The interaction of radiation with integrated circuits can provoke transient faults due to the deposit of charge in sensitive nodes of transistors. Because of the decrease the size in the process technology, charge sharing between transistors placed close to each other has been more and more observed. This phenomenon can lead to multiple transient faults. Therefore, it is important to analyze the effect of multiple transient faults in integrated circuits and investigate mitigation techniques able to cope with multiple faults. This work investigates the effect known as single-event-induced charge sharing in integrated circuits. Two main techniques are analyzed to cope with this effect. First, a placement constraint methodology is proposed. This technique uses placement constraints in standard cell based circuits. The objective is to achieve a layout for which the Soft-Error Rate (SER) due charge shared at adjacent cell is reduced. A set of fault injection was performed and the results show that the SER can be minimized due to single-event-induced charge sharing in according to the layout structure. Results show that by using placement constraint, it is possible to reduce the error rate from 12.85% to 10.63% due double faults. Second, Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) schemes with different levels of granularities limited by majority voters are analyzed under multiple faults. The TMR versions are implemented using a standard design flow based on a traditional commercial standard cell library. An extensive fault injection campaign is then performed in order to verify the softerror rate due to single-event-induced charge sharing in multiple nodes. Results show that the proposed methodology becomes crucial to find the best trade-off in area, performance and soft-error rate when TMR designs are considered under multiple upsets. Results have been evaluated in a case-study circuit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), synthesized to 90nm Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) library, and they show that combining the two techniques, the error rate resulted from multiple faults can be minimized or masked. By using TMR with different granularities and placement constraint methodology, it is possible to reduce the error rate from 11.06% to 0.00% for double faults. A detailed study of triple, four and five multiple faults combining both techniques are also described. We also tested the TMR with different granularities in SRAM-based FPGA platform. Results show that the versions with a fine grain scheme (FGTMR) were more effectiveness in masking multiple faults, similarly to results observed in the ASICs. In summary, the main contribution of this master thesis is the investigation of charge sharing effects in ASICs and the use of a combination of techniques based on TMR redundancy and placement to improve the tolerance under multiple faults.

Afin de combiner les avantages de la normalisation et de la personnalisation, «la conception modulaire » est utilisée de plus en plus par les OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) dans le développement de systèmes complexes. Différente de la conception traditionnelle, la conception modulaire confie l’entière responsabilité d’un module aux fournisseurs principaux. Dans ce cas, les fournisseurs commencent à collaborer avec les OEMs beaucoup plus tôt dans le processus de conception, et participent à la conception des systèmes depuis la phase de la conception conceptuelle. Avec une approche « conception modulaire», il n’est plus possible de définir le concept produit avant le choix de leurs fournisseurs, comme on le fait en conception traditionnelle. Par contre, les concepts produits et leurs fournisseurs doivent être examinés simultanément au début de la conception conceptuelle. Cependant, le lien incassable entre un module et son fournisseur est rarement pris en compte dans les méthodes de support de la conception. La plupart des méthodes existantes traitent le choix d’architecture et le choix de(s) fournisseur(s) comme deux sujets d’aide au choix séparés. Dans notre travail, nous proposons une méthode et un outil appelé«Architecture & Supplier Identification Tool (ASIT)», qui considère conjointement les performances des fournisseurs et celles de leurs modules. L’ASIT est capable de générer toutes les architectures possibles(toutes les combinaisons à modules donnés) en fonction des besoins client, en tenant compte des nouvelles technologies et des nouveaux fournisseurs. La performance globale de chaque architecture tient compte à la fois l’architecture et de ses fournisseurs, elle est estimée à partir de données de produits existants et de connaissances expertes. Les candidats appropriés (binômes architectures/fournisseurs) sont identifiés (en tenant compte de leur degré de satisfaction clients, de l’incertitude globale, et de l’impact environnemental) pour être considéré dans la conception conceptuelle. L’utilisation d’ASIT est illustré par une étude de cas de conception du groupe motopropulseur. La comparaison des résultats à d’autres méthodes montre que l’approche ASIT constitue un outil d’aide à la décision intéressant pour les OEMs,elle permet l’identification simultanée des fournisseurs et des architectures qui garantissent une performance globale. / In order to combine the advantage of standardization with those of customization, modular design has been increasingly used by OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) in complex system development. Different from traditional design, modular design advocates entrusting lead suppliers with full responsibility of a module. In this case, suppliers are involved much earlier in design, and start collaborating with OEMs from the conceptual design phase. This characteristic of modular design makes it impossible to define the product concept before choosing suppliers, as is normally done in the traditional way. Instead, the product concepts and supplier possibilities need to be considered simultaneously. However, this unbreakable link between a module and its supplier is rarely considered indesign support methods. Most existing methods treat architecture and supplier as two separate issues. In this work, we propose the Architecture & Supplier Identification Tool (ASIT), which considers performance of both suppliers and their modules. The ASIT is capable of generating all possible product/system architectures based on customer requirements with consideration of new technologies and new suppliers. The overall performance of each architecture is estimated using data of existing products and expert knowledge. Appropriate candidates are identified, taking into account their customer requirements satisfaction, overall uncertainty, and environmental impact, to be considered in conceptual design. The utilization of ASIT is illustrated in a powertrain design case study. Comparing the results from different methods shows that ASIT is an interesting decision support tool for OEMs to identify suppliers and architectures regarding their overall performance.

