In this thesis, we have developed a Subtructured Finite Element / eXtended Finite Element (S-FE/XFE) method. The S-FE/XFE method consists in decomposing the geometry into safe FE-domains and cracked XFE-domains, and solving the interface problem with the Finite Element Tearing and Interconnecting method (FETI).This method allows for handling complex crack configurations in 3D structures with common commercial FE software that do not feature the XFEM. The method is also extended to a mixed dimensional formulation, where the FE-domain is discretised with shell elements while the XFE-domain is modelled with three-dimensional solid elements. This is the so-called S-FE Shell/XFE 3D method. The mixed dimensional formulation is more convenient than a full XFE-3D formulation because it significantly reduces the computational cost and it is more accurate compared to a full shell model because it includes three-dimensional local features such as three-dimensional crack. The compatibility of the displacements through the interface is ensured using the Reissner-Mindlin equation. The method has been extensively validated towards both academic problems and semi-industrial benchmarks in order to demonstrate the benefits of this approach. Among them, the S-FE/XFE method is applied to a crack analysis in a section of a compressor drum of a turbofan engine. The results obtained with the S-FE/XFE method are compared with those obtained with a standard FE computation. Furthermore, two applications of the S-FE shell/XFE 3D approach are proposed. First the load carrying capacity of a section of stiffened panel containing a through-the-thickness crack is investigated (this is the one-bay crack configuration). Second, the ability of the method for handling small surface cracks in large finite element models is addressed by looking at a generic 'large pressure panel' presenting realistic crack configurations.

La réalisation de condensats de Bose-Einstein et de gaz de Fermi dégénérés ont déclenché d'énormes progrès dans les méthodes théoriques ainsi que dans la mise en place de nouvelles techniques expérimentales. Parmi celles-ci, de fascinantes possibilités viennent de l'implémentation de réseaux optiques : potentiels périodiques pour atomes neutres créés à travers l'interférence de rayons laser. Un gaz dégénéré dans un réseau optique peut être forcé dans des pièges fortement anisotropes, jusqu'à réduire la dimensionnalité du système physique. Du point de vue fondamental, le comportement des ondes de matière en dimensions réduites éclaircit les propriétés intrinsèques des interactions entre particules. En outre, ces systèmes à dimensionnalité réduite peuvent être manipulés afin de créer des simulateurs quantiques de la matière condensée, comme par exemple des réseaux à deux dimensions, dans un environnement pur et contrôlable. Motivés par les passionnantes perspectives de ce domaine, on a consacré cette Thèse à l'étude théorique de deux systèmes dans lesquels une onde de matière se propage en dimensions réduites. L'interaction dipôle-dipôle, à longue portée et anisotrope, affecte fortement le comportement des gaz quantiques. Les progrès expérimentaux dans ce domaine florissant permettront bientôt de piéger dans des réseaux optiques un gaz dégénéré de dipôles. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, on considère l'apparition d'une seule résonance dipolaire dans l'interaction entre deux particules pour différents systèmes quasi-unidimensionnels. On propose une approche à deux canaux qui décrit cette résonance dans un piège harmonique fortement allongé “en forme de cigare”, qui représente l'approximation d'un site d'un réseau optique quasi-unidimensionnel. A` ce stade, on développe un nouveau modèle étendu de Bose-Hubbard atome-dimère, qui est valable pour des bosons dipolaires dans un réseau optique quasi-unidimensionnel. On étudie donc le diagramme de phase du modèle pour T =0 par la diagonalisation exacte de systèmes de petite taille, en soulignant les effets de la résonance dipolaire sur la physique à plusieurs corps dans le réseau. Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, on propose un modèle pour réaliser des simulateurs quantiques de cristaux bidimensionnels avec des atomes froids, basé sur le piégeage indépendant de deux espèces atomiques. La première constitue une onde de matière bidimensionnelle qui interagit exclusivement avec les atomes de la seconde espèce, piégés aux nœuds d'un réseau optique bidimensionnel. En introduisant une approche théorique générale, on examine les propriétés de transport de l'onde de matière. On propose des exemples d'application pour réseaux soit de Bravais (carré, triangulaire), soit de non-Bravais (graphène, kagomé), en étudiant soit des systèmes périodiques idéaux, soit des systèmes de taille expérimentale et désordonnés. Les