This thesis presents a theoretical study of thermoelastic guided waves in cylinders in the context of Lord-Shulman generalized theory of thermoelasticity. Two different methods were formulated to study dispersion relations in infinite cylinders. One of them is a Semi Analytical Finite Element (SAFE) method and the other is an analytical method. In the SAFE method, the dispersion equation has been formulated as a generalized eigenvalue problem by treating radial displacement and temperature with a one dimensional finite element model through the thickness of the cylinder. In the analytical method, displacement potentials are introduced to obtain the dispersion relations of guided wave modes. This method is applicable to isotropic cylinders and has been developed primarily to cross check the SAFE formulation. Frequency spectra obtained by both methods for an isotropic cylinder have shown excellent agreement with each other. Since the SAFE method can be used for an anisotropic composite cylinder, guided wave modes for anisotropic and composite cylinders are presented. Transient analysis of ultrasonic guided waves generated by concentrated heating of the outer surface of an infinite anisotropic cylinder has also been studied. The SAFE method is employed to model the response of a cylinder due to a pulsed laser focused on its surface. Green’s functions were constructed numerically by superposition of guided wave modes in frequency and wave number domains. Time histories of the propagating modes are then calculated by applying an inverse Fourier transformation in the time domain. Transient radial displacements of longitudinal and flexural modes of a silicon nitride cylinder are presented. Propagation of thermoelastic waves in finite length circular cylinders have also been investigated. The SAFE method is used to simulate the guided wave modes in the cylinder. Frequency spectra obtained by the SAFE formulation, for a finite length transversely isotropic cylinder, are validated by comparing the numerical results with relevant publications. Frequency spectra for axisymmetric and asymmetric modes in a silicon nitride finite cylinder with both ends insulated and restrained by frictionless rigid walls are presented. The plain strain problem of circumferential guided waves is also studied and the results are validated for an isothermal case.

This thesis presents a theoretical study of thermoelastic guided waves in cylinders in the context of Lord-Shulman generalized theory of thermoelasticity. Two different methods were formulated to study dispersion relations in infinite cylinders. One of them is a Semi Analytical Finite Element (SAFE) method and the other is an analytical method. In the SAFE method, the dispersion equation has been formulated as a generalized eigenvalue problem by treating radial displacement and temperature with a one dimensional finite element model through the thickness of the cylinder. In the analytical method, displacement potentials are introduced to obtain the dispersion relations of guided wave modes. This method is applicable to isotropic cylinders and has been developed primarily to cross check the SAFE formulation. Frequency spectra obtained by both methods for an isotropic cylinder have shown excellent agreement with each other. Since the SAFE method can be used for an anisotropic composite cylinder, guided wave modes for anisotropic and composite cylinders are presented. Transient analysis of ultrasonic guided waves generated by concentrated heating of the outer surface of an infinite anisotropic cylinder has also been studied. The SAFE method is employed to model the response of a cylinder due to a pulsed laser focused on its surface. Green’s functions were constructed numerically by superposition of guided wave modes in frequency and wave number domains. Time histories of the propagating modes are then calculated by applying an inverse Fourier transformation in the time domain. Transient radial displacements of longitudinal and flexural modes of a silicon nitride cylinder are presented. Propagation of thermoelastic waves in finite length circular cylinders have also been investigated. The SAFE method is used to simulate the guided wave modes in the cylinder. Frequency spectra obtained by the SAFE formulation, for a finite length transversely isotropic cylinder, are validated by comparing the numerical results with relevant publications. Frequency spectra for axisymmetric and asymmetric modes in a silicon nitride finite cylinder with both ends insulated and restrained by frictionless rigid walls are presented. The plain strain problem of circumferential guided waves is also studied and the results are validated for an isothermal case.

