The purpose of this project was to design an algorithm for the management of Dermatofibrosarcom Protuberans (DFSP.) The National Cancer Center Network guidelines suggest immediate reconstruction in most cases after DFSP resection. We believe this algorithm is inadequate. Due to the infiltrating nature of DFSP, tumor margins are often positive after resection. Immediate reconstruction in the context of residual tumor is problematic because of the risk for spreading microscopic disease and the potential to compromise reconstructive options. At our institution we examined the prevalence of positive margins on permanent pathology after immediate closure following surgical resection of DFSP. Forty-one patients were identified; 25 had received treatment with surgical excision and 16 with Mohs surgery. Of the 25 patients that were treated with surgical excision, 20 underwent immediate closure and 5 underwent delayed closure after tumor resection. Eight out of 19 (40%) of patients who underwent immediate closure were found to have positive margins on permanent pathology. Given these findings, we propose a treatment algorithm focused on more conservative surgical management of DFSP in which negative margins are established before closure. Mohs surgery, which allows for immediate identification of pathology, plays a central role.

The purpose of this project was to compare the recurrence rates of dermatofibrsarcoma protuberans (DFSP) treated with surgical excision (SE) and Mohs surgery (MS) at Yale. Patients were identified through the dermatopathology laboratory database and stratified by treatment. The following information was collected: age at onset, sex, disease state (primary presentation versus recurrence), tumor site, preoperative tumor size, postoperative defect size, excisional margin, duration of follow-up, and recurrence after treatment. Of the 30 patients, 14 were in the SE group, and 16 were in the MS group. There were no recurrences in the SE group, and there was 1 recurrence (6%) in the MS group, which occurred 37 months post-operatively. The average area of the tumors were 12.1 cm[exponent]2 [plus-minus] 16.1 (SE) and 5.3 cm[exponent]2 [plus-minus] 5.9 (MS), and the mean excisional margins were 3.8 cm [plus-minus] 1.6 (SE) and 1.4 cm [plus-minus] 0.5 (MS). The mean duration of follow-up in the SE group was 33 months [plus-minus] 41 (range: 1-116 months), and the mean duration of follow-up in the MS group was 26 months [plus-minus] 25 (range: 2 to 69 months.) Although the MS group had a higher recurrence rate than the SE group, using the recurrence rates to make meaningful conclusions about the efficacy of the two treatment modalities is limited by the small n[italicized], lack of randomization to either procedure, and duration of follow-up. Once these issues are addressed, recurrence rates must also be adjusted for patient and tumor characteristics, that are associated with higher recurrence rates.

No description available.

No description available.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os macrófagos associados aos tumores (MAT) sólidos estão relacionados à progressão ou à involução das neoplasias, dependendo da diferenciação em M1 ou M2. No carcinoma basocelular (CBC), as formas mais agressivas apresentam aumento de macrófagos às custas do fenótipo M2, se comparadas às formas não invasivas. O tratamento do CBC sólido pela Cirurgia Micrográfica de Mohs (CMM) proporciona elevados índices de cura, porém recidivas podem ocorrer. OBJETIVOS: Comparar a população total de macrófagos e as subpopulações M1 e M2 nos casos de CBC sólidos recidivados e não recidivados após exérese pela CMM. METODOLOGIA: Cortes histológicos obtidos a partir dos blocos de parafina de nove casos de CBC sólidos recidivados após CMM e de 18 casos de CBC sólido operados pela CMM não recidivados foram marcados imunoistoquimicamente para iNOS, CD204, CD163 e CD68. A expressão desses marcadores foi analisada pelo método de análise de imagens. RESULTADOS: Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos em relação à porcentagem média de células M1 (INOS), células M2 (CD163 e CD204) e total de células (CD68). CONCLUSÃO: A recidiva dos tumores