O gás natural é uma fonte alternativa ao petróleo. É uma fonte de energia considerada mais limpa e segura dentre as fontes de energias não renováveis e, por isso, vem aumentando sua participação na matriz energética. Deste modo, impulsionou a criação e ampliação de diversas malhas de gasodutos. O objetivo do presente trabalho é simular redes de gasodutos utilizando ferramentas computacionais disponíveis no mercado. O HYSYS® foi adequado para simular longos gasodutos lineares. Portanto, a estratégia sequencial modular foi adequada para estas configurações. Contudo, não apresentaram bons resultados para redes. O software gratuito iiSE apresenta bons resultados para redes complexas, comprovando que os softwares orientados a equações são mais apropriados para sistemas com paralelismo. / Natural gas is an alternative source for oil. It is an energy source considered more clean and safe among the non-renewable energy sources and, therefore, its participation is increasing in the energy matrix. In this way, spurred the creation and expansion of several meshes of pipelines. The objective of this study is to simulate gas pipeline networks using computational tools available on the market. The HYSYS ® was suitable to simulate long linear gas pipelines. Therefore, the sequential modular strategy was appropriate for these settings. However, did not provide good results for networks. The free software iiSE presents good results for complex networks, proving that the software orixented to equations are more suitable for systems with parallelism.

O Consórcio Modular desenvolvido pela Volkswagen é uma iniciativa inédita em âmbito mundial, onde o processo produtivo é visto de maneira diferente do tradicional desenvolvido pelas montadoras. Os fornecedores não possuem mais uma postura de entregadores de seus produtos, mas sim, de participantes ativos nas atividades de seus clientes, participando inclusive da montagem e desenvolvimento dos produtos destes. Este processo mostrou-se como uma área de estudo bastante interessante tanto para o meio empresarial, quanto para o meio acadêmico, principalmente por estar sendo realizado pioneiramente no Brasil e pelo fato do marketing de relacionamento estar sendo bastante difundido e discutido. Como objetivo de estudo do trabalho ora desenvolvido, optou-se por analisar a dinâmica dos relacionamentos entre os participantes organizacionais do Consórcio Modular no seu primeiro ano de funcionamento. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo de caso apresentando de maneira descritiva todos os elementos que envolvem o relacionamento entre a Volkswagen e seus fornecedores, destacando os elementos motivadores para ingresso e manutenção deste. Os estudos de Oliver (1990) e Madhavan et alli (1994), apresentados na revisão da literatura deste trabalho, foram reconhecidos e bastante utilizados na comparação do caso com as teorias estudadas. Além disso a importância do comprometimento e da confiança destacados por Morgan & Hunt (1994) se mostraram elementos fundamentais na manutenção do relacionamento desenvolvido pelas empresas participantes. / The Consórcio Modular developed by Volkswagen is a unique worldwide initiative, where the productive process is seen in a different way from the standard assemblers. The suppliers no longer assume the posture of delivering their products. Their are now active participants of the activities of their clients, by participating in the assembly and development of their products. Because this process is being held primarily in Brazil, it became a very interesting research area concerning the organizational field as well as academic field. Plus there is the fact that relationship marketing is being largely spread and discussed nowadays. The objective of this work is to analyze the dynamics of the relationships among the organizational participants of Consórcio Modular in its first year. Therefore a case study research was made showing descriptively all the elements that involve the relationship among Volkswagen and its suppliers, highlighting the motivational elements of beginning and maintaining. The studies shown in the literature revision of this work - Oliver, 1990; Madhavan et alli, 1994 – were recognized and widely used on comparing the case with the studied theories. Moreover the importance of the commitment and trust – Morgan & Hunt, 1994 – were seen as essential elements of the maintenance of the relationship developed by the participant organizations.