caractéristiques d'un réseau atomique artificiel dépendent de l'intensité de l'interaction entre les deux espèces, qu'on montre être largement réglable grâce à des résonances à dimensionnalité mixte de type 0D-2D. / The experimental achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation and Fermi degeneracy with ultracold gases boosted tremendous progresses both in theoretical methods and in the development of new experimental tools. Among them, intriguing possibilities have been opened by the implementation of optical lattices: periodic potentials for neutral atoms created by interfering laser beams. Degenerate gases in optical lattices can be forced in highly anisotropic traps, reducing the effective dimensionality of the system. From a fundamental point of view, the behavior of matter waves in reduced dimensions sheds light on the intimate properties of interparticle interactions. Furthermore, such reduced-dimensional systems can be engineered to quantum-simulate fascinating solid state systems, like bidimensional crystals, in a clean and controllable environment. Motivated by the exciting perspectives of this field, we devote this Thesis to the theoretical study of two systems where matter waves propagate in reduced dimensions.The long-range and anisotropic character of the dipole-dipole interaction critically affects the behavior of dipolar quantum gases. The continuous experimental progresses in this flourishing field might lead very soon to the creation of degenerate dipolar gases in optical potentials. In the first part of this Thesis, we investigate the emergence of a single dipolar-induced resonance in the two-body scattering process in quasi-one dimensional geometries. We develop a two-channel approach to describe such a resonance in a highly elongated cigar-shaped harmonic trap, which approximates the single site of a quasi-one- dimensional optical lattice. At this stage, we develop a novel atom-dimer extended Bose- Hubbard model for dipolar bosons in this quasi-one-dimensional optical lattice. Hence we investigate the T=0 phase diagram of the model by exact diagonalization of a small- sized system, highlighting the effects of the dipolar-induced resonance on the many-body behavior in the lattice.In the second part of the Thesis, we present a general scheme to realize cold-atom quantum simulators of bidimensional atomic crystals, based on the possibility to independently trap two different atomic species. The first one constitutes a two-dimensional matter wave which interacts only with the atoms of the second species, deeply trapped around the nodes of a two-dimensional optical lattice. By introducing a general analytic approach, we investigate the matter-wave transport properties. We propose some illustrative appli- cations to both Bravais (square, triangular) and non-Bravais (graphene, kagomé) lattices, studying both ideal periodic systems and experimental-sized, eventually disordered, ones. The features of the artificial atomic crystal critically depend on the two-body interspecies interaction strength, which is shown to be widely tunable via 0D-2D mixed-dimensional resonances.

The prediction of fracture in thin-walled structures is decisive for a wide range of applications. Modeling methods such as the phase-field method usually consider cracks to be constant over the thickness which, especially in load cases involving bending, is an imperfect approximation. In this contribution, fracture phenomena along the thickness direction of structural elements (plates or shells) are addressed with a phase-field modeling approach. For this purpose, a new, so called “mixed-dimensional” model is introduced, which combines structural elements representing the displacement field in the two-dimensional shell midsurface with continuum elements describing a crack phase-field in the three-dimensional solid space. The proposed model uses two separate finite element discretizations, where the transfer of variables between the coupled twoand three-dimensional fields is performed at the integration points which in turn need to have corresponding geometric locations. The governing equations of the proposed mixed-dimensional model are deduced in a consistent manner from a total energy functional with them also being compared to existing standard models. The resulting model has the advantage of a reduced computational effort due to the structural elements while still being able to accurately model arbitrary through-thickness crack evolutions as well as partly along the thickness broken shells due to the continuum elements. Amongst others, the higher accuracy aswell as the numerical efficiency of the proposed model are tested and validated by comparing simulation results of the new model to those obtained by standard models using numerous representative examples.