estudados não ocorreu por influência do MAT, mas pode ser decorrente da falha técnica na realização da CMM ou de algum outro mecanismo imunológico desconhecido / INTRODUCTION: The macrophages associated with solid tumors (MAT) are related to the progression or regression of tumors, depending on the differentiation in M1 or M2. In basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most aggressive forms show an increase in macrophages at the expense of M2 phenotype compared to non-invasive forms. The treatment of BCC solid by Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) provides high cure rates, but relapses can occur. OBJECTIVES: To compare the total population of macrophages and subpopulations M1 and M2 in cases of recurrent BCC solid and not recurrent after excision by MMS. METHODS: Histological sections obtained from paraffin blocks of 9 cases of recurrent solid CBC after MMS and 18 cases of solid CBC operated by MMS not relapsed were labeled immunohistochemically for iNOS, CD204, CD163 and CD68. The expression of these markers was analyzed by image analysis. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the groups in relation to the average percentage of M1 cells (INOS), M2 cells (CD163 and CD204) and total cells (CD68). CONCLUSION: The recurrence of the tumors studied did not occur under the influence of MAT, but may be due to technical failure in achieving MMS or some other unknown immune mechanism

INTRODUÇÃO: Os macrófagos associados aos tumores (MAT) sólidos estão relacionados à progressão ou à involução das neoplasias, dependendo da diferenciação em M1 ou M2. No carcinoma basocelular (CBC), as formas mais agressivas apresentam aumento de macrófagos às custas do fenótipo M2, se comparadas às formas não invasivas. O tratamento do CBC sólido pela Cirurgia Micrográfica de Mohs (CMM) proporciona elevados índices de cura, porém recidivas podem ocorrer. OBJETIVOS: Comparar a população total de macrófagos e as subpopulações M1 e M2 nos casos de CBC sólidos recidivados e não recidivados após exérese pela CMM. METODOLOGIA: Cortes histológicos obtidos a partir dos blocos de parafina de nove casos de CBC sólidos recidivados após CMM e de 18 casos de CBC sólido operados pela CMM não recidivados foram marcados imunoistoquimicamente para iNOS, CD204, CD163 e CD68. A expressão desses marcadores foi analisada pelo método de análise de imagens. RESULTADOS: Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos em relação à porcentagem média de células M1 (INOS), células M2 (CD163 e CD204) e total de células (CD68). CONCLUSÃO: A recidiva dos tumores estudados não ocorreu por influência do MAT, mas pode ser decorrente da falha técnica na realização da CMM ou de algum outro mecanismo imunológico desconhecido / INTRODUCTION: The macrophages associated with solid tumors (MAT) are related to the progression or regression of tumors, depending on the differentiation in M1 or M2. In basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most aggressive forms show an increase in macrophages at the expense of M2 phenotype compared to non-invasive forms. The treatment of BCC solid by Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) provides high cure rates, but relapses can occur. OBJECTIVES: To compare the total population of macrophages and subpopulations M1 and M2 in cases of recurrent BCC solid and not recurrent after excision by MMS. METHODS: Histological sections obtained from paraffin blocks of 9 cases of recurrent solid CBC after MMS and 18 cases of solid CBC operated by MMS not relapsed were labeled immunohistochemically for iNOS, CD204, CD163 and CD68. The expression of these markers was analyzed by image analysis. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the groups in relation to the average percentage of M1 cells (INOS), M2 cells (CD163 and CD204) and total cells (CD68). CONCLUSION: The recurrence of the tumors studied did not occur under the influence of MAT, but may be due to technical failure in achieving MMS or some other unknown immune mechanism