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Orientador: Franco Giuseppe Dedini / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T21:06:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gimenez_MarcosCarazatto_M.pdf: 5243564 bytes, checksum: f06980474419baf0ce942eb2ee5cccdf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Essa dissertação trata da reestruturação de uma família de chassis de ônibus através da análise modular. A partir de um chassi já em produção, que foi a referência dessa análise, identifica-se a arquitetura da região do motor e seus periféricos, para a formação de um modelo que permite desenvolver novas periferias do motor derivadas do chassi de referência. Através do levantamento do estado da arte da modularidade, foi possível utilizar técnicas, métodos e ferramentas para agrupamento dos módulos, identificação das interfaces, quantificação da modularidade e avaliação de impactos nos módulos devido à inserção de novos módulos ou ajustes das condições de contorno. O resultado é a formação de novas periferias do motor com alto grau de comunização e padronização dos módulos, componentes e sistemas. As conseqüências da unificação das arquiteturas do produto para o projeto são a redução do tempo de desenvolvimento e aumento da confiabilidade do projeto. A origem desse trabalho deriva da necessidade que as montadoras têm de adaptarem seus portfólios de veículos a cada mudança de legislação ambiental. Nos últimos anos, o meio ambiente passou a ser o centro das atenções, refletindo em legislações cada vez mais desafiadoras no controle de emissões de gases danosos à atmosfera. O não atendimento às legislações acarretaria perda de mercado e conseqüente redução de lucros. Nesse cenário, o motor e os seus periféricos passam a ter uma atenção especial, pois depende deles o atendimento dos limites de emissões. Esse trabalho busca auxiliar na reconfiguração da periferia do motor através de um modelo exeqüível baseado na modularidade e que apresentou resultados satisfatórios / Abstract: This thesis describes the reorganization of a bus chassis family through the modular analysis. The reference of this analysis was a chassis already in production. As a first step, it is important to identify the needs and features of the engine and the peripheral components for the creation of the model which allows us to develop new engine peripheral components derived from the reference chassis. Analyzing the state of the art of the modularity, it was possible to apply techniques, methods and tools for grouping the modules, interface identification, modularity measurement and impact evaluation on the modules due to new modules development or boundary condition adjustments. The result is the development of new engine peripherical components with high degree of standardization of the modules, components and systems. The consequences of the standardization of the product architectures to the project are the development time reduction and higher reliability of the project. The origin of this work started due to the necessity that the auto-industry plants have to in order to adapt their vehicle variants for each new emission legislation. In the last years, the environment started to be the center of attention, reflecting in more challenging emission legislation, each time more restrict in relation to the emissions of gases to the atmosphere. The unfulfillment of the legislations would produce the effect of market loss and consequently profit reduction. In this scenario, the engine and peripheral components start to have a special attention, because it will depend on them to fulfill the emission limits. The goal of this work is to redesign the engine periphery by means of a feasible model based on modularization and which produced satisfactory results / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Neste trabalho, por meio de uma metodologia experimental foram analisados vários aspectos de tijolos modulares compostos por misturas binárias e ternárias de solo-cimento e solo cimento-sílica produzidos em prensa manual modelo SAHARA, com a finalidade de se obter parâmetros e diretrizes que visam um melhor desempenho do material. Realizaram-se ensaios em corpos-de-prova cilíndricos de maneira acessória no decorrer do trabalho, o que resultou no suporte para fundamentação de diversas avaliações sobre as composições de traços utilizados na fabricação dos tijolos. Foram executados painéis de parede com o objetivo de verificar o comportamento da alvenaria em relação à resistência à compressão