Le développement récent de la théorie quantique de l’information porte la communauté scientifique à s’intéresser de plus en plus aux sources de photons uniques. En effet, ces sources peuvent par exemple être utilisées pour le calcul quantique optique ou la cryptographie quantique pour améliorer les performances de distribution des clés et éviter les écoutes ou tentatives de hacking. Par conséquent, il est nécessaire de disposer de sources fiables et pour des applications réalistes, le défi est d'obtenir des sources de photons uniques qui fonctionnent jusqu'à température ambiante.Notre groupe à récemment démontré qu'en insérant une boîte quantique de CdSe dans un nanofil de ZnSe, l'émission de photons uniques pouvait être obtenue jusqu'à température ambiante. Néanmoins, ces nanofils avaient un rendement quantique faible et n'étaient pas orientés verticalement à la surface des échantillons du fait de leur croissance suivant l'orientation cristallographique (001). Ces nanofils verticaux ont pour intérêt de pouvoir être aisément couplés à des structures photoniques pour augmenter la collection des photons et leur croissance est favorisée avec des substrats orientés suivant l'orientation cristallographique (111).Dans ce contexte, le but de ce travail de doctorat est de développer la croissance de boîtes quantiques de CdSe insérées dans des nanofils de ZnSe verticaux suivant l'orientation cristallographique (111) par épitaxie par jet moléculaire, d'en étudier les propriétés optiques jusqu'à température ambiante pour des applications potentielles en tant que sources de photons uniques, et de coupler ces nano-objets à des structures photoniques pour augmenter la collection de photons. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, nous avons divisé notre étude en trois points.La première étape de ce travail est concentrée sur le développement de la croissance de nanofils de ZnSe verticalement orientés et passivés par une coquille semiconductrice de ZnMgSe. Nous observons que grâce à cette coquille, l’émission lumineuse de nanofils uniques augmente de plus de deux ordres de grandeur. Dans un second temps, nous démontrons la possibilité d’insérer des boîtes de CdSe dans ces nanofils de ZnSe suivant différentes conditions de croissance. L’influence de ces conditions de croissance est mise en évidence par des études structurales et de composition de ces nano-objets. Des études optiques en fonction de la température montrent que ces nanofils émettent jusqu'à température ambiante. De plus, l'étude du temps de déclin de nanofils uniques révèle que ces fils sont robustes et insensibles aux canaux de recombinaison non-radiatifs jusqu'à 200 K. La troisième étape de ce travail concerne l'augmentation de la collection des photons de ces nano-objets. Nous montrons dans un premier temps qu’en changeant l’environnement diélectrique d’une boîte quantique, son taux d’émission spontanée peut être augmenté. Puis nous montrons la possibilité de créer des fils photoniques à partir des boîtes quantiques insérées dans des nanofils, en recouvrant ces fils d'une épaisse coquille diélectrique. A la lumière d'expériences de microphotoluminescence - qui montrent que ces fils photoniques augmentent efficacement la collection de photons - et de simulations, nous discutons l'intérêt de l'orientation du dipôle (parallèle ou perpendiculaire à l'axe de croissance du nanofil) dans ces structures. / The recent development of the quantum information theory focuses the interest of the scientific community on single-photon sources. Indeed, these sources can be used for instance for optical quantum computing or quantum cryptography to improve the quantum key distribution performances and avoid eavesdropping. Consequently, it is necessary to have reliable single-photon sources and for realistic applications, the challenge is to get a single-photon source operating up to room temperature.Our group recently demonstrated that by inserting a quantum dot of CdSe in a nanowire of ZnSe, single-photon emission could be obtained up to room temperature. Still, these nanowires had a low quantum yield and were not vertically oriented on the as-grown sample since they were grown along the (001) crystallographic orientation. The interest of vertically oriented nanowires is that they can be coupled to photonic structures to increase their photons collection and their growth is favored on (111)-oriented substrates.In this context, the aim of this PhD work is to develop the growth of vertically oriented ZnSe-CdSe nanowire quantum dots along the (111) crystallographic orientation by molecular beam epitaxy, to study their luminescence up to room temperature for single-photon sources applications, and to couple these nano-objects to photonic structures to increase the photons collection. To reach this goal, we divided this project in three steps.The first step focuses on the development of vertically oriented ZnSe nanowires, passivated with a semiconductor shell of ZnMgSe to enhance their luminescence. In a second step, we demonstrate the possibility to insert CdSe quantum dots in these ZnSe nanowires, using different growth conditions for the quantum dot. The influence of these growth conditions is studied with structural and composition analysis of these nano-objects. Optical studies as a function of the temperature show that these nanowires emit up to room temperature. Moreover, decay-time studies on single nanowire quantum dots reveal that these nanowires are robust and insensitive to non-radiative recombination channels up to 200 K. The third step of this work concerns the enhancement of the light collection from these nano-objects. First, we show that by changing the dielectric environment of the quantum dot, its decay-rate can be increased. Then, we show the possibility to create photonic wires by covering these nanowire quantum dots with a thick dielectric shell. In the light of microphotoluminescence experiments – which show that these photonic wires efficiently increase the photons collection – and simulations, we discuss the interest of the dipole orientation (parallel or perpendicular to the nanowire growth axis) in these structures.

