to 21 and 60 days. Decrease in mRNA expression of PPAR&#945; and increased in mRNA expression of UCP2 at 21 days; decrease in mRNA expression of UCP2 at 60 days. Heart and liver morphological changes, as well as the ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes, in all ages, hepatic glycogen content at 21 and 90 days. We conclude that the overfeeding lactation led to obesity with increased glucose oxidation, changes in energy metabolism, associated with decreased insulin signaling, reduced mitochondrial oxidative capacity, leading to decoupling and changing the morphology and ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes from weaning to adulthood.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by two major pathological hallmarks, amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The accumulation of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) is an early event associated with synaptic and mitochondrial damage in AD. Therefore, molecular pathways underlying the neurotoxicity and generation of Aβ represent promising therapeutic targets for AD. Recent studies have shown that actin severing protein, Cofilin plays an important role in synaptic remodeling, mitochondrial dysfunction, and AD pathogenesis. However, whether Cofilin is an essential component of AD pathogenesis and how Aβ induced neurotoxicity impinges its signals to Cofilin are unclear. In my dissertation studies, we found Aβ oligomers bind with intermediate activation conformers of β1-integrin to induce the loss of surface β1-integrin and activation of Cofilin via Slingshot homology-1 (SSH1) activation. Specifically, conditional loss of β1-integrin prevented Aβ induced Cofilin activation, and allosteric modulation or activation of β1-integrin significantly reduced Aβ binding to neurons and mitigated Aβ42-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic proteins depletion, and apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that SSH1 reduction, which mitigated Cofilin activation, prevented Aβ-induced mitochondrial Cofilin translocation and apoptosis, while AD brain mitochondria contained significantly increased activated/oxidized Cofilin. In mechanistic support in vivo, we demonstrated that APP transgenic mice brains contain decreased SSH/Cofilin and SSH1/14-3-3 complexes which indicates that SSH-Cofilin activation occurred by releasing of SSH from 14-3-3. We also showed that genetic reduction in Cofilin rescues APP/Aβ-induced synaptic protein loss and gliosis, as well as impairments in synaptic plasticity and contextual memory in vivo. Our lab previously found that overexpression of the scaffolding protein RanBP9 increases Aβ production in cell lines and in transgenic mice, while promoting Cofilin activation and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, how endogenous RanBP9 activates cofilin and whether endogenous RanBP9 accelerates Aβ-induced deficits in synaptic plasticity, cofilin-dependent pathology, and cognitive impairments were unknown. In my dissertation studies, we found that endogenous RanBP9 positively regulates SSH1 levels and mediates A-induced translocation of Cofilin to mitochondria. Moreover, we demonstrated that endogenous RanBP9 mediates A-induced formation of Cofilin-actin rods in primary neurons. Endogenous level of RanBP9 was also required for Aβ-induced collapse of growth cones in immature neurons and depletion of synaptic proteins in mature neurons. In vivo, we also found APP transgenic mice exhibit significantly increased endogenous RanBP9 levels and that genetic reduction in RanBP9 rescued APP/Aβ-induced synaptic protein loss, gliosis, synaptic plasticity impairments, and contextual memory deficits. These findings indicated that endogenous RanBP9 not only promotes Aβ production but also meditate Aβ induced neurotoxicity via positively regulating SSH1. Taken together, these novel findings implicate essential involvement of β1-integrin–SSH1/RanBP9–Cofilin pathway in mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunction in AD pathogenesis.

L’augmentation constante de l’obésité dans les populations occidentales accroit la prévalence de nombreuses maladies liées au surpoids parmi lesquelles le syndrome d’apnées hypopnées du sommeil (SAHOS). Le SAHOS et l’obésité représentent deux facteurs de risque indépendants du développement de maladie cardiovasculaires (CV) et métaboliques. Etant souvent associés en pratique clinique, l’étude de leurs effets vasculaires et métaboliques spécifiques est difficile. Pour nous affranchir de cette problématique, nous avons étudié chez la souris, les effets respectifs et combinés d'un régime riche en graisse et/ou de 15 jours d'exposition à des conditions d'hypoxie intermittente (HI) mimant le SAHOS, sur les paramètres vasculaires et métaboliques. L’HI seule n'avait aucun impact sur le bilan-glucido lipidique, la fonction mitochondriale hépatique et la fonction vasculaire des animaux. Les animaux soumis au RRG présentaient une dyslipidémie,une stéatose hépatique, une dysfonction mitochondriale ainsi qu'une une dysfonction endothéliale. Lorsque l’HI était appliquée aux animaux recevant le RRG, l’ensemble de ces dysfonctions vasculaires, hépatiques et mitochondriales était prévenu mais une hyperinslinémie marquée était notée. Ce travail illustre les effets polymorphes de l’HI qui, pour des durées d’exposition courtes, pourrait présenter des effets bénéfiques sur les altérations associées à l’obésité qui contrastent avec les effets délétères à plus long terme décrits dans le SAHOS. / Decades increases the prevalence of many overweigh tassociated diseases including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Both OSA and obesity are considered as independent cardio-vascular and metabolic risk factors.The frequent association of OSA and obesity in clinical setting makes difficult to investigate their independent contribution to metabolic and vascular diseases. In the present thesis, we aimed to evaluate the impact of a short term intermittent hypoxia (IH), (animal model of OSA), of a high fat diet (HFD), and of both experimental conditions together (IH and HFD) on the vascular and metabolic outcomes. Short term IH alone had no impact on glucose and lipids levels and mitochondrial and vascular function. Animals fed with HFD presented dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, mitochondrial and endothelial dysfunction. Interestingly, when short term IH was applied to HFD fed mice, insulin level was increased, restored endothelial function and mitochondrial activity was restored and limited liver lipid accumulation was limited.Those data underline the polymorphic effects of IH that might target beneficial outcomes when applied for a short term in obesity, which contrast with the deleterious long term outcomes observed in OSA.

The hallmark of HIV/AIDS is a gradual depletion of CD4 T cells. Despite effective control by antiretroviral therapy (ART), a significant subgroup of people living with HIV (PLHIV) fails to achieve complete immune reconstitution, deemed as immune non-responders (INRs). The mechanisms underlying incomplete CD4 T cell recovery in PLHIV remain unclear. In this study, CD4 T cells from PLHIV were phenotyped and functionally characterized, focusing on their mitochondrial functions. The results show that while total CD4 T cells are diminished, cycling cells are expanded in PLHIV, especially in INRs. HIV-INR CD4 T cells are more activated, displaying exhausted and senescent phenotypes with compromised mitochondrial functions. Transcriptional profiling and flow cytometry analysis showed remarkable repression of mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA) in CD4 T cells from PLHIV, leading to abnormal mitochondrial and T cell homeostasis. These results demonstrate a sequential cellular paradigm of T cell over-activation, proliferation, exhaustion, senescence, apoptosis, and depletion, which correlates with compromised mitochondrial functions. Therefore, reconstituting the mtTFA pathway may provide an adjunctive immunological approach to revitalizing CD4 T cells in ART-treated PLHIV, especially in INRs.

No description available.