e à deformabilidade das paredes, possibilitando correlações com os resultados dos ensaios de prismas, tijolos e argamassa de assentamento. As contribuições da pesquisa permitem relacionar a tecnologia da fabricação de tijolos de solo-cimento com o contexto de construção sustentável e o aproveitamento de resíduos industriais, além de sistematizar informações para a elaboração de um projeto tecnológico com os tijolos modulares / In this work, several aspects of modular bricks composed by binary and ternary mixtures of soil-cement and soil-cement-silica, produced by manual press model SAHARA, were analyzed by means of an experimental methodology, with the purpose of obtaining parameters and guidelines to aim a better performance of the material. During the work, tests in cylindrical samples were executed in an accessory way, what resulted in the support for theoretical basement of several evaluations about the compositions of proportions used in brick's production. Wall panels were constructed with the objective of verifying the masonry’s behavior in relation to the compressive strength and wall’s strain, promoting correlation with the test’s results in prisms, bricks and mortar. The research’s contributions allow to relate the technology of the production of soil-cement bricks with the context of sustainable construction and the use of industrial residues in the production of construction materials, besides systematizing information for the elaboration of a technological project with the modular bricks

Modular decompositions of protein interaction networks can be used to identify modules of cooperating proteins. The biological plausibility off these modules might be questioned though. This report describes how a modular decomposition can be completed with semantic information in the visual representation. Possible methods for creating modules of functionally related proteins are also proposed in this work. The results show that such modules, with advantage can be combined with modules from a graph decomposition, to find proteins that are likely to cooperate to perform certain functions in organisms

Les polynômes modulaires sont utilisés dans le calcul de graphes d’isogénies, le calcul des polynômes de classes ou le comptage du nombre de points d’une courbe elliptique, et sont donc fondamentaux pour la cryptographie basée sur les courbes elliptiques. Des polynômes analogues sur les surfaces abéliennes principalement polarisées ont été introduits par Régis Dupont en 2006, qui a également proposé un algorithme pour les calculer, et des résultats théoriques sur ces polynômes ont été donnés dans un article de Bröker–Lauter, en 2009. Mais les polynômes sont très gros et ils n’ont pu être calculés que pour l’exemple minimal p = 2. Dans cette thèse, nous poursuivons les travaux de Dupont et Bröker–Lauter en permettant de calculer des polynômes modulaires pour des invariants basés sur les thêta constantes, avec lesquels nous avons pu calculer les polynômes jusqu’à p = 7, tout en démontrant des propriétés de ces polynômes. Mais des exemples plus grands ne semblent pas envisageables. Ainsi, nous proposons une nouvelle définition des polynômes modulaires dans laquelle l’on se restreint aux surfaces abéliennes principalement polarisées qui ont multiplication réelle par l’ordre maximal d’un corps quadratique réel afin d’obtenir des polynômes plus petits. Nous présentons alors de nombreux exemples de polynômes et des résultats théoriques. / Modular polynomials on elliptic curves are a fundamental tool used for the computation of graph of isogenies, class polynomials or for point counting. Thus, they are fundamental for the elliptic curve cryptography. A generalization of these polynomials for principally polarized abelian surfaces has been introduced by Régis Dupont in 2006, who has also described an algorithm to compute them, while theoretical results can been found in an article of Bröker– Lauter of 2009. But these polynomials being really big, they have been computed only in the minimal case p = 2. In this thesis, we continue the work of Dupont and Bröker–Lauter by defining and giving theoretical results on modular polynomials with new invariants, based on theta constants. Using these invariants, we have been able to compute the polynomials until p = 7 but bigger examples look intractable. Thus we define a new kind of modular polynomials where we restrict on the surfaces having real multiplication by the maximal order of a real quadratic field. We present many examples and theoretical results.