Orientador: Aloisio Ernesto Assan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T10:17:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gatti_AndersonCarlos_M.pdf: 1799347 bytes, checksum: c5db751be8130693e5a2966d279bc22e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Neste trabalho estuda-se o comportamento de pórticos planos submetidos a ações dinâmicas. Apresenta-se, inicialmente, a Equação de Movimento de Lagrange através das variações das energias cinética, potencial mais o trabalho das forças não conservativas. Em seguida, pelo emprego do Método dos Elementos Finitos são desenvolvidas as matrizes de rigidez, massa e amortecimento para o elemento de pórtico plano. O amortecimento introduzido é o de Rayleigh. Estudam-se dois métodos para a realização da análise dinâmica: o método de Newmark e o Método da Superposição Modal, também sendo realizado um estudo do problema de autovalor e autovetor pelo emprego do Método das Potências e o Método da Deflação de Wielandt. Os autovalores e autovetores fornecerão as freqüências naturais e os modos de vibração da estrutura. Finalmente, são mostrados exemplos numéricos para a análise do comportamento dos pórticos planos / Abstract: In this work, it is studied the behavior of plane frames submitted to dynamic loads. First of all Lagrange¿s Equations of Motion is presented by the kinetic and potential energy variation plus the work of the nonconservative forces. Next, the stiffness, mass and damping matrices for the plane frame element are developed with the use of the Finite Element Method. Damping is introduced from the Rayleigh damping. Both Newmark Method and Modal Superposition Method are studied to carry out the dynamic analysis. It is also carried out a study of the eigenvalue problem by Power Method and Wielandt Deflation Method. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors will provide the natural frequencies and normal modes of the structure, respectively. Finally, numerical examples are related to the analysis of the plane frameworks behavior / Mestrado / Estruturas / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Methode der modalen Superposition als Ordnungsreduktionsverfahren in der Mikrosystemtechnik. Typische Anwendungsgebiete sind Inertialsensoren und dabei im Besonderen Drehratensensoren, für die die Simulation von zeitabhängigen Phänomenen von entscheidender Bedeutung ist. Im Rahmen der Weiterentwicklung der Ordnungsreduktion nach der Methode der modalen Superposition ist es gelungen für typische lineare Kräfte eine auf analytischen Gleichungen basierende Beschreibung im reduzierten Raum zu finden. Für die Beschreibung von nichtlinearen Kräften ist im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ein Verfahren entwickelt worden, das es erlaubt, bestehende Modelle im Finite-Elemente-Raum in der modalen Beschreibung zu nutzen. In dieser Arbeit werden die theoretischen Grundlagen zur Berücksichtigung von Einflüssen der Aufbau- und Verbindungstechnik in ordnungsreduzierten Modellen dargestellt. Neben der Einkopplung äußerer Kräfte und der Veränderung der mechanischen Randbedingungen wird auch der Einfluss der Aufbau- und Verbindungstechnik auf die elektrostatischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Die Parametrisierung des Verfahrens der modalen Superposition über Fit- und Interpolationsverfahren erlaubt es, parametrisierte ordnungsreduzierte Modelle für die zeitabhängige Systemsimulation zu generieren. Damit wird die Durchführung von Designoptimierung und die Berücksichtigung von Fertigungs- und Prozessschwankungen in ordnungsreduzierten Modellen auf Systemebene möglich.

Ces travaux de thèse s’inscrivent dans le cadre de la prise en compte des incertitudes des paramètres d’entrée d’un modèle éléments finis de structures spatiales. L’approche probabiliste a été utilisée pour quantifier l’influence de l’aléa sur les fonctions de transfert.Nous avons proposé une adaptation de la méthode de superposition modale au cadre probabiliste, basée sur l’identification de la loi de probabilité des variables des fonctions de transfert. Le verrou technologique que constitue la construction de lois de probabilité de grande dimension a été levé par l’utilisation de la théorie des copules. Finalement, la méthodologie proposée a été validée sur un exemple industriel et les perspectives offertes par l’étude des structures de dépendances entre variables d’une fonction de transfert sont prometteuses. / This PhD thesis aims at take into account input parameters uncertainty of space structures finite element models. To achieve this goal probabilistic approach is used to quantify the influence of randomness on transfer functions. An adaptation of modal superposition method to the probabilistic framework is proposed. This original approach is based on the identification of the probability distribution of transfer function variables. The main difficultyconcerns the construction of a large dimension probability distribution. This pointis tackled by the use of copula theory. Finally, the proposed methodology is validated onan industrial example. Moreover, the analysis of the dependence structures between the transfer function variables offers a lot of perspectives.

