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Temporal trend research in some components of health-related physical fitness and activity among young people is lacking. However, the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in young people over the last couple decades has created speculation of secular deterioration in health-related physical fitness and activity. In an effort to address the speculation, this research project compared health-related physical fitness and activity between two groups of children: Old Order Mennonite children in southwestern Ontario (n = 124; aged 9.1 to 13.8 years), who live an agrarian lifestyle which does not include motorized transportation, computer use, or television viewing and rural children in central Saskatchewan (n = 165; aged 8.8 to 13.2 years), who live a contemporary Canadian lifestyle. The Canadian Physical Activity, Fitness, and Lifestyle Appraisal (CPAFLA) was used to measure health-related physical fitness. The CPAFLA is a battery of tests measuring anthropometry (standing height, body mass, skinfolds, and waist girth), cardiorespiratory endurance (step test), and musculoskeletal fitness (handgrip strength, push-ups, partial curl-ups, and trunk forward flexion). Physical activity was measured on seven consecutive days using the Model AM7164 activity monitor. The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) was also employed. The PAQ-C is a guided, self-administered seven-day recall questionnaire, which assesses general levels of physical activity in schoolchildren of grades four to eight during the school year. With biological age as a covariate, univariate and multivariate analyses of covariance were used to compare health-related physical fitness and activity between groups respectively. Old Order Mennonite children evinced greater mean handgrip strength (p < 0.0001) and rural Saskatchewan children demonstrated greater mean trunk forward flexion (p < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences between groups in the other health-related physical fitness variables. Old Order Mennonite children had significantly greater mean activity counts·min-1 (p < 0.001), mean activity counts·day-1 (p < 0.0001), and mean minutes of moderate physical activity·day-1 (p < 0.0001). Collectively, these results suggest that Old Order Mennonite children have greater static strength and are more physically active than rural Saskatchewan children. Assuming that Old Order Mennonite children represent Canadian children from previous generations, these results may lend support to secular deterioration in some aspects of health-related physical fitness and activity among Canadian children.

Temporal trend research in some components of health-related physical fitness and activity among young people is lacking. However, the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in young people over the last couple decades has created speculation of secular deterioration in health-related physical fitness and activity. In an effort to address the speculation, this research project compared health-related physical fitness and activity between two groups of children: Old Order Mennonite children in southwestern Ontario (n = 124; aged 9.1 to 13.8 years), who live an agrarian lifestyle which does not include motorized transportation, computer use, or television viewing and rural children in central Saskatchewan (n = 165; aged 8.8 to 13.2 years), who live a contemporary Canadian lifestyle. The Canadian Physical Activity, Fitness, and Lifestyle Appraisal (CPAFLA) was used to measure health-related physical fitness. The CPAFLA is a battery of tests measuring anthropometry (standing height, body mass, skinfolds, and waist girth), cardiorespiratory endurance (step test), and musculoskeletal fitness (handgrip strength, push-ups, partial curl-ups, and trunk forward flexion). Physical activity was measured on seven consecutive days using the Model AM7164 activity monitor. The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) was also employed. The PAQ-C is a guided, self-administered seven-day recall questionnaire, which assesses general levels of physical activity in schoolchildren of grades four to eight during the school year. With biological age as a covariate, univariate and multivariate analyses of covariance were used to compare health-related physical fitness and activity between groups respectively. Old Order Mennonite children evinced greater mean handgrip strength (p < 0.0001) and rural Saskatchewan children demonstrated greater mean trunk forward flexion (p < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences between groups in the other health-related physical fitness variables. Old Order Mennonite children had significantly greater mean activity counts·min-1 (p < 0.001), mean activity counts·day-1 (p < 0.0001), and mean minutes of moderate physical activity·day-1 (p < 0.0001). Collectively, these results suggest that Old Order Mennonite children have greater static strength and are more physically active than rural Saskatchewan children. Assuming that Old Order Mennonite children represent Canadian children from previous generations, these results may lend support to secular deterioration in some aspects of health-related physical fitness and activity among Canadian children.

The dissemination of monastic culture int he Grand Duchy of Lithuania had a profound effect on the country’s cultural life. By the seventeenth century quite a few Christian religious orders had sent their members to settle here. Since the Christianization of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1387 monastics became instrumental in creating, preserving and enhancing the institutions of religious and secular learning and in transmitting Western cultural goods, artefacts, and intellectual skills. When the first Franciscan and Dominican friars settled in the territory of pagan Lithuania in the beginning of the thirteenth century, they sought acceptance within the local society and laid foundation for the arrival of Roman Catholic Church in theselands. The official Christianization of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania led to even more active expansion of monastic networks and activities. The latter extended to various domains of culture and social life, catering to theneedsofdifferentclasses. Living in isolated communities, some of them under a strict rule,monks and mendicant friars were harbingers of Western civilization in many areas of the country’s life (like medicine, agronomy, gastronomy) and social domains, including learning and arts.

This thesis approaches the question of how nominal compounds as linguistic means contribute to the construction of cultural meaning within the framework of knowledge transfer in the medieval monastic school. The starting point for the study is the semiotic definition of culture, which sees culture as shared models for perceiving, relating and interpreting among members of a social group. Language is seen as the place where cultural meaning is constructed and manifests itself in significant patterns, i.e., patterns of language usage that have meaning due to the fact that they are patterns. The central objective of this study is to reveal such patterns in nominal compounds drawn from Old High German (or rather bilingual hybrid) adaptations of Latin school texts translated, or adapted by Notker III (Labeo). Focus is placed on newly formed compounds, as well as compounds that differ distinctively from their Latin models. Methodologically this study combines the morphosemantic analysis of nominal compounds with a hermeneutic approach interpreting compounds in their textual and cultural context. Three significant patterns were established: (1) explication of implied meaning, (2) summary of complex expressions, and (3) explanatory translation. The first pattern can be observed in cases where the power of compounds to give additional information was utilised, e.g., in order to ensure a certain interpretation of a metaphorical expression. The second pattern demonstrates the capacity of compounds to refer to more complex concepts, expressing underlying syntactic constructions in a more memorisable manner. Finally, recourse was taken to explanatory translation in order to make the concept easier to understand. The three patterns are not necessarily the only patterns used by Notker III (Labeo); rather they are to be seen as an exemplification of the potential of nominal compounds for meaning construction.