Introdução: O carcinoma basocelular (CBC) é o tipo mais comum de câncer da pele não-melanoma na população mundial. A elevada prevalência do acometimento da face determina elevada morbidade, a despeito da baixa taxa de mortalidade. Localização, dimensão, subtipo histológico, recidiva e delimitação imprecisa relacionam-se ao risco de invasão e destruição local, sendo critérios de indicação da cirurgia micrográfica de Mohs (CMM), padrão ouro para tratamento do CBC, por elevadas taxas de cura e preservação de tecido sadio. Objetivo: Analisar possíveis preditores da extensão subclínica e do número de fases da CMM para o CBC, em conjunto com o emprego de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ). Métodos: Amostra de 101 casos de CBC excisados por CMM, delimitados previamente por dermatoscopia, foi analisada quanto ao perfil demográfico, características e possíveis relações entre as variáveis determinantes do risco para realização de duas ou mais e três ou mais fases na CMM. Marcação por IHQ dos anticorpos Ber-EP4, MNF-116, E-Caderina e VGEF foi realizada em onze casos de diferentes subtipos do CBC. Resultados: Na amostra, com 49,5% de tumores recidivados, predominou o sexo feminino (58,4%), com idade média de 60,2 anos e localização no segmento cefálico, sendo 52,5% dos tumores na região nasal. Subtipo histológico de alto risco em 69,3%, sendo 64,7% entre os primários e 74% entre os recidivados. Em 46,5% evidenciou-se mais de um tipo histológico, coexistindo baixo e alto risco em 33,7%; 97% apresentou mais de um critério de risco para indicação de CMM, predominando a localização em 91,1%, sendo baixas aquelas por delimitação imprecisa (12,9%) e margens comprometidas (6,9%); 60,4% dos tumores foram removidos por uma fase cirúrgica, 39,6% por duas ou mais e 10,9% por três ou mais. Recidiva elevou as chances de 2 fases para remoção completa (OR=2,40 I.C.95% 1,06 5,44; teste do X2 = 4,47, p= 0,03), assim como localização na região nasal e zona H (p = 0,04 e p = 0,056, respectivamente). O maior número de critérios elevou as chances de 2 fases e 3 fases (p = 0,02 e p = 0,03, respectivamente). As intensidades de marcação com Ber-EP4 e E-Caderina foram mais acentuadas no subtipo micronodular comparadas ao esclerodermiforme. Todos os marcadores evidenciaram os ninhos neoplásicos multifocais dispersos e em meio ao intenso processo infamatório. O VEGF, mostrou marcação mais intensa e evidente no infiltrado inflamatório perineoplásico. Conclusões: A coexistência de padrões e predomínio do alto risco nos CBC primários e recorrentes evidenciam potenciais causas de recidiva, invasão e destruição, e da indicação da CMM. Localização cefálica e recorrência são critérios que corroboraram tal indicação e, o maior número de critérios presentes, a predição da extensão subclínica. A dermatoscopia auxiliou na delimitação pré-cirurgica do CBC. Idade avançada pode exigir mais fases para remoção do CBC. Marcadores imunohistoquímicos podem ser úteis para evidenciar a neoplasia nos tecidos ou em meio a processo infamatório. O reconhecimento de fatores preditivos é auxiliar na decisão terapêutica, no planejamento cirúrgico e na obtenção das altas taxas de cura por meio da CMM. / Introduction: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of non-melanoma skin cancer and the most frequently occurring form of cancer worldwide. BCC occurs mostly on the face, and despite low mortality rate, it generates high morbidity. Some features such as size, histological subtype, location, recurrence, poor delimitation and others are predictors of recurrence. Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is the gold-standard treatment for BCC. It has the highest cure rates and causes less damage to healthy tissue than other options. Objective: This study aims to analyze predictors of subclinical spread and number of stages in MMS for removing BCC and the use of immunohistochemistry (IHC). Methods: We selected 101 patients with BCC and indication for MMS. Analyzed the demographic profile of the patients and relations between the characteristics of tumor risk and number of surgical stages (one, two or more and three or more stages). Immunostaining (Ber-EP4 antibodies, MNF-116, E-Cadherin and VGEF) was performed in 11 BCC with different histological subtypes. Results: Among 101 BCC, 49,5% was recurrent. There was a female predominance (58.4%) with mean age of 60.2. There was also a predominance on the face, most of them located on the nose (52,5%). Histological types with high risk of recurrence predominated (69.3%), 64,7% among primary and 74% among recurrent ones. 46.5% tumors had more than one histological type, with low and high risk in the same lesion in 33.7%. Most BCC (97%) had more than one criteria to be treated by MMS and location was the most frequent (91,1%). Poorly defined (12.9%) and positive margins (6.9%) occurred only in a few cases. 