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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured, mixed-valent compounds for electrochemical energy storage devices

Song, Min Kyu 10 November 2011 (has links)
The performances of current electrical energy storage systems (both batteries and electrochemical capacitors) are not capable of meeting the ever-increasing demands of emerging technologies. This is because batteries often suffer from slow power delivery, limited life-time, and long charging time whereas electrochemical capacitors suffer from low energy density. While extensive efforts have been made to the development of novel electrode materials, progress has been hindered by the lack of a profound understanding on the complex charge storage mechanism. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to develop novel electrode materials which can exhibit both high energy and power density with prolonged life-time and to gain a fundamental understanding of their charge storage mechanism. First, nanostructured, thin, and conformal coatings of transition metal oxides have been deposited onto three-dimensional porous substrates of current collectors to form composite electrodes. The structures and compositions of the oxide coatings are further altered by a controlled annealing process and characterized by electron microscopy and spectroscopy, laboratory X-ray diffraction, gas adsorption analysis, and in-situ and ex-situ synchrotron-enabled X-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy. The structural features have also been correlated with the electrochemical behavior of the transition metal oxides as an electrode in an electrochemical capacitor. It is found that the electrochemical performance of the composite electrodes depends sensitively on the composition, nanostructure, and morphology of the oxide coatings. When optimized, the electrodes displayed the highest energy and power density with excellent cycling life among all materials reported for electrochemical capacitors. Finally, new charge storage mechanisms have also been proposed for the novel electrode materials based on insights gained from in-situ synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy.
2

Síntese e caracterização de complexos contendo núcleos dimetálicos de rutênio e ligantes dicarboxilatos / Synthesis and characterization of complexes containing dinuclear ruthenium and dicarboxylate ligands

Ribeiro, Geise 28 November 2001 (has links)
Compostos do tipo [M2(O2CR)4] com ligação múltipla direta entre os centros metálicos apresentam importância do ponto de vista teórico bem como da química aplicada a diversas áreas. Recentemente tem havido um grande interesse voltado, especialmente, para o design de novos materiais construídos com base nestas unidades dimetálicas. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo de complexos de rutênio que apresentam núcleos M2 de valência mista do tipo Ru2(lI,III) com ligantes dicarboxílicos. A partir do complexo [Ru2(OAc)4CI], foram sintetizados compostos com os ligantes dicarboxilatos -O2C-R-CO2-, em que R são cadeias carbônicas saturadas (succinato, adipato e dodecanodioato) ou anéis aromáticos (tereftalato e 4,4\'-bifenildicarboxilato). Modificando-se a metodologia de síntese, foi possível isolar dois tipos de compostos: [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2CI] (R = succ, adip, dode, tere e bife) e [Ru4(O2C-R-CO2)5(H2O) 2] (R = adip e dode). Todos os compostos apresentam bandas de absorção na região do visível, ao redor de 450 nm, e do infravermelho próximo, ao redor de 1100 nm, que podem ser atribuídas, respectivamente às transições eletrônicas π (Ru-O, Ru2) → π* (Ru2) e δ (Ru2) → δ* (Ru2). Estas transições são características de espécies de [Ru2]5+, comprovando a manutenção das ligações metal-metal nos derivados. Os valores dos momentos magnéticos efetivos (µeff), calculados com base em medidas de susceptibilidade magnética, estão na faixa de 3,8-4,4 M.B para os compostos [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2CI] (R = succ, adip e dode) e correspondem à configuração eletrônica do estado fundamental do tipo σ2 µ4 δ2 (µ*)2 (δ *)1, com três elétrons desemparelhados, que é observada para carboxilatos de dirutênio (lI,III). Valores de µeff um pouco mais altos foram obtidos para os demais compostos, provavelmente devido à existência de algum tipo de acoplamento magnético. Nos espectros vibracionais FT-IR, observam-se bandas na faixa de 1470 a 1390 cm-1, que é típica das frequências de estiramentos νa e νs dos grupos COO- de carboxilatos ligados em ponte. Bandas relativas às frequências de estiramento das ligações metal-metal, ν(Ru-Ru), são observadas nos espectros Raman ao redor de 330 cm-1. Estes dados indicam que os compostos apresentam estruturas do tipo gaiola em que os ligantes carboxilatos formam pontes equatoriais (via grupo COO-) entre dois íons metálicos, estabilizando a ligação múltipla Ru-Ru. Devido à presença de dois grupos COO- para cada íon dicarboxilato, ocorre também a formação de pontes equatoriais entre centros de [Ru2]5+, gerando espécies poliméricas constituídas por unidades [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2]+. As posições axiais são ocupadas pelos ânions cloreto ou carboxilato, respectivamente nos casos dos compostos [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2CI] e [Ru4(O2C-R-CO2)5(H2O)2], que também formam pontes entre unidades dimetálicas. As presenças das pontes axiais e das pontes equatoriais entre unidades de [Ru2]5+ gerando estruturas tridimensionais que apresentam dois tipos distintos de lamelas ou camadas foram comprovadas com base nos valores das distâncias interplanares calculadas a partir dos difratogramas de raios-X de pó dos compostos. Os compostos são termicamente estáveis até a temperatura de ~ 250°C, conforme verificado por meio de estudos de análise termogravimétrica. Acima desta temperatura, começam a ocorrer perdas de massa que correspondem às perdas totais dos ligantes equatoriais e axiais, considerando-se o RuO2 como produto final das decomposições térmicas. Os compostos [Ru2(adip)2CI], [Ru2(tere)2CI] e [Ru4(dode)5(H2O)2] apresentam áreas superficiais elevadas, aproximadamente iguais a 170, 100 e 40 m2/g, respectivamente, que podem estar relacionadas à formação de estruturas microporosas. Estes tipos de estruturas com poros podem atuar como adsorvedores de gases, por exemplo, o que torna os compostos bastante promissores para aplicação na área de novos materiais microporosos, especialmente o primeiro cuja área é cerca de duas vezes maior do que a do segundo, o qual está descrito na literatura como bom adsorvedor para N2, O2 e Ar. / Compounds containing dimetal units [M2(O2CR)4] which have metal-metal multiple bonds are of great interest in both theoretical and applied chemistry. Recently they have been investigated as important compounds for the design of new materiaIs. The main goal of this work is the study of mixed valent diruthenium carboxylates. Compounds formed by Ru2(II,III) centers and -O2C-R-CO2- dicarboxylate ligands, where R is a saturated carbon chain (succinate, adipate and dodecanodioate) or aromatic ring (terephthalate and 4,4\'-diphenyldicarboxylate), were synthesized. Two types of compounds were obtained depending on the synthetic methodology: [Ru2( O2C-R-CO2)2CI] (R = succ, adip, dode, tere and bife) and [Ru4(O2C-R-CO2)5(H2O) 2] (R = adip and dode). AlI compounds exhibit absorption bands in the visible region, around 450 nm, and in the near infrared, around 1100 nm, which can be ascribed respectively to the π (Ru-O, Ru2) → π* (Ru2) and δ (Ru2) → δ* (Ru2) electronic transitions. These are characteristic of [Ru2]5+ dimetal species, indicating that the metal-metal bonds are present in the derivatives. The effective magnetic moments (µeff) values calculated from magnetic susceptibilities data are in the range of 3.8 - 4.4 B.M. for the [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2CI] (R = succ, adip and dode) compounds, corresponding to the σ2 µ4 δ2 (µ*)2 (δ *)1 ground state electronic configuration, with three unpaired electrons, that is observed for diruthenium (II,III) carboxylates. Higher µeff values found for the other compounds can be due to some type of magnetic coupling. The FT-IR vibrational spectra show characteristic bands in the region of 1470 1390 cm-1 that is typical of symmetric and asymmetric bridging carboxylate stretching modes. The metal-metal stretching modes, ν (Ru-Ru), are observed in the Raman spectra around 330 cm-1. Based on these results, it can be proposed that the compounds exhibit \'lantern\' type structures where the carboxylate ligands bridge two metal ions equatorially by COO- groups, stabilizing the Ru-Ru multiple bound. Due to the presence of two COO- groups for each dicarboxylate ion, there is the occurrence of equatorial bridges between [Ru2]5+ centers too, generating polymeric species constituted by [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2]+ units. The chloride or the carboxylate anionic axial ligands, respectively in [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2CI] and [Ru4(O2C-R-CO2)5(H2O)2] compounds, can also bridge the dimetal units in the axial direction. The existence of these axial and equatorial bridges between [Ru2]5+ units generate tridimensional network structures that exhibit two different types of layers, as shown by the analysis of the interplanar distances calculated from powder X-ray diffiaction of the solids. The compounds are thermally stable up to 250°C as indicated by thermogravimetric analysis. Above this temperature, there are losses of mass that correspond to the total losses of the equatorial and the axial ligands considering the RuO2 as the product of thermal decomposition. The [Ru2(adip)2CI], [Ru2(tere)2CI] and [Ru4(dode)5(H2O)2] compounds exhibit large superficial areas, about 170, 100 and 40 m2/g respectively, which could be indicative of microporous structures. These kinds of porous structures can be used as adsorbents for gases, for example. It makes the compounds very interesting for application as new microporous materiaIs, specially for the former which has a superficial area twice as bigger as the second one that is described in the literature as good adsorbent for N2, O2e Ar.
3