This thesis deals with determination of effect of wing flexibility on load distribution. FSI analysis using modal superposition was used for determination of effect of wing flexibility. Analysis was verified by analytic calculation. Differences of load distribution, between rigid and flexible wing, was determined for the selected flight regimes. Change of the bending moment was up to 3,9 %. Thesis shows importance of including effect of wing flexibility for sailplane design.

As características arquitetônicas e o desempenho estrutural de pontes suspensas, estaiadas ou pênseis, têm determinado a sua crescente utilização em obras de arte destinadas a vencer grandes vãos. Essa utilização crescente que ocorreu no mundo nas últimas décadas se repete agora nos últimos anos no país. Várias dessas obras estão em execução e em projeto. Um dos aspectos relevantes na análise estrutural das pontes suspensas é o de seu comportamento quando submetidas à ação do vento. Apresenta-se o sistema computacional ANA-PSp desenvolvido especialmente para o estudo do movimento de tabuleiros de pontes suspensas sujeitas a esforços aeroelásticos e aerodinâmicos. Esse sistema computacional formado por um conjunto de subsistemas, é elaborado para a análise aeroelástica de pontes suspensas sob a ação de vento e permite análises paramétricas extensas dos fenômenos de drapejamento (flutter) e de martelamento (buffeting). A discretização da estrutura é efetuada pelo método dos elementos finitos e a redução dos graus de liberdade é realizada por superposição modal com modos selecionados que melhor descrevem os movimentos do tabuleiro. Utiliza-se modelo matemático reduzido para a análise multimodal no domínio do tempo e da freqüência. A velocidade crítica ou velocidade de drapejamento é determinada por procedimento de autovalores complexos com a obtenção de freqüências e taxas de amortecimentos modais para várias velocidades do vento. Adicionalmente, o fenômeno do drapejamento é estudado por séries temporais de respostas de coordenadas generalizadas e de deslocamentos selecionados e por análise espectral dessas séries temporais, que permitem a verificação das características de vibração do tabuleiro da ponte no domínio da freqüência. O estudo do fenômeno de martelamento considera esforços aeroelásticos determinísticos e esforços aerodinâmicos estocásticos e apresentam-se resultados em espectros de potência de deslocamentos e em desvios padrão de deslocamentos ao longo do tabuleiro. Para validar o sistema ANA-PSp, apresentam-se estudos de caso para a ponte estaiada da Normandia, para a ponte pênsil colapsada de Tacoma Narrows e para a ponte estaiada projetada, mas não executada, sobre o Rio Tietê e localizada na extremidade do complexo viário Jacu-Pêssego. / The architectonic characteristics and the structural performance of suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges have determined their growing use on large span bridges. This growing usage, which has occurred world-wide during the last decades, is now being repeated in Brazil during the last few years. Several such bridges are presently either undergoing construction or being designed. One of the outstanding aspects in the structural analysis of suspension bridges is their behavior under wind action. This paper presents the computer system ANA-PSp, specially developed for studying the movement of suspended bridge decks under aeroelastic and aerodynamic forces. This computer system is formed by a group of subsystems and is created for aeroelastic analysis of suspended bridges under wind action. It allows extended parametric analyses of the flutter and the buffeting phenomena. Structural discretization is done by the finite element method and the reduction of degrees of freedom is obtained by modal superposition of the selected modes which best describe the deck movements. A reduced mathematical model is used for the multimodal analysis in the time and frequency domains. Critical velocity or flutter velocity is determined by a procedure of complex eigenvalues which obtains frequencies and damping ratios for different wind speeds. Additionally, the flutter phenomenon is studied by temporal series of answers to generalized coordinate responses and of selected displacements by spectral analysis of such temporal series, which allow us to verify the characteristics of the vibrations of the bridge deck in the frequency domain. The study of the buffeting phenomenon considers deterministic aeroelastic and stochastic aerodynamic forces. The paper presents results in displacement power spectra and in the standard deviation of displacements along the deck. In order to validate system ANA-PSp, case studies are presented for the cable-stayed Ponte de Normandie in Le Havre (France), for the collapsed suspension bridge on Tacoma Narrows and for the cable-stayed bridge, already designed but not built, on Tietê River, located at one end of the highway complex Jacu-Pêssego (São Paulo, SP, Brazil).