60,4% were removed by one surgical stage; 39,6% by 2 and 10,9% needed 3 stages. Among recurrent BCC, the chance of 2 surgical stages was 2,4 times compared to primary tumors (p= 0,03). BCC located on nasal region and mask areas of the face were also associated with 2 stages (p = 0.04 and p = 0.056, respectively). The number of criteria was also associated with 2 and 3 stages (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03, respectively). Intensity of Ber-EP4 and E-Cadherin were more pronounced in micronodular subtype compared to morpheaform. In areas with intense inflammatory cell infiltrate, anti-Ber-EP4, anti-MNF116 and anti-E-Cadherin were useful to highlight the neoplastic cells. Anti-VEGF showed up clearly in the inflammatory infiltrate around tumor. Conclusion: Mixed histopathological pattern observed in many tumors and predominance of high-risk histology in primary and recurrent BCC highlight potential causes of recurrence, invasion, destruction, and indication for MMS. Location and recurrence stood out as a criterion for MMS and a greater number of criteria was associated with subclinical extension of the BCC. Age was also associated with an increased number of stages. Dermoscopy helped in the demarcation of surgical margins. As for the IHC, it would be useful to highlight BCC in areas with intense inflammation. Recognition of predictive factors is important in therapeutic decision, surgical planning and to obtain the highest cure rates by MMS.

Introdução: O carcinoma basocelular (CBC) é o tipo mais comum de câncer da pele não-melanoma na população mundial. A elevada prevalência do acometimento da face determina elevada morbidade, a despeito da baixa taxa de mortalidade. Localização, dimensão, subtipo histológico, recidiva e delimitação imprecisa relacionam-se ao risco de invasão e destruição local, sendo critérios de indicação da cirurgia micrográfica de Mohs (CMM), padrão ouro para tratamento do CBC, por elevadas taxas de cura e preservação de tecido sadio. Objetivo: Analisar possíveis preditores da extensão subclínica e do número de fases da CMM para o CBC, em conjunto com o emprego de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ). Métodos: Amostra de 101 casos de CBC excisados por CMM, delimitados previamente por dermatoscopia, foi analisada quanto ao perfil demográfico, características e possíveis relações entre as variáveis determinantes do risco para realização de duas ou mais e três ou mais fases na CMM. Marcação por IHQ dos anticorpos Ber-EP4, MNF-116, E-Caderina e VGEF foi realizada em onze casos de diferentes subtipos do CBC. Resultados: Na amostra, com 49,5% de tumores recidivados, predominou o sexo feminino (58,4%), com idade média de 60,2 anos e localização no segmento cefálico, sendo 52,5% dos tumores na região nasal. Subtipo histológico de alto risco em 69,3%, sendo 64,7% entre os primários e 74% entre os recidivados. Em 46,5% evidenciou-se mais de um tipo histológico, coexistindo baixo e alto risco em 33,7%; 97% apresentou mais de um critério de risco para indicação de CMM, predominando a localização em 91,1%, sendo baixas aquelas por delimitação imprecisa (12,9%) e margens comprometidas (6,9%); 60,4% dos tumores foram removidos por uma fase cirúrgica, 39,6% por duas ou mais e 10,9% por três ou mais. Recidiva elevou as chances de 2 fases para remoção completa (OR=2,40 I.C.95% 1,06 5,44; teste do X2 = 4,47, p= 0,03), assim como localização na região nasal e zona H (p = 0,04 e p = 0,056, respectivamente). O maior número de critérios elevou as chances de 2 fases e 3 fases (p = 0,02 e p = 0,03, respectivamente). As intensidades de marcação com Ber-EP4 e E-Caderina