Ce travail porte sur la conception, l’épitaxie, et la caractérisation structural et optique de deux types de nanostructures, à savoir des boîtes quantiques AlGaN/AIN et des nanodisques AlGaN/AIN sur nanofils GaN. Ces nanostructures ont été synthetisées par épitaxie par jets moléculaires assistée par plasma (PA-MBE) et ont été conçues pour être le matériau actif d’une lampe ultraviolette à pompage électronique (EPUV) pour la purification de l'eau. En modifiant la composition Al et la géométrie des boîtes quantiques AlGaN/AlN, leur longueur d'onde d'émission peut être réglée dans la gamme 320-235 nm tout en gardant une grande efficacité quantique interne (> 35%). Le confinement quantique a été confirmé par la stabilité de l'intensité et du temps de déclin de la photoluminescence avec la température. La quantité optimale d’AlGaN dans les boîtes pour obtenir une luminescence maximale à la température ambiante est un compromis entre densité de boîtes quantiques et rendement quantique interne. L'effet de la variation du rapport hauteur/diamètre de base sur les transitions interbande et intrabande dans les boîtes a été explorée par ajustement des données expérimentales à des calculs tridimensionnels du diagramme de bande et des niveaux quantiques. En ce qui concerne les nanodisques d’AlGaN sur nanofils GaN, l'interdiffusion Al-Ga aux interfaces et l'hétérogénéité de l'alliage ternaire sont attribuées aux processus de relaxation des contraintes. Cette interprétation a été prouvée par la corrélation des données expérimentales avec des calculs de distribution déformation en trois dimensions effectuées sur des structures qui imitent la séquence de croissance réelle. Malgré le défi du manque d'homogénéité, la longueur d'onde d'émission des nanodisques AlGaN/AIN peut être réglée dans la gamme ultraviolette en préservant une haute efficacité quantique interne. Un prototype de lampe EPUV a été fabriqué en utilisant une région active à base de boîtes quantiques AlGaN/AIN avec les valeurs optimals d'épaisseur de la région active, d'épaisseur de la barrière AlN, et de quantité d’AlGaN dans chaque couche de boîtes. Pour ce premier dispositif, le SiC a été utilisé comme substrat pour éviter les problèmes associés à l’évacuation de charge ou de chaleur. Un essai de purification de l'eau par une telle lampe a été réalisé. Tous les échantillons ont été purifiés avec succès à la dose prévue. / This work reports on the design, epitaxial growth, and the structural, and optical characterization of two types of nanostructures, namely AlGaN/AlN Stranski-Krastanov quantum dots (SK-QD) and AlGaN/AlN nanodisks (NDs) on GaN nanowires (NWs). These nanostructures were grown using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PA-MBE) and were conceived to be the active media of electron-pumped ultraviolet (EPUV) emitters for water purification, operating in mid-ultraviolet range. The peak emission wavelength of three-dimensional SK-QD can be tuned in mid-ultraviolet range while keeping high internal quantum efficiency (IQE > 35%) by modifying the Al composition and the QD geometry. The efficient carrier confinement was confirmed by the stability of the photoluminescence intensity and decay time with temperature. The optimal deposited amount of AlGaN in AlGaN/AlN QDs which grants maximum luminescence at room temperature was determined by finding a compromise between the designs providing maximum IQE and maximum QD density. The effect of the variation of the QD height/base-diameter ratio on the interband and intraband optical properties was explored by fitting the experimental data with three-dimensional calculations of the band diagram and quantum levels. Regarding