Síntese e caracterização de complexos contendo núcleos dimetálicos de rutênio e ligantes dicarboxilatos / Synthesis and characterization of complexes containing dinuclear ruthenium and dicarboxylate ligands

Geise Ribeiro 28 November 2001 (has links)
Compostos do tipo [M2(O2CR)4] com ligação múltipla direta entre os centros metálicos apresentam importância do ponto de vista teórico bem como da química aplicada a diversas áreas. Recentemente tem havido um grande interesse voltado, especialmente, para o design de novos materiais construídos com base nestas unidades dimetálicas. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo de complexos de rutênio que apresentam núcleos M2 de valência mista do tipo Ru2(lI,III) com ligantes dicarboxílicos. A partir do complexo [Ru2(OAc)4CI], foram sintetizados compostos com os ligantes dicarboxilatos -O2C-R-CO2-, em que R são cadeias carbônicas saturadas (succinato, adipato e dodecanodioato) ou anéis aromáticos (tereftalato e 4,4\'-bifenildicarboxilato). Modificando-se a metodologia de síntese, foi possível isolar dois tipos de compostos: [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2CI] (R = succ, adip, dode, tere e bife) e [Ru4(O2C-R-CO2)5(H2O) 2] (R = adip e dode). Todos os compostos apresentam bandas de absorção na região do visível, ao redor de 450 nm, e do infravermelho próximo, ao redor de 1100 nm, que podem ser atribuídas, respectivamente às transições eletrônicas π (Ru-O, Ru2) → π* (Ru2) e δ (Ru2) → δ* (Ru2). Estas transições são características de espécies de [Ru2]5+, comprovando a manutenção das ligações metal-metal nos derivados. Os valores dos momentos magnéticos efetivos (µeff), calculados com base em medidas de susceptibilidade magnética, estão na faixa de 3,8-4,4 M.B para os compostos [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2CI] (R = succ, adip e dode) e correspondem à configuração eletrônica do estado fundamental do tipo σ2 µ4 δ2 (µ*)2 (δ *)1, com três elétrons desemparelhados, que é observada para carboxilatos de dirutênio (lI,III). Valores de µeff um pouco mais altos foram obtidos para os demais compostos, provavelmente devido à existência de algum tipo de acoplamento magnético. Nos espectros vibracionais FT-IR, observam-se bandas na faixa de 1470 a 1390 cm-1, que é típica das frequências de estiramentos νa e νs dos grupos COO- de carboxilatos ligados em ponte. Bandas relativas às frequências de estiramento das ligações metal-metal, ν(Ru-Ru), são observadas nos espectros Raman ao redor de 330 cm-1. Estes dados indicam que os compostos apresentam estruturas do tipo gaiola em que os ligantes carboxilatos formam pontes equatoriais (via grupo COO-) entre dois íons metálicos, estabilizando a ligação múltipla Ru-Ru. Devido à presença de dois grupos COO- para cada íon dicarboxilato, ocorre também a formação de pontes equatoriais entre centros de [Ru2]5+, gerando espécies poliméricas constituídas por unidades [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2]+. As posições axiais são ocupadas pelos ânions cloreto ou carboxilato, respectivamente nos casos dos compostos [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2CI] e [Ru4(O2C-R-CO2)5(H2O)2], que também formam pontes entre unidades dimetálicas. As presenças das pontes axiais e das pontes equatoriais entre unidades de [Ru2]5+ gerando estruturas tridimensionais que apresentam dois tipos distintos de lamelas ou camadas foram comprovadas com base nos valores das distâncias interplanares calculadas a partir dos difratogramas de raios-X de pó dos compostos. Os compostos são termicamente estáveis até a temperatura de ~ 250°C, conforme verificado por meio de estudos de análise termogravimétrica. Acima desta temperatura, começam a ocorrer perdas de massa que correspondem às perdas totais dos ligantes equatoriais e axiais, considerando-se o RuO2 como produto final das decomposições térmicas. Os compostos [Ru2(adip)2CI], [Ru2(tere)2CI] e [Ru4(dode)5(H2O)2] apresentam áreas superficiais elevadas, aproximadamente iguais a 170, 100 e 40 m2/g, respectivamente, que podem estar relacionadas à formação de estruturas microporosas. Estes tipos de estruturas com poros podem atuar como adsorvedores de gases, por exemplo, o que torna os compostos bastante promissores para aplicação na área de novos materiais microporosos, especialmente o primeiro cuja área é cerca de duas vezes maior do que a do segundo, o qual está descrito na literatura como bom adsorvedor para N2, O2 e Ar. / Compounds containing dimetal units [M2(O2CR)4] which have metal-metal multiple bonds are of great interest in both theoretical and applied chemistry. Recently they have been investigated as important compounds for the design of new materiaIs. The main goal of this work is the study of mixed valent diruthenium carboxylates. Compounds formed by Ru2(II,III) centers and -O2C-R-CO2- dicarboxylate ligands, where R is a saturated carbon chain (succinate, adipate and dodecanodioate) or aromatic ring (terephthalate and 4,4\'-diphenyldicarboxylate), were synthesized. Two types of compounds were obtained depending on the synthetic methodology: [Ru2( O2C-R-CO2)2CI] (R = succ, adip, dode, tere and bife) and [Ru4(O2C-R-CO2)5(H2O) 2] (R = adip and dode). AlI compounds exhibit absorption bands in the visible region, around 450 nm, and in the near infrared, around 1100 nm, which can be ascribed respectively to the π (Ru-O, Ru2) → π* (Ru2) and δ (Ru2) → δ* (Ru2) electronic transitions. These are characteristic of [Ru2]5+ dimetal species, indicating that the metal-metal bonds are present in the derivatives. The effective magnetic moments (µeff) values calculated from magnetic susceptibilities data are in the range of 3.8 - 4.4 B.M. for the [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2CI] (R = succ, adip and dode) compounds, corresponding to the σ2 µ4 δ2 (µ*)2 (δ *)1 ground state electronic configuration, with three unpaired electrons, that is observed for diruthenium (II,III) carboxylates. Higher µeff values found for the other compounds can be due to some type of magnetic coupling. The FT-IR vibrational spectra show characteristic bands in the region of 1470 1390 cm-1 that is typical of symmetric and asymmetric bridging carboxylate stretching modes. The metal-metal stretching modes, ν (Ru-Ru), are observed in the Raman spectra around 330 cm-1. Based on these results, it can be proposed that the compounds exhibit \'lantern\' type structures where the carboxylate ligands bridge two metal ions equatorially by COO- groups, stabilizing the Ru-Ru multiple bound. Due to the presence of two COO- groups for each dicarboxylate ion, there is the occurrence of equatorial bridges between [Ru2]5+ centers too, generating polymeric species constituted by [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2]+ units. The chloride or the carboxylate anionic axial ligands, respectively in [Ru2(O2C-R-CO2)2CI] and [Ru4(O2C-R-CO2)5(H2O)2] compounds, can also bridge the dimetal units in the axial direction. The existence of these axial and equatorial bridges between [Ru2]5+ units generate tridimensional network structures that exhibit two different types of layers, as shown by the analysis of the interplanar distances calculated from powder X-ray diffiaction of the solids. The compounds are thermally stable up to 250°C as indicated by thermogravimetric analysis. Above this temperature, there are losses of mass that correspond to the total losses of the equatorial and the axial ligands considering the RuO2 as the product of thermal decomposition. The [Ru2(adip)2CI], [Ru2(tere)2CI] and [Ru4(dode)5(H2O)2] compounds exhibit large superficial areas, about 170, 100 and 40 m2/g respectively, which could be indicative of microporous structures. These kinds of porous structures can be used as adsorbents for gases, for example. It makes the compounds very interesting for application as new microporous materiaIs, specially for the former which has a superficial area twice as bigger as the second one that is described in the literature as good adsorbent for N2, O2e Ar.
4

