Cette thèse traite des modes alternatifs de contentieux administratifs entre l'État et les particuliers. Il s’agit d’une étude comparée entre le système français et le système brésilien. Au Brésil, les procédures alternatives ne sont guère utilisées et les juridictions se voient submergées par des recours de plus en plus nombreux. En France, le manque d’efficience des modes déjà implantés fait que la justice administrative se retrouve également encombrée. Notre proposition est d'analyser les diverses formes alternatives de solution des litiges : conciliation, médiation et arbitrage au Brésil et en France. L'importance de cette recherche se situe essentiellement au niveau de la contribution sociale qu'elle pourra apporter à la société brésilienne et à la société française. Cette thèse se propose de présenter une nouvelle option au contentieux traditionnel : des mécanismes en dehors du juge capables de garantir une communication entre l'administration publique et les particuliers. / This thesis deals with alternative ways to administrative litigations between the State and private individuals. This is a comparative study between the French and the Brazilian system.In Brazil, alternative procedures are rarely used and therefore, courts of law are inundated with more and more appeals. In France, the lack of efficiency of already existing ways makes the administrative justice as inundated. We suggest analyzing the various alternative ways to litigations: conciliation, mediation and arbitration in Brazil and in France. The importance of this research mainly lies in the social contribution it will bring on to the Brazilian and the French society. This thesis will offer a new option to traditional litigations: mechanisms which do not require a judge and which are able to guarantee a real communication between the public Service and private individuals.

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76 ABSTRACT Modes of termination of employment Termination of employment is a legal concept, which leads to the termination of basic employment relationship between employer and employee - for termination of employment. Employment could be terminated in several ways, which are listed in the Labour Code. Therefore I decided to describe general the various ways, and then I will deal with just one of them - the immediate termination of employment. The immediate termination of employment is exceptional way how to terminate the employment. It regards to one-sided legal act by which the employment can be terminated quite exceptionally. This instrument can be used by employer and by employee as well. But because it regards to significant interference with working contract, the employment can be ended only by realizable strict conditions which are determined by law. My paper work is divided into nine chapters, in every of these chapters I am dedicating to different aspects. In first chapter I have tried to define the conception, function and position of working law, as well as to describe the relationship between the labour code and new code of civil law. The second chapter describes what is working contract and especially how it is possible to end it and the third chapter is devoted to various ways of termination...

I advanced the understanding of particle morphology and its implications for the behavior and effects of atmospheric aerosol particles. I have developed new experimental methods for the Aerosol Optical Tweezers (AOT) system and expanded the AOT’s application into studying realistic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particle phases. The AOT is a highly accurate system developed to study individual particles in real-time for prolonged periods of time. While previous AOT studies have focused on binary or ternary chemical systems, I have investigated complex SOA, and how they interact with other chemical phases, and the surrounding gas-phase. This work has led to new insights into liquid-liquid phase separation and the resulting particle morphology, the surface tension, solubility, and volatility of SOA, and diffusion coefficients of SOA phases. I designed a new aerosol optical tweezers chamber for delivering a uniformly mixed aerosol flow to the trapped droplet’s position. I used this chamber to determine the phase-separation morphology and resulting properties of complex mixed droplets. A series of experiments using simple compounds are presented to establish my ability to use the cavity enhanced Raman spectra to distinguish between homogenous single-phase, and phase-separated core-shell or partially-engulfed morphologies. I have developed a new algorithm for the analysis of whispering gallery modes (WGMs) present in the cavity enhanced Raman spectra retrieved from droplets trapped in the AOT. My algorithm improves the computational scaling when analyzing core-shell droplets (i.e. phase-separated or biphasic droplets) in the AOT, making it computationally practical to analyze spectra collected over many hours at a few Hz. I then demonstrate for the first time the capture and analysis of SOA on a droplet suspended in an AOT. I examined three initial chemical systems of aqueous NaCl, aqueous glycerol, and squalane at ~ 75% relative humidity. For each system I added α-pinene SOA – generated directly in the AOT chamber – to the trapped droplet. The resulting morphology was always observed to be a core of the initial droplet surrounded by a shell of the added SOA. By combining my AOT observations of particle morphology with results from SOA smog chamber experiments, I conclude that the α-pinene SOA shell creates no major diffusion limitations for water, glycerol, and squalane under humid conditions. My AOT experiments highlight the prominence of phase-separated core-shell morphologies for secondary organic aerosols interacting with a range of other chemical phases. The unique analytical capabilities of the aerosol optical tweezers provide a new approach for advancing the understanding of the chemical and physical evolution of complex atmospheric particulate matter, and the important environmental impacts of aerosols on atmospheric chemistry, air quality, human health, and climate change.