AlGaN/AlN NDs on GaN NWs, the Al-Ga intermixing at Al(Ga)N/GaN interfaces and the alloy inhomogeneity in AlGaN/AlN NDs are attributed to the strain relaxation process. This interpretation was proved by correlation of experimental data with three-dimensional strain distribution calculations performed on structures that imitate the real growth sequence. Despite the challenge of inhomogeneity, the emission wavelength of AlGaN/AlN NDs can be tuned in mid-ultraviolet range while preserving high IQE by adjusting the ND thickness and Al content. A prototype of EPUV emitter was fabricated using the AlGaN/AlN SK-QDs active region with proposed optimal design of active region thickness, AlN barrier thickness, and amount of AlGaN in each QD layer. For this first device, SiC was used as a substrate to prevent problems associated to charge or heat evacuation. A water purification test by such prototype EPUV emitter was carried out by irradiating E-coli bacteria, showing that all the specimens were successfully purified at the predicted ultraviolet dose.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:35:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2893346 bytes, checksum: 9ae656930afe35b3a72cddee0c2cc87c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The epitaxial growth technique by molecular beams (Molecular Beam Epitaxy – MBE) can be considered as one of the most important for obtaining thin fine films, heterostructures and nanostructures nowadays, allowing the production of high quality layers, and it also allows the in situ monitoring of process through several techniques of characterization. This work presents the project, the construction and the initial tests of a MBE system for the growing of compounds containing cadmium, tellurium, manganese and zinc. The work shows a bibliographic revision of the main types of epitaxy, some of the main techniques of growth, the basic principles of vacuum technology and the necessary tools to the construction of the system. The detailed project of the system and its main components represented. Finally, the functioning tests of the vacuum systems, the effusion cells, the system of controlling and automation and the results obtained with the first obtained samples represented. The total cost of the system in the current configuration is approximately R$150.000 which is about as less as one fourth of one commercial system with approximately the same characteristics. / A técnica de crescimento epitaxial por feixes moleculares (Molecular Beam Epitaxy – MBE) pode ser considerada como uma das mais importantes para a obtenção de filmes finos, heteroestruturas e nanoestruturas nos dias atuais, permitindo a obtenção de filmes de excelente qualidade, além de permitir o acompanhamento do crescimento in situ através de diversas técnicas de caracterização. Este trabalho aborda o projeto, a construção e os testes iniciais de um sistema de MBE para o crescimento de compostos contendo Cádmio, Telúrio, Manganês e Zinco. O trabalho apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica dos principais tipos de epitaxia, algumas das principais técnicas de crescimento, princípios básicos da tecnologia de vácuo e os instrumentos necessários à construção do sistema. É apresentado o projeto detalhado do sistema e seus principais componentes. Finalmente, descrevem-se os testes de funcionamento do sistema de vácuo, das células de efusão, o sistema de controle e automatização e os resultados obtidos com as primeiras amostras obtidas. O custo total do sistema na configuração atual é de aproximadamente R$ 150.000, cerca de 4 vezes menor que o de um sistema comercial com aproximadamente as mesmas características.