Mapping of the Chromium and Iron Pyrazolate Landscape

Lopez, Jessica Maria 17 October 2018 (has links)
The main objective of this project is to synthesize the first family of polynuclear chromium pyrazolate complexes. Complexity in analysis of the experimental magnetic data of multinuclear complexes arises from their (2S +1)N microstates, where S is the spin of each metal center and N is the number of metal centers. For example, high-spin (HS)-FeIII3 has 216 microstates and HS-FeIII8 ≈ 1.7x106 microstates (S= 5/2). However, complexes with chromium(III) S = 3/2 will have a noticeable reduction of microstates. Mononuclear complexes with formula [mer-CrCl3(pzH*)3] (pz*H = pyrazole, 3-Me-pzH, 4-Me-pzH, 4-Cl-pzH, 4-I-pzH, 4-Br-pzH) and [trans-CrCl2(pzH*)4]Cl (pzH* = pyrazole and 3-Me-pzH) were synthesized and thoroughly characterized. Polynuclear iron pyrazolate complexes are prepared by the addition of base to [mer-FeCl3(pzH*)3] and [trans-FeCl2(pzH*)4]Cl complexes; the path is not paralleled by mononuclear chromium(III) pyrazole complexes. There is a challenging situation with these reactions, caused by the attainment of equilibrium, where the stable mononuclear complexes and traces of dinuclear species coexist in solution. Microwave assisted reaction of Cr(NO3)3·9H2O and pyrazole ligand in dimethylformamide (DMF) solution afforded redox inactive trinuclear formate-pyrazolate mixed-ligand complexes with formula [Cr3(μ3-O)(μ-O2CH)3(μ-4-R-pz)3(DMF)3]+ (pz = pyrazolate anion; R= H, Me, Cl). Thermally assisted synthesis with non-hydrolysable solvent yielded an electrochemically active all-pyrazolate complex. Complex with formula (Ph4P)2[Cr3(μ3-O)(μ-4-Cl-pz)6Cl3] and (Ph4P)2[Cr3(μ3-O)(μ-4-Cl-pz)6Br3] have an oxidation process at 0.502 V at 0.332 V, respectively. The latter has a second accessed oxidation process at 0.584 V. These systems are the first example of electrochemically amendable trinuclear pyrazolate complex with {Cr3O} core. The all-ferric complexes [Fe3(μ3-O)(μ-4-NO2-pz)6(L)3]2- (L = NCO-, N3) were synthesized from reaction of [Fe3(μ3-O)(μ-4-NO2-pz)6Cl3]2- with NaNCO and NaN3. Expected reversible reduction processes were observed for both complexes at more negative potential, -0.70 V, compared to the thiocyanate complex (-0.36 V). The 57Fe Mössbauer of the reduced [Fe3(μ3-O)(μ-4-NO2-pz)6(N3)3]3- is suggestive of a HS-to-LS electronic reorganization, as seen for the [Fe3(μ3-O)(μ-4-NO2-pz)6(SCN)3]3- complex. Furthermore, compound [Fe3(μ3-O)(μ-4-NO2-pz)6(N3)3]2-, shows a unique reversible oxidation process at 0.82 V (vs. Fc+/Fc) to a mixed-valent, formally Fe3+2/Fe4+ species.
5

Reactive copper-oxygen species for C-H activation : influence of nuclearity and oxygen atom donor / Réactifs espèces cuivre-oxygène pour l'activation C-H : influence de nucléarité et donneurs d'atomes d'oxygène

Kafentzi, Maria Chrysanthi 24 November 2016 (has links)
Les monooxygénases à cuivre sont des systèmes enzymatiques capables de transférer un atome d'oxygène à leur substrat de manière hautement régio et stéréo-spécifique. Les complexes modèles de monooxygénases à cuivre ont fourni de précieuses informations sur la structure et la réactivité des espèces «cuivre-dioxygène» impliquées dans une telle réactivité. Cependant, la découverte récente de deux nouveaux systèmes enzymatiques (LPMO et pMMO) capables d'effectuer l'activation des liaisons C-H très énergétiques a réouvert le débat sur les espèces cuivre--oxygène capables d'une telle réactivité. Dans ce travail, nous avons choisi de préparer des complexes bio-inspirés de Cu(I) et Cu(II) avec un ligand contenant un substrat interne. Ces complexes ont été exposés à différents oxydants ou donneurs d'atome d'oxygène et nous avons étudié la régio- et stéréo-sélectivité de la réaction d'oxydation du substrat interne. De plus, nous avons évalue la capacité de ces systèmes à utiliser l'eau comme donneur d'atome d'oxygène. Pour cela, nous avons l'oxydation ou l'activation de l'eau par voie électrochimique afin de générer des intermédiaires cuivre-oxygène conduisant éventuellement à la production de dioxygène ou à l'oxydation sélective du ligand. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés aux propriétés d'espèces hétérobimétalliques à haute valence. Par conséquent, deux nouveaux complexes hétérobimétalliques à haute valence contenant du nickel et du cuivre ont été synthétisés. Nous avons étudié leurs propriétés électroniques et leur réactivité envers des substrats externes et internes (ligands) a été évaluée et comparée à la réactivité de leurs homologues homobimétalliques. / Copper-containing monooxygenases are enzymatic systems capable of transferring an oxygen atom to their subtrates in highly regio or stereo-specific modes. Model complexes for copper-containing monooxygenases have provided valuable information on the structure and reactivity of several copper-dioxygen adducts. However, the recent discovery of two new enzymatic systems (LPMO and pMMO) able to perform activation of very strong C-H bonds has re-opened the debate on the catalytically relevant copper-dioxygen species. The use of model systems that mimic an enzyme is a simple approach to obtain a better knowledge of how nature works. For this study, Cu(I) and Cu(II) complexes containing ligand-substrate were prepared. After reaction with different oxidants or O-atom donors, we investigated the regio- and stereo-selectivity of the oxidation of the internal substrate. Based on the relatively well-known chemistry of Cu(I) with dioxygen, we, were also interested in investigating the water as an O-atom donor in C-H bond activation reactions. We have therefore investigated electrochemical water oxidation or activation to generate dioxygen and selective oxygen-insertion into the substrate-bound moiety. Finally, we explored the properties of mixed-metal dioxygen species as compared to their homometalic counter-parts. Indeed heterobimetallic active sites are found in various metalloenzymes such as cytochrome c oxidase. Therefore, two new high-valent Cu-Ni heterobimetallic complexes were synthesized. We investigated their electronic properties using various spectroscopic methods and their reactivity was evaluated towards external and internal substrates (indane).
6