A propósito do valor histórico e da importância da Biblioteca do Mosteiro de São Bento de São Paulo pela conservação de um singular patrimônio bibliográfico, pretendemos compreender fragmentos de sua história a partir da bibliografia histórica e da cultura monástica entre livros, leituras e bibliotecas. Para tanto, a pesquisa se desenvolveu em três linhas de investigação: a primeira, a análise de obras e de documentos que nos permitiram resgatar aspectos históricos e culturais que proporcionaram a formação da Biblioteca- Livraria no contexto do monaquismo beneditino; a segunda, o estudo da bibliografia histórica e da cultura monástica de livros e de leitores em uma perspectiva de longa duração e dialética com a Biblioteca-Livraria e a sua Coleção de Livros Antigos; e a terceira, a elaboração do Catálogo da Coleção de Livros Antigos da Biblioteca-Livraria do Mosteiro e a identificação de alguns de seus objetos bibliográficos, assim como dos princípios de organização destes. A partir do estudo realizado, entendemos que entre os monges beneditinos sempre houve diversos sinais de uma reflexão e orientação profunda a respeito de bibliotecas e de livros e que a própria Biblioteca-Livraria é reflexo da mentalidade beneditina e emblema mesmo da instituição monástica, de modo que os aspectos espirituais, históricos e culturais do monaquismo beneditino constituem elementos configuradores das etapas de formação de sua identidade bibliográfica e informacional. / Concerning the historical significance of the Library of Saint Benedicts Monastery of São Paulo in its conservation of a unique bibliographical heritage we intend to understand fragments of its history. Our approach is from a point of view of the historical bibliography and the monastic culture found in books, readings and libraries. Within that framework, the research was developed along three lines of investigation: the first one, the analysis of books and documents that allow us to rescue the cultural and historical aspects that provided for the formation of the Old Library in the context of Benedictine monasticism; the second, the study of the historical bibliography and the monastic culture of books and readers from a long term and dialectic perspective with the Old Library and its Old Books Collection; and the third, the elaboration of a Catalogue of the Old Books Collection of the Monasterys Old Library and the identification of some of its bibliographical objects, as well as the principles of their organization. We understand, from the research we conducted, that among the Benedictines there has always been various signs of reflection and profound orientation regarding libraries and books and that the Old Library itself is a consequence of the Benedictine mind-set and an emblem of the monastic institution, so that the spiritual, historical and cultural aspects of the Benedictine monasticism constitute elements of the phases of formation of its bibliographical and informational identity.

A propósito do valor histórico e da importância da Biblioteca do Mosteiro de São Bento de São Paulo pela conservação de um singular patrimônio bibliográfico, pretendemos compreender fragmentos de sua história a partir da bibliografia histórica e da cultura monástica entre livros, leituras e bibliotecas. Para tanto, a pesquisa se desenvolveu em três linhas de investigação: a primeira, a análise de obras e de documentos que nos permitiram resgatar aspectos históricos e culturais que proporcionaram a formação da Biblioteca- Livraria no contexto do monaquismo beneditino; a segunda, o estudo da bibliografia histórica e da cultura monástica de livros e de leitores em uma perspectiva de longa duração e dialética com a Biblioteca-Livraria e a sua Coleção de Livros Antigos; e a terceira, a elaboração do Catálogo da Coleção de Livros Antigos da Biblioteca-Livraria do Mosteiro e a identificação de alguns de seus objetos bibliográficos, assim como dos princípios de organização destes. A partir do estudo realizado, entendemos que entre os monges beneditinos sempre houve diversos sinais de uma reflexão e orientação profunda a respeito de bibliotecas e de livros e que a própria Biblioteca-Livraria é reflexo da mentalidade beneditina e emblema mesmo da instituição monástica, de modo que os aspectos espirituais, históricos e culturais do monaquismo beneditino constituem elementos configuradores das etapas de formação de sua identidade bibliográfica e informacional. / Concerning the historical significance of the Library of Saint Benedicts Monastery of São Paulo in its conservation of a unique bibliographical heritage we intend to understand fragments of its history. Our approach is from a point of view of the historical bibliography and the monastic culture found in books, readings and libraries. Within that framework, the research was developed along three lines of investigation: the first one, the analysis of books and documents that allow us to rescue the cultural and historical aspects that provided for the formation of the Old Library in the context of Benedictine monasticism; the second, the study of the historical bibliography and the monastic culture of books and readers from a long term and dialectic perspective with the Old Library and its Old Books Collection; and the third, the elaboration of a Catalogue of the Old Books Collection of the Monasterys Old Library and the identification of some of its bibliographical objects, as well as the principles of their organization. We understand, from the research we conducted, that among the Benedictines there has always been various signs of reflection and profound orientation regarding libraries and books and that the Old Library itself is a consequence of the Benedictine mind-set and an emblem of the monastic institution, so that the spiritual, historical and cultural aspects of the Benedictine monasticism constitute elements of the phases of formation of its bibliographical and informational identity.