abstract: This dissertation addresses challenges pertaining to multi-junction (MJ) solar cells from material development to device design and characterization. Firstly, among the various methods to improve the energy conversion efficiency of MJ solar cells using, a novel approach proposed recently is to use II-VI (MgZnCd)(SeTe) and III-V (AlGaIn)(AsSb) semiconductors lattice-matched on GaSb or InAs substrates for current-matched subcells with minimal defect densities. CdSe/CdTe superlattices are proposed as a potential candidate for a subcell in the MJ solar cell designs using this material system, and therefore the material properties of the superlattices are studied. The high structural qualities of the superlattices are obtained from high resolution X-ray diffraction measurements and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy images. The effective bandgap energies of the superlattices obtained from the photoluminescence (PL) measurements vary with the layer thicknesses, and are smaller than the bandgap energies of either the constituent material. Furthermore, The PL peak position measured at the steady state exhibits a blue shift that increases with the excess carrier concentration. These results confirm a strong type-II band edge alignment between CdSe and CdTe. The valence band offset between unstrained CdSe and CdTe is determined as 0.63 eV±0.06 eV by fitting the measured PL peak positions using the Kronig-Penney model. The blue shift in PL peak position is found to be primarily caused by the band bending effect based on self-consistent solutions of the Schrödinger and Poisson equations. Secondly, the design of the contact grid layout is studied to maximize the power output and energy conversion efficiency for concentrator solar cells. Because the conventional minimum power loss method used for the contact design is not accurate in determining the series resistance loss, a method of using a distributed series resistance model to maximize the power output is proposed for the contact design. It is found that the junction recombination loss in addition to the series resistance loss and shadowing loss can significantly affect the contact layout. The optimal finger spacing and maximum efficiency calculated by the two methods are close, and the differences are dependent on the series resistance and saturation currents of solar cells. Lastly, the accurate measurements of external quantum efficiency (EQE) are important for the design and development of MJ solar cells. However, the electrical and optical couplings between the subcells have caused EQE measurement artifacts. In order to interpret the measurement artifacts, DC and small signal models are built for the bias condition and the scan of chopped monochromatic light in the EQE measurements. Characterization methods are developed for the device parameters used in the models. The EQE measurement artifacts are found to be caused by the shunt and luminescence coupling effects, and can be minimized using proper voltage and light biases. Novel measurement methods using a pulse voltage bias or a pulse light bias are invented to eliminate the EQE measurement artifacts. These measurement methods are nondestructive and easy to implement. The pulse voltage bias or pulse light bias is superimposed on the conventional DC voltage and light biases, in order to control the operating points of the subcells and counterbalance the effects of shunt and luminescence coupling. The methods are demonstrated for the first time to effectively eliminate the measurement artifacts. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Electrical Engineering 2012

abstract: Multiple quantum well (MQW) structures have been employed in a variety of solid state devices. The InGaAs/GaAs material system is of special interest for many optoelectronic applications. This study examines epitaxial growth and defect creation in InGaAs/GaAs MQWs at its initial stage. Correlations between physical properties, crystal perfection of epitaxial structures, and growth conditions under which desired properties are achieved appear as highly important for the realization and final performance of semiconductor based devices. Molecular beam epitaxy was utilized to grow InGaAs/GaAs MQW structures with a variation in deposition temperature T_dep among the samples to change crystalline and physical properties. High resolution x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were utilized to probe crystal properties, whereas photoluminescence spectroscopy evaluated optical response. An optimal growth temperature T_dep=505°C was found for 20% In composition. The density of 60° primary and secondary dislocation loops increased continuously at lower growth temperatures and reduced crystal perfection, as evaluated by lateral and vertical coherence lengths and diffuse scattering in reciprocal space maps. Likewise, the strength of non-radiative Shockley-Read-Hall recombination increased as deposition temperature was reduced. Elevated deposition temperature led to InGaAs decay in the structures and manifested in different crystalline defects with a rather isotropic distribution and no lateral ordering. High available thermal energy increased atomic surface diffusivity and resulted in growth surface instability against perturbations, manifesting in lateral layer thickness undulations. Carriers in structures grown at elevated temperature experience localization in local energy minima.InGaAs/GaAs MQW structures reveal correlation between their crystal quality and optical properties. It can be suggested that there is an optimal growth temperature range for each In composition with high crystal perfection and best physical response. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2014