Doctor en Ingeniería Eléctrica. Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical and Electronic Engineering / La potencia nominal de los Sistemas de Conversión de Energía Eólica se ha incrementado constantemente alcanzando niveles de potencia cercanos a los 10 MW. Por tanto, convertidores de potencia de media tensión están reemplazando a los convertidores Back-to-Back de baja tensión habitualmente empleados en la etapa de conversión de energía. Convertidores Modulares Multinivel se han posicionado como una solución atractiva para Sistemas de Conversión de Energía Eólica de alta potencia debido a sus buenas prestaciones. Algunas de estas prestaciones son la capacidad de alcanzar altos voltajes, modularidad y confiabilidad. En este contexto, esta tesis discute la aplicación del Convertidor Modular Matricial Multinivel para conectar Sistemas de Conversión de Energía Eólica de alta potencia. Los modelos matemáticos y estrategias de control requeridas para esta aplicación son descritos y discutidos en este documento. Las estrategias de control propuestas habilitan una operación desacoplada del convertidor, proporcionando seguimiento del máximo punto de potencia en el lado del generador eléctrico del sistema eólico, cumplimiento de normas de conexión en el lado de la red eléctrica y regulación de los condensadores flotantes del convertidor. La efectividad de las estrategias de control propuestas es validada a través de simulaciones y experimentos realizados con un prototipo de laboratorio. Las simulaciones se realizan con un Sistemas de Conversión de Energía Eólica de 10 MW operando a 6.6 kV. Dicho sistema se implementa en el software PLECS. Por otro, se ha desarrollado un prototipo de laboratorio de 6kVA durante el desarrollo de este proyecto. El prototipo de laboratorio considera un Convertidor Modular Matricial Multinivel de 27 módulos Puente-H . El sistema es controlado empleando una plataforma de control basada en una Digital Signal Processor conectada a tres tarjetas del tipo Field Programmable Gate Array que proveen de 50 mediciones análogo-digital y 108 señales de disparo. La entrada del convertidor es conectada a una fuente programable marca Ametek que emula el comportamiento de la turbina eólica. A su vez, la salida del convertidor es conectada a otra fuente programable con capacidad de producir fallas en la tensión. Los resultados obtenidos, tanto en el prototipo experimental como en simulación, confirman la operación exitosa del Convertidor Modular Matricial Multinivel en aplicaciones eólicas de alta potencia. En todos los casos, las estrategias de control propuestas aseguran regulación de la tensión en los condensadores flotantes, seguimiento del máximo punto de potencia en el lado del generador eléctrico del sistema eólico y cumplimiento de normas de conexión en el lado de la red eléctrica. / The nominal power of single Wind Energy Conversion Systems has been steadily growing, reaching power ratings close to 10MW. In the power conversion stage, medium-voltage power converters are replacing the conventional low-voltage back-to-back topology. Modular Multilevel Converters have appeared as a promising solution for Multi-MW WECSs due to their characteristics such as modularity, reliability and the capability to reach high nominal voltages. Thereby, this thesis discusses the application of the Modular Multilevel Matrix Converter (\mc) to drive Multi-MW Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECSs). The modelling and control systems required for this application are extensively analysed and discussed in this document. The proposed control strategies enable decoupled operation of the converter, providing maximum power point tracking capability at the generator-side, grid-code compliance and Low Voltage Ride Through Control at the grid-side and good steady state and dynamic performance for balancing the capacitor voltages of the converter.\\ The effectiveness of the proposed control strategies is validated through simulations and experimental results. Simulation results are obtained with a 10MW, 6.6 kVM3C based WECS model developed in PLECS software. Additionally, a 5 kVA downscale prototype has been designed and constructed during this Ph.D. The downscale prototype is composed of 27 H-Bridges power cells. The system is controlled using a Digital Signal Processor connected to three Field Programmable Gate Array which are equipped with 50 analogue-digital channels and 108 gate drive signals. Two programmable AMETEK power supplies emulate the electrical grid and the generator. The wind turbine dynamics is programmed in the generator-side power supply to emulate a generator operating in variable speed/voltage mode. The output port of the M3C is connected to another power source which can generate programmable grid sag-swell conditions. Simulation and experimental results for variable-speed operation, grid-code compliance, and capacitor voltage regulation have confirmed the successful operation of the \mc{} based WECSs. In all the experiments, the proposed control systems ensure proper capacitor voltage balancing, keeping the flying capacitor voltages bounded and with low ripple. Additionally, the performance of the generator-side and grid-side control system have been validated for Maximum Power Point Tracking and Low-Voltage Ride Through, respectively.