foram mais acentuadas no subtipo micronodular comparadas ao esclerodermiforme. Todos os marcadores evidenciaram os ninhos neoplásicos multifocais dispersos e em meio ao intenso processo infamatório. O VEGF, mostrou marcação mais intensa e evidente no infiltrado inflamatório perineoplásico. Conclusões: A coexistência de padrões e predomínio do alto risco nos CBC primários e recorrentes evidenciam potenciais causas de recidiva, invasão e destruição, e da indicação da CMM. Localização cefálica e recorrência são critérios que corroboraram tal indicação e, o maior número de critérios presentes, a predição da extensão subclínica. A dermatoscopia auxiliou na delimitação pré-cirurgica do CBC. Idade avançada pode exigir mais fases para remoção do CBC. Marcadores imunohistoquímicos podem ser úteis para evidenciar a neoplasia nos tecidos ou em meio a processo infamatório. O reconhecimento de fatores preditivos é auxiliar na decisão terapêutica, no planejamento cirúrgico e na obtenção das altas taxas de cura por meio da CMM. / Introduction: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of non-melanoma skin cancer and the most frequently occurring form of cancer worldwide. BCC occurs mostly on the face, and despite low mortality rate, it generates high morbidity. Some features such as size, histological subtype, location, recurrence, poor delimitation and others are predictors of recurrence. Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is the gold-standard treatment for BCC. It has the highest cure rates and causes less damage to healthy tissue than other options. Objective: This study aims to analyze predictors of subclinical spread and number of stages in MMS for removing BCC and the use of immunohistochemistry (IHC). Methods: We selected 101 patients with BCC and indication for MMS. Analyzed the demographic profile of the patients and relations between the characteristics of tumor risk and number of surgical stages (one, two or more and three or more stages). Immunostaining (Ber-EP4 antibodies, MNF-116, E-Cadherin and VGEF) was performed in 11 BCC with different histological subtypes. Results: Among 101 BCC, 49,5% was recurrent. There was a female predominance (58.4%) with mean age of 60.2. There was also a predominance on the face, most of them located on the nose (52,5%). Histological types with high risk of recurrence predominated (69.3%), 64,7% among primary and 74% among recurrent ones. 46.5% tumors had more than one histological type, with low and high risk in the same lesion in 33.7%. Most BCC (97%) had more than one criteria to be treated by MMS and location was the most frequent (91,1%). Poorly defined (12.9%) and positive margins (6.9%) occurred only in a few cases. 60,4% were removed by one surgical stage; 39,6% by 2 and 10,9% needed 3 stages. Among recurrent BCC, the chance of 2 surgical stages was 2,4 times compared to primary tumors (p= 0,03). BCC located on nasal region and mask areas of the face were also associated with 2 stages (p = 0.04 and p = 0.056, respectively). The number of criteria was also associated with 2 and 3 stages (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03, respectively). Intensity of Ber-EP4 and E-Cadherin were more pronounced in micronodular subtype compared to morpheaform. In areas with intense inflammatory cell infiltrate, anti-Ber-EP4, anti-MNF116 and anti-E-Cadherin were useful to highlight the neoplastic cells. Anti-VEGF showed up clearly in the inflammatory infiltrate around tumor. Conclusion: Mixed histopathological pattern observed in many tumors and predominance of high-risk histology in primary and recurrent BCC highlight potential causes of recurrence, invasion, destruction, and indication for MMS. Location and recurrence stood out as a criterion for MMS and a greater number of criteria was associated with subclinical extension of the BCC. Age was also associated with an increased number of stages. Dermoscopy helped in the demarcation of surgical margins. As for the IHC, it would be useful to highlight BCC in areas with intense inflammation. Recognition of predictive factors is important in therapeutic decision, surgical planning and to obtain the highest cure rates by MMS.