Orientadores: Marco Antonio Robert Alves, Gilberto Medeiros Ribeiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T09:04:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fiorentini_GiovanniAlessandro_M.pdf: 8940577 bytes, checksum: aa3711a9b5e0821a30c942ef0760c8f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O crescimento epitaxial de nanoestruturas semicondutoras e metálicas é algo de grande interesse atualmente em ciência e tecnologia devido às propriedades singulares apresentadas pela matéria na escala nanométrica. Esta dissertação teve como objetivo principal a construção de um sistema de crescimento epitaxial baseado na técnica de epitaxia por feixe molecular (MBE, do inglês Molecular Beam Epitaxy). Inicialmente, aspectos básicos sobre a física e a tecnologia envolvidas em um sistema de MBE foram analisados. O que é MBE e quais são os princípios que governam seu funcionamento são perguntas intrigantes a um aluno do curso de engenharia elétrica. No decorrer do trabalho, todo o complexo sistema vácuo (bombeamento e monitoramento) teve de ser cuidadosamente montado e ajustado até que se obtivesse as condições ótimas de trabalho dados os componentes disponíveis bem como suas características e limitações. Conceitos teóricos e práticos foram aplicados de forma a tornar o sistema o mais simples, eficiente e amigável possível. As evaporadoras por feixe de elétrons foram montadas, testadas e ajustadas até que se pudesse alcançar os parâmetros de funcionamento desejados para estes dispositivos tão importantes dentro de um sistema de MBE. Toda a instrumentação envolvida no acionamento e no monitoramento destas fontes foi desenvolvido com base em conceitos simples de eletrônica analógica e, em alguns momentos, digital, além de soluções de software, sempre usando LabView. Os resultados do trabalho de construção do sistema puderam ser caracterizados posteriormente de maneira a aferir a confiabilidade dos parâmetros utilizados e das amostras crescidas. Estes resultados foram baseados em técnicas de microscopia de varredura por pontas (SPM, do inglês Scanning Probe Microscopy), as quais forneceram informações detalhadas sobre as nanoestruturas formadas e as superfícies dos substratos, dados estes muito importantes e que podem ser utilizados como indicadores das codições de funcionamento do sistema de crescimento / Abstract: The epitaxial growth of semiconductor and metallic nanostructures is a target of great interest nowadays in science and technology due to the unique properties presented by the matter at the nanometer scale. This dissertation had as the main goal the construction of a system for epitaxial growth based on the Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) technique. First of all, basic aspects about the physics and the technology involved in a MBE system were analyzed. What is MBE and what are the principles that govern its operation are intriguing questions for an electrical engineering student. During this work, the entire complex vacuum system (pumping and monitoring) had to be carefully mounted and adjusted until the optimum conditions were obtained for the available components as well as their characteristics and limitations. Theoretical and practical concepts were applied so that the system become as simple, efficient and friendly as possible. The electron beam evaporation sources were mounted, tested and adjusted until the desired working parameters for these important devices were achieved. The whole instrumentation involved in the driving and in the monitoring of these sources was developed based on simple concepts of analog and, in some cases, digital electronics, besides software solutions, always using LabView. The performance of the system was evaluated by structural characterization using scanning probe microscopy techniques (SPM), which gave detailed information about the formed nanostructures and the substrates surfaces. These data can be used as indicators of the growth system operation conditions / Mestrado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Molecular beam epitaxy has recently been applied to the growth and self assembly of nanostructures on crystal substrates. This highlights the importance of understanding how microscopic rules of atomic motion and assembly lead to macroscopic surface shapes. In this thesis, we present results from two computational studies of these mechanisms. We identify a kinetic mechanism responsible for the emergence of low-angle facets in recent epitaxial regrowth experiments on patterned surfaces. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of vicinal surfaces show that the preferred slope of the facets matches the threshold slope for the transition between step flow and growth by island nucleation. At this crossover slope, the surface step density is minimized and the adatom density is maximized, respectively. A model is developed that predicts the temperature dependence of the crossover slope and hence the facet slope. We also examine the "step bunching" instability thought to be present in step flow growth on surfaces with a downhill diffusion bias. One mechanism thought to produce the necessary bias is the inverse Ehrlich Schwoebel (ES) barrier. Using continuum, stochastic, and hybrid models of one dimensional step flow, we show that an inverse ES barrier to adatom migration is an insufficient condition to destabilize a surface against step bunching. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