Conception et synthèse de catalyseurs de cuivre bio-inspirés pour l'activation de liaisons C-H / Design and synthesis of bio-inspired copper catalysts for C-H activation

Isaac, James Alfred 30 November 2018 (has links)
Les adduits cuivre-oxygène dans les métallo-enzymes ont été proposés comme étant responsables de l'activation de liaisons C-H, processus qui ont un intérêt pour des applications industrielles potentielles. La première partie de ce travail est consacrée à une présentation de différentes mono-oxygénases à cuivre et de leurs complexes modèles. Récemment, des intermédiaires réactionnels ont émergé et parmi ceux-ci, des espèces de valence mixte CuIICuIII ont été proposées comme étant des espèces réactives clés pour l'activation de liaisons C-H fortes.Dans ce travail, à partir de ligands binucléants basés sur un espaceur 1,8-naphtyridine, la stabilisation et les caractérisations spectroscopiques de ce type d’intermédiaires à haut degré d’oxydation sont explorées. La préparation d’espèces Cu2:O2 à partir de l'activation du dioxygène par les complexes CuI2 est discutée. Deux complexes µ-ɳ2:ɳ2-peroxo-CuII2 ont été préparés à -80°C et caractérisés par différentes méthodes spectroscopiques associées à des calculs par la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité (DFT). A partir de nouveaux ligands dissymétriques possédant une fonction amide, nos tentatives pour contrôler la préparation des complexes binucléaires associés sont également présentées. Puis, les caractérisations des espèces à valence mixte CuIICuIII obtenues par mono-oxydation électronique des complexes CuII2 sont décrites (voltammétrie cyclique, résonance paramagnétique électronique, UV-visible, proche infrarouge et DFT).Enfin, ce travail est complété par l’étude de la réactivité des espèces CuIICuIII, pour lesquelles la littérature est presque inexistante. Lorsque des ligands stériquement encombrés sont utilisés dans les espèces à valence mixte, des oxydations intramoléculaires sont observées, alors que l’espèce CuIICuIII possédant un ligand moins encombré oxyde le toluène. Il est à noter que l'ajout d'une base rend le système catalytique. / Copper-oxygen adducts in enzymes have been proposed to be responsible for the activation of C-H bonds, a process that has industrial applications. The first part of this thesis is therefore dedicated to a discussion on various copper oxygenases and their model complexes. Recently, key reactive intermediates have emerged and among them mixed valent CuIICuIII species have been proposed to be responsible for strong C-H bond activation.In this work the stabilisation and spectroscopic characterisation of high valent intermediates using dinucleating ligands based on a 1,8-naphthyridine spacer are explored. The generation of Cu2:O2 species from the activation of O2 by CuI2 complexes is discussed. Two µ-ɳ2:ɳ2-peroxo-CuII2 complexes have been prepared at -80°C and characterised by spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT). Our attempts at generating dinuclear systems using new dissymmetric ligands with an amide function are also discussed. Finally the successful characterisation of mixed valent CuIICuIII species by mono-electronic oxidation of CuII2 complexes is described (cyclic voltammetry, electron paramagnetic resonance, UV-visible, near infrared and DFT).The last part focusses on probing the reactivity of CuIICuIII species, for which the literature is almost inexistent. When sterically congested ligands are used to support the mixed valent system, intramolecular aliphatic C-H oxidation was observed, whether as the CuIICuIII species supported by a less bulky ligand was able to oxidise toluene. Interestingly the addition of a base made the system catalytic.
7

Synthese und Charakterisierung niedervalenter Actinoidphosphidtelluride und ternärer Selen-Halogenid-Komplexe des Iridiums