Extreme ultraviolet (XUV) frequency combs exhibit promise for enabling high-precision spectroscopic measurements of myriad chemical species for the first time. Coherent XUV radiation can be generated through high harmonic generation (HHG) in femtosecond enhancement cavities. HHG efficiency is limited by nonlinear phase shifts induced by residual intracavity plasma. The goal of this work is to gain insight regarding plasma dynamics in order to allay the detrimental effects of plasma interactions. Our approach is to conduct simulations of cavity pump-probe experiments by probing with higher-order transverse modes. We propose methods for estimating spatial plasma profiles, gas jet velocities, and the plasma recombination coefficient based on measurements of plasma-induced phase shifts. Beam distortion due to plasma interaction is analyzed and used as another reference for plasma dynamics.

It is well known that quad-ridged horn antennas in general have impedance and radiation characteristics that are significantly worse than that of their double-ridged counterparts. Normally a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 3 over the operational bandwidth is used for the design specification of quad-ridged horn antennas. The bandwidth of operation is severely restricted due to the excitation of higher order modes in the co-axial to waveguide transition of the antenna. The higher order modes cause a break-up in the radiation pattern of the antenna and large dips in the boresight gain. The performance of the quad-ridged horn antenna with pyramidal sidewalls is improved by separating the antenna into the transition and flared horn sections, and optimizing these sections individually. It is shown that a transition section with a pyramidal cavity and steps, and a flared horn section with an exponential profile with a circular segment for the ridges deliver the best performance. These configurations for the transition and flared horn sections are combined in the complete antenna. The optimized antenna has a 12.5:1 operational bandwidth with improved performance in terms of the VSWR, the coupling between the ports and the boresight gain. A prototype of this antenna is manufactured. Good agreement between the measured and simulated performance is achieved. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study explores how HIV and AIDS discourse is differently constituted and evaluated across different modes by different communities of speakers in Malawi. Particularly, the study explores how different languages and other social semiotics are used as resources across the different modes. Among other things, it further investigates the implications of the unequal social distribution of modes of communication and semiotic resources in Malawi (eastern region in particular) for the fight against HIV and AIDS. The study employed the Multimodal Discourse Analysis (MDA) approach, the notions of Resemiotisation (Kress and van Leeuwen 2006, Norris 2004, Martin and Rose 2004) and semiotic remediation (Prior and Hengst 2010) in analysing the data. This approach is necessary as the study focuses on HIV and AIDS communication which is essentially multimodal in nature. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methodologies involving questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, document analysis and observation of television programs, traditional dances and other modes such as music videos. The study found that different practices have been semiotically remediated and reformulated for health palatability. As a result, taboos have been de-tabooed and technical terms have been ‗untechnicalised‘ so that even ordinary people are able to use health technical terms. The study also shows how cultural practices (such as having ‗live‘ sexual contact with the widow) have been semiotically remediated with the usage of condoms or herbs for cleansing rituals. The study further finds that literacy is not a major challenge for the consumption of HIV and AIDS messages. However the study also shows that wrongly presented messages such as textual overcrowding, usage of proverbs and depiction of western culture in HIV and AIDS messages obscure consumption. In addition the study reveals that proverbs can hardly iv be understood by all consumers and in turn led to division between mostly the older generation and rural who understand and the younger and urban people who have difficulty comprehending the proverbs. Lastly the study finds that some modes of communication did not prove effective, for instance, SMS, television and radio as these do not benefit all consumers as they are socioeconomically determined.