Le transfert de spin est un moyen de retourner l’aimantation d’une couche dans une jonction tunnel magnétique. Le courant nécessaire à cette tâche dépend des matériaux et dans le contexte actuel consommer moins est devenu un enjeu important. Une solution consiste à utiliser des matériaux ayant une forte polarisation en spin et un faible amortissement magnétique. Ces matériaux sont appelés demi-métaux ferromagnétiques. Du fait de l’existence d’un gap de spin chez les spins minoritaires au niveau de Fermi, ces composés possèdent une polarisation en spin de 100% et un faible amortissement magnétique. En théorie, certains Heusler, tels que Co1.5Fe1.5Ge et Co2MnSi, possèdent ces propriétés s’ils cristallisent dans la bonne phase cristallographique. En pratique, des mesures indirectes semblent confirmer ce comportement mais pourtant aucune preuve directe de cette demi-métallicité n’a été observée jusqu’à présent. C’est dans ce cadre que cette thèse s’inscrit. Après avoir déterminé les conditions de croissance de Co1.5Fe1.5Ge, à l’aide d’une série de mesure et notamment à l’aide de la diffraction anomale, nous avons déterminé l’ordre chimique complet de cet alliage qui est bien celui recherché. Les mesures des propriétés magnétiques donnent des résultats en accord avec la théorie. Mais l’utilisation de ce composé dans des jonctions tunnel magnétiques montre une faible magnétorésistance tunnel. La spectroscopie de photoémission résolue en spin nous a permis d’expliquer ces résultats. Dans le même esprit, nous nous sommes tournés vers le Co2MnSi, un composé qui semble plus prometteur où le gap de spin et de faibles valeurs d’amortissement magnétiques ont été mesurés / Spin transfer is one way of switching the magnetization of a layer in a magnetic tunnel junction. The current needed at this task depends on the materials and in the current context, consume less became an important issue. Materials with a high spin polarization and a low magnetic damping are one solution of this problem. They are called half metal ferromagnets. Because of the existence of a pseudo-gap in the minority spin channel at the Fermi energy, these compounds show a 100% spin polarization and an extremely low magnetic damping. In theory, some Heusler, such as Co1.5Fe1.5Ge and Co2MnSi, possess theses properties if they crystallize in the good crystallographic phase. In practice, there is strong indication of this behavior by mean of indirect techniques. However, no direct evidence of this pseudo-gap has been observed. It is in this context that this thesis is. After having determined growth conditions of Co1.5Fe1.5Ge, by mean of several techniques and especially by anomalous diffraction, we determined the complete chemical order which is the one we were looking for. Magnetic properties measurements show results in agreement with the theory. But the use of this compound in magnetic tunnel junctions shows low tunnel magnetoresistance. Spin resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements explain very well these results. In the same spirit, we started to study Co2MnSi which seems more promising as this pseudo-gap and low magnetic damping have been observed

Du fait de leur facilité de fabrication et de leurs propriétés physiques uniques, les nanofils (NFs) de semi-conducteurs présentent des potentialités d’application importantes elles pouvaient être comme briques élémentaires de nombreux dispositifs nano- et opto-électroniques. Différents procédés de fabrication ont été développés pour fabriquer et organiser ces nanofils en épitaxie sur silicium. Cependant, un des principaux problèmes réside dans le manque de reproductibilité des NFs produits naturellement. Pour obtenir un meilleur contrôle de leur périodicité, localisation, forme et taille, différents types de gravure ont été mis au point. Aujourd’hui, des incertitudes importantes persistent quant à leurs propriétés fondamentales, en raison d’un manque de corrélation entre les propriétés électroniques et optiques et les détails microscopiques (composition, structure, chimie ...etc.). L’objectif de ce travail est de développer deux types de procédés de fabrication : le premier "top-down" est basé sur la nanogravure directe par faisceau d’ions focalisés (FIB)de couches bi-dimonsionnelles de SiGe. Ce procédé permet de contrôler la taille des NFs, les déformations, et leur localisation précise. Il permet de fabriquer des réseaux de larges piliers. Les NFs réalisés par cette technique sont peu denses et de diamètre important. Le second procédé est de type "Bottom-Up" ; il s’appuie sur la croissance VLS à partir de catalyseurs métalliques (AuSi). Les NFs réalisés ont étudiés à l’échelle locale afin de mesurer la taille moyenne de contrainte ainsi que leur effet sur le confinement quantique et sur la structure de bande des NFs. / SiGe/Si core/shell nanowires (NWs) and nanodots (NDs) are promising candidates for the future generation of optoelectronic devices. It was demonstrated that the SiGe/Si heterostructure composition, interface geometry, size and aspect ratios can be used to tune the electronic properties of the nanowires. Compared to pure Si or Ge nanowires, the core-shell structures and exhibit extended number of potential configurations to modulate the band gap by the intrinsic strain. Moreover, the epitaxial strain and the band-offsets produce a better conductance and higher mobility of charge carriers. Recent calculations reported that by varying the core-shell aspect ratio could induce an indirect to direct band gap transition. One of the best configurations giving direct allowed transitions consists of a thin Si core embedded within wide Ge shell. The Germanium condensation technique is able to provide high Ge content (> 50%) shell with Si core whom thickness of core and shell can be accurately tuned. The aim of this work is to develop two types of synthesis processes: the first "top-down" will be based on direct nanoetching by focused ion beam (FIB) of 2D SiGe layer. This process allows the control of the size of NWs, and their precise location. The NWs achieved by this technique are not very dense and have a large diameter. The second processes called "bottom-up"; are based on the VLS growth of NWs from metal catalysts (AuSi). Grown NWs have been studied locally in order to measure the mean size and the strain and their effects on the quantum confinement and band structure of NWs.