As características arquitetônicas e o desempenho estrutural de pontes suspensas, estaiadas ou pênseis, têm determinado a sua crescente utilização em obras de arte destinadas a vencer grandes vãos. Essa utilização crescente que ocorreu no mundo nas últimas décadas se repete agora nos últimos anos no país. Várias dessas obras estão em execução e em projeto. Um dos aspectos relevantes na análise estrutural das pontes suspensas é o de seu comportamento quando submetidas à ação do vento. Apresenta-se o sistema computacional ANA-PSp desenvolvido especialmente para o estudo do movimento de tabuleiros de pontes suspensas sujeitas a esforços aeroelásticos e aerodinâmicos. Esse sistema computacional formado por um conjunto de subsistemas, é elaborado para a análise aeroelástica de pontes suspensas sob a ação de vento e permite análises paramétricas extensas dos fenômenos de drapejamento (flutter) e de martelamento (buffeting). A discretização da estrutura é efetuada pelo método dos elementos finitos e a redução dos graus de liberdade é realizada por superposição modal com modos selecionados que melhor descrevem os movimentos do tabuleiro. Utiliza-se modelo matemático reduzido para a análise multimodal no domínio do tempo e da freqüência. A velocidade crítica ou velocidade de drapejamento é determinada por procedimento de autovalores complexos com a obtenção de freqüências e taxas de amortecimentos modais para várias velocidades do vento. Adicionalmente, o fenômeno do drapejamento é estudado por séries temporais de respostas de coordenadas generalizadas e de deslocamentos selecionados e por análise espectral dessas séries temporais, que permitem a verificação das características de vibração do tabuleiro da ponte no domínio da freqüência. O estudo do fenômeno de martelamento considera esforços aeroelásticos determinísticos e esforços aerodinâmicos estocásticos e apresentam-se resultados em espectros de potência de deslocamentos e em desvios padrão de deslocamentos ao longo do tabuleiro. Para validar o sistema ANA-PSp, apresentam-se estudos de caso para a ponte estaiada da Normandia, para a ponte pênsil colapsada de Tacoma Narrows e para a ponte estaiada projetada, mas não executada, sobre o Rio Tietê e localizada na extremidade do complexo viário Jacu-Pêssego. / The architectonic characteristics and the structural performance of suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges have determined their growing use on large span bridges. This growing usage, which has occurred world-wide during the last decades, is now being repeated in Brazil during the last few years. Several such bridges are presently either undergoing construction or being designed. One of the outstanding aspects in the structural analysis of suspension bridges is their behavior under wind action. This paper presents the computer system ANA-PSp, specially developed for studying the movement of suspended bridge decks under aeroelastic and aerodynamic forces. This computer system is formed by a group of subsystems and is created for aeroelastic analysis of suspended bridges under wind action. It allows extended parametric analyses of the flutter and the buffeting phenomena. Structural discretization is done by the finite element method and the reduction of degrees of freedom is obtained by modal superposition of the selected modes which best describe the deck movements. A reduced mathematical model is used for the multimodal analysis in the time and frequency domains. Critical velocity or flutter velocity is determined by a procedure of complex eigenvalues which obtains frequencies and damping ratios for different wind speeds. Additionally, the flutter phenomenon is studied by temporal series of answers to generalized coordinate responses and of selected displacements by spectral analysis of such temporal series, which allow us to verify the characteristics of the vibrations of the bridge deck in the frequency domain. The study of the buffeting phenomenon considers deterministic aeroelastic and stochastic aerodynamic forces. The paper presents results in displacement power spectra and in the standard deviation of displacements along the deck. In order to validate system ANA-PSp, case studies are presented for the cable-stayed Ponte de Normandie in Le Havre (France), for the collapsed suspension bridge on Tacoma Narrows and for the cable-stayed bridge, already designed but not built, on Tietê River, located at one end of the highway complex Jacu-Pêssego (São Paulo, SP, Brazil).