Das Basalzellkarzinom ist nicht nur die häufigste Neoplasie der Haut generell, es stellt auch die häufigste maligne Entität im Bereich der Augenlider dar. Es handelt sich um eine Erkrankung vornehmlich des höheren Lebensalters, jedoch sind auch zunehmend jüngere Patienten betroffen. Trotz geringer Metastasierungstendenz kann es bei Tiefeninfiltration zu schweren Krankheitsverläufen kommen. Aufgrund wachsender Inzidenz und damit stetig steigender Kosten im Gesundheitswesen sollte die Behandlungsstrategie kontinuierlich überprüft und optimiert werden. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, ein ausgewähltes Patientenkollektiv im Zeitraum von 2003 bis 2006 hinsichtlich epidemiologischer, klinischer und therapeutischer Aspekte zu analysieren und mit der Literatur zu vergleichen. Therapie der Wahl ist die chirurgische Exzision. Es wurden 216 Fälle von 204 Patienten auf Grundlage der Krankenakte detailliert untersucht und ausgewertet. Zwar konnten keine signifikanten Prädiktoren zur Vorhersage des Behandlungsverlaufes und der Rezidiventwicklung gefunden werden, anhand der 216 klinischen Fälle können die aktuelle Datenlage aber unterstützt und Empfehlungen zur Therapie und Nachbehandlung erweitert werden.

BACKGROUND: Skin cancer is the most common malignant neoplasm, with more than 5.4 million cases diagnosed annually in the United States. Treatment varies based on the type of neoplasm, its location, as well as primary vs. recurrent lesions. Nonetheless, surgical treatment remains the gold standard. Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is a commonly used surgical technique in the excision of such neoplasms. The technique of MMS allows for the precise removal of skin cancers while offering the highest cure rates with maximal preservation of surrounding tissue. Repairs of MMS defects are often done the same day if performed by the resecting Mohs surgeon. However, for more complicated reconstructive procedures, repairs are often performed by a separate reconstructive surgeon. When this occurs, MMS repairs may be delayed and performed on a different day due to a variety of factors such as surgical scheduling conflicts and patient tolerance. Researchers are urgently trying to explore the implications and postoperative complications of delayed MMS as compared to same day MMS. OBJECTIVE: This study compares same-day vs. next day eyelid reconstruction following MMS with attention to postoperative complications. Our aim is to investigate whether or not a delay in closure is associated with an increase in postoperative complications. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent eyelid reconstruction following MMS from January 2008 to December 2018, by a single private practice oculoplastic surgeon. The timing of each patient’s reconstruction along with age, sex, comorbidities, such as diabetes, current smoking status, previous radiation therapy, anticoagulation treatment, and occurrence of postoperative complications were recorded. The specific location of the defect was recorded as well. The timing of reconstruction was classified as same-day or next-day reconstruction. No reconstructions took place more than 48 hours after tumor excision. The complications included in our analysis were: hematoma, wound infection, flap necrosis, dehiscence, and ectropion. Statistical significance was determined by Pearson’s chi-squared analysis. RESULTS: A total of 485 procedures were performed on 390 patients. 334 (69%) of those procedures were same-day reconstructions, while 151 (31%) of those procedures were next-day reconstructions. 19 (5.7%) of the 334 same-day reconstructions and 9 (5.9%) of the 151 next-day reconstructions were associated with complications (p=0.905). Therefore, a total of 28 (5.8%) procedures were associated with complications. More women (54%) than men (46%) underwent reconstruction. Multivariate logistic regression showed that males had a 1.274-fold higher risk of developing complication post reconstruction. Current smokers had a 1.054-fold higher risk of developing complications post reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS: There is no statistically significant difference in the postoperative complication rate when comparing same-day vs. next-day eyelid reconstruction following Mohs micrographic surgery.