Ce travail doctoral se situe dans le cadre du management public qui s'intéresse principalement à étudier l’impact des modes de gouvernance public-privé sur l’efficience technique des remontées mécaniques. Une étude empirique a été menée auprès de 68 entreprises de remontées mécaniques sur cinq ans (2006-2010). Ces données ont été traitées au moyen d’une étude quantitative confirmatoire à l’aide d’un modèle statistique. La recherche quantitative a pour objectif final de tester la validité des deux modèles de recherche proposée à l’issue de l’analyse de la littérature. Le premier modèle de frontière stochastique se compose de trois variables explicatives (productivité du capital, productivité du travail et moment de puissance), et de trois variables de contrôle (taille, altitude et effectif) et d'une variable à expliquer (la journée skieur). Le second se compose de deux variables explicatives (régie et SEM) et d’une variable à expliquée (l’inefficience technique). Les résultats de cette recherche mettent en avant l'importance des modes de gouvernance (régie ou SEM) dans le processus d’augmentation de l’efficience technique des remontées mécaniques. Une deuxième étude empirique (2011-2013) approche la compétitivité par la mesure de la productivité des opérateurs de remontées mécaniques. A l’aide de l’indice de productivité de Malmquist et ses deux composantes, nous cherchons à appréhender les changements de productivité entre deux périodes de temps, puis, dans un second temps, cette productivité est décomposée en deux éléments afin de mettre en évidence le progrès technologique. Alors,la relation entre taille et variation de l’efficience technique est vérifiée. / Public-Private Partnership is a tool for modernization and renewal of public intervention, its main goal is to achieve very high levels of performance. This doctoral work is therefore in the context of public management that focuses on studying the impact of public-private modes of governance on the technical efficiency of ski lifts. To answer our questions, an empirical study was conducted among 68 ski lift companies over five years (2006-2010). These data have been processed using a quantitative confirmatory study using a statistical model. To test the validity of the two models proposed by the literature, a quantitative research has been conducted. The first stochastic frontier model consists of three variables (capital productivity, labor productivity and power momentum), and three control variables (size, altitude and staff) and a dependent variable (the skier day). The second model of technical inefficiency consists of two explanatory variables (“time and materials » and SEM) and an explanatory variable (technical inefficiency). The results of this research outline, among other things, the importance of modes of governance (“time and materials » or SEM) in the process of increasing the technical efficiency of ski lifts. The second empirical study (2011-2013) which approaches the competitiveness of the French winter sports resorts by the measure of the productivity of the operators of ski lifts. By means of the indication of productivity of Malmquist and its two constituents, we look to arrest the changes of productivity then, this productivity is decomposed into two elements. Then, the relation between size and variation Technical efficiency is verified.

The aim of this study was to analyze all business processes, to create a process map, analysis of risks in each process, their evaluation and to design solutions. The theoretical part describes methods of the practical analysis. These methods are flowcharts and FMEA.