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Methode der modalen Superposition als Ordnungsreduktionsverfahren in der Mikrosystemtechnik. Typische Anwendungsgebiete sind Inertialsensoren und dabei im Besonderen Drehratensensoren, für die die Simulation von zeitabhängigen Phänomenen von entscheidender Bedeutung ist. Im Rahmen der Weiterentwicklung der Ordnungsreduktion nach der Methode der modalen Superposition ist es gelungen für typische lineare Kräfte eine auf analytischen Gleichungen basierende Beschreibung im reduzierten Raum zu finden. Für die Beschreibung von nichtlinearen Kräften ist im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ein Verfahren entwickelt worden, das es erlaubt, bestehende Modelle im Finite-Elemente-Raum in der modalen Beschreibung zu nutzen. In dieser Arbeit werden die theoretischen Grundlagen zur Berücksichtigung von Einflüssen der Aufbau- und Verbindungstechnik in ordnungsreduzierten Modellen dargestellt. Neben der Einkopplung äußerer Kräfte und der Veränderung der mechanischen Randbedingungen wird auch der Einfluss der Aufbau- und Verbindungstechnik auf die elektrostatischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Die Parametrisierung des Verfahrens der modalen Superposition über Fit- und Interpolationsverfahren erlaubt es, parametrisierte ordnungsreduzierte Modelle für die zeitabhängige Systemsimulation zu generieren. Damit wird die Durchführung von Designoptimierung und die Berücksichtigung von Fertigungs- und Prozessschwankungen in ordnungsreduzierten Modellen auf Systemebene möglich.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Entwicklung eines effizienten Verfahrens zur parametrischen Finite Elemente Simulation von Mikrosystemen und zum Export dieser Modelle in Elektronik- und Systemsimulationswerkzeuge vorgestellt. Parametrische FE-Modelle beschreiben den Einfluss von geometrischen Abmessungen, Schwankungen von Materialeigenschaften und veränderten Umgebungsbedingungen auf das Funktionsverhalten von Sensoren und Aktuatoren. Parametrische FE-Modelle werden für die Auswahl geeigneter Formelemente und deren Dimensionierung während des Entwurfsprozesses in der Mikrosystemtechnik benötigt. Weiterhin ermöglichen parametrische Modelle Sensitivitätsanalysen zur Bewertung des Einflusses von Toleranzen und Prozessschwankungen auf die Qualität von Fertigungsprozessen. In Gegensatz zu üblichen Sample- und Fitverfahren wird in dieser Arbeit eine Methode entwickelt, welche die Taylorkoeffizienten höherer Ordnung zur Beschreibung des Einflusses von Designparametern direkt aus der Finite-Elemente- Formulierung, durch Ableitungen der Systemmatrizen, ermittelt. Durch Ordnungsreduktionsverfahren werden die parametrischen FE-Modelle in verschiedene Beschreibungssprachen für einen nachfolgenden Elektronik- und Schaltungsentwurf überführt. Dadurch wird es möglich, neben dem Sensor- und Aktuatorentwurf auch das Zusammenwirken von Mikrosystemen mit elektronischen Schaltungen in einer einheitlichen Simulationsumgebung zu analysieren und zu optimieren. / The thesis deals with advanced parametric modeling technologies based on differentiation of the finite element equations which account for parameter variations in a single FE run. The key idea of the new approach is to compute not only the governing system matrices of the FE problem but also high order partial derivatives with regard to design parameters by means of automatic differentiation. As result, Taylor vectors of the system’s response can be expanded in the vicinity of the initial position capturing dimensions and physical parameter. A novel approaches for the parametric MEMS simulation have been investigated for mechanical, electrostatic and fluidic domains in order to improve the computational efficiency. Objective of reduced order modeling is to construct a simplified model which approximates the original system with reasonable accuracy for system level design of MEMS. The modal superposition technique is most suitable for system with flexible mechanical components because the deformation state of any flexible system can be accurately described by a linear combination of its lowest eigenvectors. The developed simulation approach using parametric FE analyses to extract basis functions have been applied for parametric reduced order modeling. The successful implementation of a derivatives based technique for parameterization of macromodel by the example of microbeam and for exporting this macromodel into MATLAB/Similink to simulate dynamical behavior has been reported.