Stolze, Karoline 28 April 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Metallpniktide und -chalkogenide erfahren zunehmend mehr Aufmerksamkeit in Chemie und Festkörperphysik. Dieses Interesse liegt unter anderem in der ungewöhnlichen Strukturchemie der Verbindungen begründet. In den Pniktogen(Pn)- bzw. Chalkogen(Q)-reichen Verbindungen dieser Systeme ist besonders häufig die Bildung der jeweiligen Oligo- oder Polyanionen bzw. Moleküle zu beobachten. Einerseits können die homoatomaren Pn–Pn- bzw. Q–Q-Bindungen zur Ausbildung niederdimensionaler Strukturmotive mit anisotropen Eigenschaften, wie bspw. Supraleitung und Metall-Halbleiter-Übergänge, führen; andererseits ergeben sich aus dem sterischen Raumanspruch der Struktureinheiten in Kombination mit den hohen Koordinationszahlen schwerer Übergangs- oder Actinoidmetalle komplexe Strukturen. Die Pn- bzw. Q-Atome treten häufig gemischtvalent auf, was zusammen mit den beschriebenen Strukturmerkmalen die enorme Variabilität und Anpassungsfähigkeit dieser Stoffsysteme widerspiegelt. Im Rahmen des ersten Teils der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde die potentielle Oligoanionenbildung in den bisher als quadratisch-planar beschriebenen Phosphidschichten von Actinoidphosphidtelluriden diskutiert. Über eine chemische Transportreaktion mit Iod ist es gelungen Kristalle des Uranphosphidtellurids UPTe und des verwandten, bisher unbekannten Diuranphosphidditelluridoxids U2PTe2O zu züchten und die Kristallstrukturen durch Einkristallröntgendiffraktometrie aufzuklären. Die Strukturen beider Verbindungen können durch eine Abfolge von [U2P2]- und [Te2]-Schichten, bzw. [U2P2]-, [U2O2]- und [Te2]-Schichten entlang [001] beschrieben werden. Die Phosphoratome in den [U2P2]-Abschnitten bilden eine Schicht parallel ausgerichteter P2-Anionen. Die Zusammenlagerung der Phosphoratome sowie die geordnete Ausrichtung der Hanteln bedingt eine Symmetriereduktion der ursprünglich tetragonal angenommenen Struktur mit fehlgeordneten Phosphoratomen hin zu einem Strukturmodell in der monoklinen Raumgruppe I11m. Bindungsanalysen im Realraum mit Hilfe des Elektronen-Lokalisierbarkeits-Indikator (ELI D) ergaben für UPTe in der monoklin verzerrten Struktur ein zusätzliches Doppelmaximum auf der gedachten Linie zwischen den Phosphoratomen P1 und P2, welches als homoatomare P–P-Bindungen interpretiert werden kann. Zudem konnte über eine Festkörpersynthese die ternäre Verbindung Thoriumphosphidtellurid ThPTe erhalten werden, deren Pulverröntgendaten ein zu UPTe analoges Strukturbild zeigt. Wenngleich die Fehlordnung in der Phosphorschicht von ThPTe experimentell nicht aufgelöst werden konnte, war es durch Raman-Spektroskopie möglich, die Existenz der P2 Hanteln sowohl in ThPTe als auch in UPTe zu belegen. Beide isotype Verbindungen können in ionischer Grenzschreibweise als A4+ + ½ P24– + Te2– (A = Th, U) formuliert werden. Im zweiten Teil der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde die vielfältige Strukturchemie neuer Selen-Halogenid-Komplexe des Iridiums insbesondere hinsichtlich ihrer Oligoselenidliganden sowie koordinativ gebundener Selenmoleküle dargelegt. Durch die Aktivierung von elementarem Iridium in Selentetrahalogenid-Schmelzen konnten erstmalig Verbindungen im System Ir–Se–Br dargestellt und die Strukturvielfalt im System Ir–Se–Cl signifikant erweitert werden. Die synthetisierten ein- bis achtkernigen Iridium(III)-Komplexe zeichnen sich durch eine bemerkenswerte Diversität ihrer Liganden aus, die von Halogenidionen, Selenmono- und Selendihalogenid-Einheiten über zyklische Selenmoleküle bis zu Oligoselenidketten reicht. Die variablen Verknüpfungsmoden dieser Liganden erweitern zusätzlich das Spektrum möglicher Komplexformen und -größen. Die kleinsten, dargestellten ternären Iridiumkomplexe a-fac-[IrBr3(SeBr2)3], m-fac-[IrBr3(SeBr2)3] und mer-[IrBr3(SeBr2)3] besitzen ausschließlich endständige Selendibromid- und Bromidliganden, die sich in ihrer Konfiguration unterscheiden. In den isotypen, zweikernigen Iridiumkomplexen [Se9(IrX3)2] (X = Cl, Br, Cl/Br) wird ein ungeladener, unter den Allotropen des Selens unbekannter Se9-Ring in Kronen-Konformation durch zwei IrX3-Moleküle stabilisiert. Der cyclo-Nonaselenligand ist der erste seiner Art, der mittels Röntgenbeugung am Einkristall charakterisiert werden konnte. Se9(IrCl1.66(1)Br1.34(1))2 repräsentiert zudem die erste quaternäre Verbindung in den Systemen M–Se–Cl–Br (M = Platinmetalle). Die ringförmigen, vier- und sechskernigen Komplexe [Ir4Se10Br16] sowie [Ir6Se8Cl30] und [Ir6Se6Cl30] zählen zu den größten Ringstrukturen unter den Chalkogen-Halogeniden der Platinmetalle. Ihre intramolekulare Verknüpfung wird unter anderem durch µ-verbrückende X–-Anionen und sehr seltene (SeX)–-Einheiten realisiert. Die verwandten [Ir6Se8Cl30]- und [Ir6Se6Cl30]-Ringe können als molekularer Ausschnitt der aus [IrCl6/2]-Oktaedern bestehenden Honigwabenstruktur von alpha-IrCl3 beschrieben werden. Die achtkernigen Iridiumkomplexe [Ir8Se28Br14] und [Ir8Se40Br10] bilden über die sechsfach-verbrückenden Se22–-Hanteln und die vierfach-verbrückenden Se42–-Ketten sehr große, ellipsoide Moleküle aus, die stark einem Ausschnitt aus der Netzwerkstruktur von Ir3Se8 ähneln. Beide Komplexe unterscheiden sich lediglich in ihren apikal koordinierenden Liganden: SeBr2-Einheiten im Fall von [Ir8Se28Br14] und ungeladene Heptaselenringe im Fall von [Ir8Se40Br10]. Die Se7-Moleküle repräsentieren ihrerseits die ersten cyclo-Heptaseleneinheiten in Boot-Konformation. An den [Ir8Se28Br14] Komplex koordinieren über Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen zusätzlich zwei Wassermoleküle. Die räumliche Anordnung der Moleküle im Festkörper von Ir8Se28Br14·2H2O stellt eine hervorragende Näherung der dichtesten Ellipsoidpackung dar.
8