L'objectif de cette thèse, réalisée dans le cadre du contrat européen Senshy, était la réalisation de diodes laser émettant dans le moyen infrarouge (de 3,0 à 3,4 µm). Ces diodes sont destinées à intégrer des détecteurs et des systèmes d'analyse de gaz basés sur le principe de la spectroscopie d'absorption (TDLAS) pour la détection des alcanes (méthane, éthane, propane) et des alcènes (acétylène). Les structures à puits quantiques de type I ont été réalisées par épitaxie par jets moléculaires sur GaSb.Bien qu'ayant d'excellentes performances dans la gamme 2,0-3,0 µm, les lasers GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb montrent rapidement leurs limites en franchissant la frontière des 3 µm (la longueur d'onde la plus haute atteinte avec un tel composant est de 3,04 µm en continu à 20°C). Cette situation était d'autant plus regrettable que plusieurs gaz ont leurs raies d'absorption au-delà de 3 µm : le méthane par exemple a un pic d'absorption à 3,26 µm 40 fois plus fort que celui à 2,31 µm. En remplaçant le quaternaire AlGaAsSb par le quinaire AlGaInAsSb, nous avons montré que l'on pouvait améliorer l'efficacité quantique interne et avons obtenu des densités de courant de seuil à 2,6, 3,0 et 3,3 µm qui pouvaient être comparées favorablement aux précédents records à ces longueurs d'onde (respectivement, 142 A/cm², 255 A/cm² et 827 A/cm²).Les diodes laser DFB fabriquées à partir des structures epitaxiées ont permis d'atteindre l'émission laser à température ambiante en continu à 3,06 µm avec un caratère mono-fréquence (SMSR supérieur à 30 dB) et un courant de seuil de 54 mA. À 3,3 µm, les diodes DFB fonctionnent en continu jusqu'à 18°C avec un SMSR > 30dB et un courant de seuil de 140 mA. Finalement, ces diodes ont été intégrées dans un système d'analyse de gaz et ont permis d'atteindre une limite de concentration du méthane de 100 ppbv soit 17 fois moins que la concentration du méthane dans l'air ambiant. / The objective of this thesis, conducted as part of the European contract Senshy, was the realization of laser diodes emitting in the mid-infrared range (from 3.0 to 3.4 µm). These devices are to be integrated into detectors and gas analysis systems based on the principle of absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS). for the detection of alkanes (methane, ethane, propane) and of alkenes (acetylene). The quantum well type-I structures were made by molecular epitaxy on GaSb. Despite having excellent performance in the 2 to 3 µm range, GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb quantum well lasers rapidly show their limits when crossing the 3 µm barrier (the highest wavelength reached with such a device was 3.04 µm under cw operation at 20°C). This situation was all the more regrettable because several gases have their strongest absorption lines in the 3 to 4 µm range: methane, for example, has a peak of absorption at 3.26 µm overhanging a weaker peak at 2.31 µm by a factor 40. By replacing the quaternary AlGaAsSb by the quinary AlGaInAsSb, we have shown that the internal efficiency could be improved and we have obtained threshold current densities at 2.6 , 3.0 and 3,3 µm that could be favourably compared to the previous records at these wavelengths (respectively, 142 A/cm², 255 A/cm² and 827 A/cm²).DFB laser diodes made from the epitaxial structures were operated at room temperature in the continuous wave regime at 3.06 µm with a single-frequency emission (SMSR greater than 30dB) and a threshold current of 54 mA. At 3.3 µm, DFB devices were operated in cw up to 18 ° C with a SMSR > 30 dB and a current threshold of 140 mA. Eventually, these devices were integrated into a gas analysis system and allowed to reach a concentration limit of 100 ppbv of methane, i.e. 17 times less than the concentration of methane in the air.