Ce travail de thèse est composé de deux partie distinctes. La première partie est consacrée à l'étude et la modélisation des métamatériaux et tout particulièrement à leur caractérisation. Il s'agit donc de proposer des paramètres constitutifs équivalents (permittivité, perméabilité et couplage magnéto-électrique) qui permettent de remplacer les métamatériaux, composés à l'origine de réseaux périodiques de cellules discrètes, par des milieux homogènes et continus. Deux régimes sont considérés : sub-longueur d'onde et longueur d'onde. Dans le premier régime, les dimensions de la cellule de base, en particulier la période du réseau, sont très faibles devant la longueur d'onde. Le métamatériau est alors modélisé par un milieu bi-anisotrope continu. Pour le deuxième régime, les dimensions et la période sont comparables à la longueur d'onde. Les paramètres constitutifs sont alors définis au sens "local" qui prend en compte le caractère discret et périodique de la structure. Enfin, la caractérisation consiste à extraire les paramètres constitutifs à partir des coefficients de réflexion et de transmission d'une lame de métamatériau. Pour cela, nous appliquons la méthode d'inversion sous sa forme classique pour le régime "sub-longueur d'onde" et son extension aux structures périodiques pour le régime "longueur d'onde". L'une des contributions majeure de ce travail est l'application des incidences obliques (à l'interface air-métamatériau) pour extraire les paramètres constitutifs longitudinaux. La seconde partie de ce travail de thèse concerne le développement d'antennes directives à partir de sources rayonnantes à modes orthogonaux. Il est bien connu que la directivité est directement limitée par les dimensions de l'antenne ou par le nombre de sources dans un réseau. L'objectif est de mettre en œuvre une méthode alternative qui, tout au moins sur le plan conceptuel et théorique, ne relie pas la directivité à la taille de l'antenne. Nous utilisons donc la combinaison de modes rayonnants orthogonaux pour maximiser la directivité d'antennes tout en minimisant les dimensions du réseau et en limitant le couplage. Chaque source du réseau se doit rayonner un mode propre et unique qui, combiné avec une autre source, permet d'augmenter la directivité. Pour cette étude, le développement théorique des modes sphériques puis cylindriques est tout d'abord présenté afin de mettre en évidence le lien entre la directivité et les modes. En pratique, la mise en œuvre de modes sphériques a révélé des difficultés de conception, si bien que des solutions d'antennes basées sur l'anneau rayonnant sont proposées pour réaliser des sources à modes orthogonaux "cylindriques". Les topologies de structures rayonnantes directives proposées associant des antennes anneaux sont validées en simulation et par la conception puis la mesure de prototypes. / The work presented in this thesis concerns two parts: characterisation methods for metamaterials and directive antennas using space eigen-modes. The first one describes the homogenisation methods of metamaterials to retrieve the constitutive parameters from scattering parameters of the metamaterial's slab. We investigated the metamaterials which present the most common properties of media: bi-isotropic metamaterials (chiral), anisotropic metamaterials (BC-SRR), uni-axial bi-anisotropic metamaterials (double omega medium) and bi-axial bi-anisotropic metamaterials (EC-SRR). The transverse and longitudinal constitutive parameters characterising the anisotropic and bi-anisotropic require to examine the media at normal and oblique incidences. In the analysis we considered to distinguish continuous media restricted to long wave limit and resonating particles lattice which are out of long wave limit. The application of continuous media approach to the resonating particle lattice with size not satisfying the long wave limit can leads to violation of causality and passivity laws. The main different between proposed two approaches is interpretation of boundary conditions (Maxwellian/non-Maxwellian) for the metamaterial slab. The inclusions of lattice we ascribe as electric and magnetic dipole moments to develop an homogeneous resonating particles lattice and to retrieve the constitutive parameters. We validated the proposed approaches and compared the retrieved constitutive parameters according to physical laws. We found that the application of Bloch admittance and equivalence to electric and magnetic dipole moments provides the physical constitutive parameters. The second part of the thesis refers to directive antenna using space eigen-modes. The directivity of the antennas is limited to the size of the antenna or number of elements in an array. In common with keeping small sizes of the array the space between radiation elements has to be minimised. The proposed directive antenna considers the radiation elements determine by the orthogonal modes, i.e. each radiator of the array corresponds to unique space eigen-mode. This allows to ensure small distance between the array elements without introduction of high mutual coupling between them. The original approach refers to superposition of spherical modes however it is not practical. Instead of spherical modes we propose superposition of cylindrical modes which are easy to be realised. For the constructive summation of cylindrical modes and maximisation of directivity in end-fire plane we determine amplitudes of the cylindrical modes excited by electric and/or magnetic vector potentials. The cylindrical modes we obtain by the annular ring antennas and miniaturised annular rings. The superposition of cylindrical modes is achieved with a stacked antenna of annular rings and a coplanar cylindrical annular rings antenna. The both antennas we realised and measured.