Dioxygen reactivity of new models of copper oxygenases : electrochemical and spectroscopic studies / Réactivité vis-à-vis de l’oxygène des nouveaux modèles dinucléaires au cuivre : études électrochimiques et spectroscopiques

Gennarini, Federica 29 November 2017 (has links)
La molécule de méthane possède la liaison C-H la plus forte parmi les hydrocarbures (BDE = 104 kcal mol-1) : son oxydation en conditions douces représente un challenge d'importance. La Méthane Monoxygénase particulaire (pMMO) est une enzyme à cuivre qui catalyse l'oxydation du méthane (CH4) en méthanol (CH3OH). Le site actif de l'enzyme est composé d'atomes de cuivre séparés par 2.6 Å. Des recherches récentes suggèrent qu'un cluster Cu2 III,II/O2 à valence mixte soit un intermédiaire-clé du cycle catalytique. L'objectif de ce travail vise à la synthèse et caractérisation de nouveaux complexes dinucléaires à valence mixte de type bis(µ-oxo)Cu2 III,II ou (µ-OH, µ-O)Cu2 III,II. Deux familles de motifs coordinants ont été mises en oeuvre, polypyridyle ou polyamide ; les deux sites sont assemblés par des ponts courts et rigides, phenoxo, naphthyridine ou alkoxo. De nouveaux complexes ont été caractérisés par électrochimie, spectroscopies UV-visible et RPE, et par des calculs théoriques. Un dispositif original de cryo-spectroélectrochimie UV-vis-NIR a été développé en parallèle de cette étude : il permet l'identification spectroscopique d'intermédiaires transitoires, réputés très instables à température ambiante. De nouveaux composés à valence mixte, Cu2 III,II(μ-OH, μ-O) et Cu2 III,IIbis(μ-OH) ont été identifiés. Ces résultats élargissent le champ des données de cette famille d'intermédiaires instables limitée jusqu'ici à un seul exemple. / Methane has the strongest C-H bond of any hydrocarbon (BDE = 104 kcal mol-1); its oxidation under mild conditions remains a great challenge. The particulate Methane Monooxygenase (pMMO) is a copper enzyme that oxides methane (CH4) to methanol (CH3OH). In the active site of the enzyme, two copper ions are located at a short distance (2.6 Å). Recent researches have suggested a mixed-valent Cu2III,II/O2 cluster as a key intermediate in the catalytic cycle. The main objective of this work was the synthesis and characterization of new mixed-valent CuIIICuII bis(μ-oxo) and (μ-OH, μ-O) dinuclear complexes. For this purpose we designed promising symmetrical and unsymmetrical complexes based on specific and distinct scaffolds for each side of the structure. Two families of coordination pattern have been used, polypyridyle or polyamide; the two sites are shortly and rigidly bridged by phenoxo, alkoxo or naphthyridine linkers. New complexes have been characterized by electrochemistry, UV-vis and EPR spectroscopies, and by theoretical calculations. A new cryo-UV-Vis-NIR spectroelectrochemical set up, developed in parallel during this work, has allowed the spectroscopic identification of these transient intermediate species, known to be unstable at room temperature. New mixed-valence Cu2 III,II(μ-OH, μ-O) and Cu2 III,IIbis(μ-OH) complexes have been characterized. These results expand the recent knowledge on the only mixed valent CuIII(μ-OH)CuII species described so far.
9

Synthese und Charakterisierung niedervalenter Actinoidphosphidtelluride und ternärer Selen-Halogenid-Komplexe des Iridiums

Stolze, Karoline 07 April 2016 (has links)
Metallpniktide und -chalkogenide erfahren zunehmend mehr Aufmerksamkeit in Chemie und Festkörperphysik. Dieses Interesse liegt unter anderem in der ungewöhnlichen Strukturchemie der Verbindungen begründet. In den Pniktogen(Pn)- bzw. Chalkogen(Q)-reichen Verbindungen dieser Systeme ist besonders häufig die Bildung der jeweiligen Oligo- oder Polyanionen bzw. Moleküle zu beobachten. Einerseits können die homoatomaren Pn–Pn- bzw. Q–Q-Bindungen zur Ausbildung niederdimensionaler Strukturmotive mit anisotropen Eigenschaften, wie bspw. Supraleitung und Metall-Halbleiter-Übergänge, führen; andererseits ergeben sich aus dem sterischen Raumanspruch der Struktureinheiten in Kombination mit den hohen Koordinationszahlen schwerer Übergangs- oder Actinoidmetalle komplexe Strukturen. Die Pn- bzw. Q-Atome treten häufig gemischtvalent auf, was zusammen mit den beschriebenen Strukturmerkmalen die enorme Variabilität und Anpassungsfähigkeit dieser Stoffsysteme widerspiegelt. Im Rahmen des ersten Teils der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde die potentielle Oligoanionenbildung in den bisher als quadratisch-planar beschriebenen Phosphidschichten von Actinoidphosphidtelluriden diskutiert. Über eine chemische Transportreaktion mit Iod ist es gelungen Kristalle des Uranphosphidtellurids UPTe und des verwandten, bisher unbekannten Diuranphosphidditelluridoxids U2PTe2O zu züchten und die Kristallstrukturen durch Einkristallröntgendiffraktometrie aufzuklären. Die Strukturen beider Verbindungen können durch eine Abfolge von [U2P2]- und [Te2]-Schichten, bzw. [U2P2]-, [U2O2]- und [Te2]-Schichten entlang [001] beschrieben werden. Die Phosphoratome in den [U2P2]-Abschnitten bilden eine Schicht parallel ausgerichteter P2-Anionen. Die Zusammenlagerung der Phosphoratome sowie die geordnete Ausrichtung der Hanteln bedingt eine Symmetriereduktion der ursprünglich tetragonal angenommenen Struktur mit fehlgeordneten Phosphoratomen hin zu einem Strukturmodell in der monoklinen Raumgruppe I11m. Bindungsanalysen im Realraum mit Hilfe des Elektronen-Lokalisierbarkeits-Indikator (ELI D) ergaben für UPTe in der monoklin verzerrten Struktur ein zusätzliches Doppelmaximum auf der gedachten Linie zwischen den Phosphoratomen P1 und P2, welches als homoatomare P–P-Bindungen interpretiert werden kann. Zudem konnte über eine Festkörpersynthese die ternäre Verbindung Thoriumphosphidtellurid ThPTe erhalten werden, deren Pulverröntgendaten ein zu UPTe analoges Strukturbild zeigt. Wenngleich die Fehlordnung in der Phosphorschicht von ThPTe experimentell nicht aufgelöst werden konnte, war es durch Raman-Spektroskopie möglich, die Existenz der P2 Hanteln sowohl in ThPTe als auch in UPTe zu belegen. Beide isotype Verbindungen können in ionischer Grenzschreibweise als A4+ + ½ P24– + Te2– (A = Th, U) formuliert werden. Im zweiten Teil der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde die vielfältige Strukturchemie neuer Selen-Halogenid-Komplexe des Iridiums insbesondere hinsichtlich ihrer Oligoselenidliganden sowie koordinativ gebundener Selenmoleküle dargelegt. Durch die Aktivierung von elementarem Iridium in Selentetrahalogenid-Schmelzen konnten erstmalig Verbindungen im System Ir–Se–Br dargestellt und die Strukturvielfalt im System Ir–Se–Cl signifikant erweitert werden. Die synthetisierten ein- bis achtkernigen Iridium(III)-Komplexe zeichnen sich durch eine bemerkenswerte Diversität ihrer Liganden aus, die von Halogenidionen, Selenmono- und Selendihalogenid-Einheiten über zyklische Selenmoleküle bis zu Oligoselenidketten reicht. Die variablen Verknüpfungsmoden dieser Liganden erweitern zusätzlich das Spektrum möglicher Komplexformen und -größen. Die kleinsten, dargestellten ternären Iridiumkomplexe a-fac-[IrBr3(SeBr2)3], m-fac-[IrBr3(SeBr2)3] und mer-[IrBr3(SeBr2)3] besitzen ausschließlich endständige Selendibromid- und Bromidliganden, die sich in ihrer Konfiguration unterscheiden. In den isotypen, zweikernigen Iridiumkomplexen [Se9(IrX3)2] (X = Cl, Br, Cl/Br) wird ein ungeladener, unter den Allotropen des Selens unbekannter Se9-Ring in Kronen-Konformation durch zwei IrX3-Moleküle stabilisiert. Der cyclo-Nonaselenligand ist der erste seiner Art, der mittels Röntgenbeugung am Einkristall charakterisiert werden konnte. Se9(IrCl1.66(1)Br1.34(1))2 repräsentiert zudem die erste quaternäre Verbindung in den Systemen M–Se–Cl–Br (M = Platinmetalle). Die ringförmigen, vier- und sechskernigen Komplexe [Ir4Se10Br16] sowie [Ir6Se8Cl30] und [Ir6Se6Cl30] zählen zu den größten Ringstrukturen unter den Chalkogen-Halogeniden der Platinmetalle. Ihre intramolekulare Verknüpfung wird unter anderem durch µ-verbrückende X–-Anionen und sehr seltene (SeX)–-Einheiten realisiert. Die verwandten [Ir6Se8Cl30]- und [Ir6Se6Cl30]-Ringe können als molekularer Ausschnitt der aus [IrCl6/2]-Oktaedern bestehenden Honigwabenstruktur von alpha-IrCl3 beschrieben werden. Die achtkernigen Iridiumkomplexe [Ir8Se28Br14] und [Ir8Se40Br10] bilden über die sechsfach-verbrückenden Se22–-Hanteln und die vierfach-verbrückenden Se42–-Ketten sehr große, ellipsoide Moleküle aus, die stark einem Ausschnitt aus der Netzwerkstruktur von Ir3Se8 ähneln. Beide Komplexe unterscheiden sich lediglich in ihren apikal koordinierenden Liganden: SeBr2-Einheiten im Fall von [Ir8Se28Br14] und ungeladene Heptaselenringe im Fall von [Ir8Se40Br10]. Die Se7-Moleküle repräsentieren ihrerseits die ersten cyclo-Heptaseleneinheiten in Boot-Konformation. An den [Ir8Se28Br14] Komplex koordinieren über Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen zusätzlich zwei Wassermoleküle. Die räumliche Anordnung der Moleküle im Festkörper von Ir8Se28Br14·2H2O stellt eine hervorragende Näherung der dichtesten Ellipsoidpackung dar.

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