Notre thèse vise deux domaines inter reliés des marchés taux de change en se référant particulièrement à un marché émergent qui est le Pakistan. Ces domaines sont le rôle et l'efficacité de l'intervention orale sur le marché des changes étrangers et le régime "de facto" adopté par le pays. Nous avons collecté une base de données complète des rapports, des communiqués de presse fournis par des autorités pakistanaises et d'autres informations, qui pourraient affecter le taux de change de la roupie pakistanaise contre le dollar US. Pour étudier l'efficacité de la stratégie d'intervention orale de l'autorité monétaire pakistanaise, nous avons appliqué l'approche d'étude d'évènement couramment utilisée dans la littérature. Nous avons analysé les effets des évènements de l'intervention orale en utilisant un test de signe non-paramétrique basé sur différents critères d'évaluation. Cette efficacité a été observée sur le niveau et la volatilité du taux de change sur le marché de changes officiel. Toutefois, cette thèse présente un aspect intéressant qui concerne le fait que nous avons également examiné les effets des évènements d'une intervention orale sur le prix de change au marché parallèle. L'approche mentionnée ci-dessus a été employée pour examiner les effets de l'intervention orale sur la prime, le taux et la volatilité du marché parallèle. La thèse étudie également le régime de facto du taux de change du Pakistan. Pour étudier le régime de facto du taux de change de ce pays, nous avons utilisé un panier de devises et nous nous sommes placé dans un contexte de "exchange market pressure". Nous avons également examiné l'impact de deux ensembles différents de devises (régional et du Moyen-Orient) sur la roupie pakistanaise. Enfin, le modèle structural de Bai et de Perron a été appliqué pour obtenir la coupure de la série de données de l'échantillon. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que l'intervention orale demeure efficace pour le niveau et la volatilité du taux de change sur le marché de changes officiel. Un résultat intéressant ressort de cette étude qui stipule que les efforts d'une intervention orale sont également réussis; ils permettent d'influencer la prime et la volatilité du marché parallèle dans le sens désiré. La comparaison entre les régimes de change suivis par le pays, de jure ( flottant contrôlé) ou de facto (fixé par rapport au dollar), révèle des disparités pour une grande partie de la période d'étude. / The thesis targets two inter related areas of the foreign exchange market with special references to an emerging economy, Pakistan. These areas are the role and effectiveness of oral intervention in the foreign exchange market and de facto exchange rate regime followed by the country. We collected a comprehensive database of statements, press releases by paskistani authorities and other news, which could affect the exchange rate of the pakistani rupee against the US dollar. We applied the event stydy approach , widely used in the available literature, to investigate the effectiveness of the oral intervention strategy of pakistani monetary authority. We analyzed the effects of the oral intervention events using a non-parametric sign test based on different evaluation criteria. This effectiveness was observed on the exchange rate level and volatility in the official currency market. Whereas, an interesting aspect of the thesis is that we also examined the affects of these oral inetrvention events on the exchange rate of the parallele currency market. The aforementioned approach was used to examined the affects of the oral intervention on the parallel market premium, rate and volatility. The thesis also investigated the de facto exchange rate regime of Pakistan. We used the "currency basket" and "exchange market pressure" framework to investigate the de facto exchange rate regime of the country. The impact of two different sets of currencies (i.e. regional and Middle Eastern) was also observed on the pakistani rupee. Finally, the Bai and Perron structural break model was applied to obtain the break points in the sample data. The results obtained indicate that the oral intervention remained effective for both the exchange rate level and volatility in the official currency market. Interestingly, these oral intervention efforts wrere also successful in influencing the parallel market premium and volatility in the desired direction. Regarding the exchange rate regime followed by the country, a gap was observed in the de jure (managed float) and de facto (dollar peg) exchange rate regime of the country for most part of the sample period covered.

This thesis at the theoretical level deals with possible alternatives of two-tier banking system with the central bank. Then in details it describes the analysis of one of them -- currency board. The application section focuses on three completely different countries that have been met with this system and have been strongly influenced by it. It is meant: European country Estonia, Latin American Argentina and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. This submitted work analyzes each currency board separately, discusses the economic situation before and after its implementation and also outlines the current developments in the economy. At the conclusion, there is their comparison and evaluation of the success of the currency boards.

Esta tese analisa o processo decisório legislativo nos casos da criação e reforma do BACEN e do CMN em 1964 e 1994, ocorridos no âmbito de planos exitosos de combate à inflação (PAEG e Plano Real, respectivamente). A definição de um formato institucional para a autoridade monetária é uma escolha dos legisladores em termos da produção da política pública de responsabilidade daqueles órgãos, que em ambos os casos foi importante na busca da estabilidade de preços. A partir da Teoria Política Formal utilizaram-se dados primários e fontes secundárias para construir modelo e hipóteses que consideraram as dimensões de interesse geral (combate à inflação) e de políticas particularistas/distributivistas (crédito rural e representação privada no CMN). Concluiu-se que em ambos os processos a iniciativa do Poder Executivo foi fundamental para o resultado final, contudo, em ambas as situações, mesmo durante o ano de 1964 (período militar), o Legislativo teve papel relevante na definição do formato final de ambas as decisões. No primeiro caso houve uma barganha entre os Poderes Executivo e Legislativo para aprovação da proposta, que envolveu concessões no sentido de garantir representação privada no CMN e a institucionalização do crédito rural. No segundo caso o uso da Medida Provisória caracterizou uma forma diferente de coordenação entre os poderes, em que a MP atuou para diminuir a incerteza em relação aos resultados do plano e às alterações na composição do CMN e assim permitir a aprovação da matéria. Os resultados da tese, favorecidos pela comparação de dois períodos diversos do sistema político brasileiro, colaboram com a análise das relações Executivo-Legislativo, sobretudo ao valorizar os instrumentos legislativos do Presidente da República e a forma de equacionamento da incerteza nos processos decisórios. Ainda, permite-se um maior conhecimento da realidade legislativa durante o ano de 1964, quando, ao menos para a Reforma Bancária, não se pode falar de solapamento dos poderes e prerrogativas do Congresso Nacional pelo governo militar. / This thesis analysis two legislative decision making process that created and reformed BACEN and CMN in 1964 and 1994, occasions of successful economic stabilization plans (respectively PAEG and Plano Real). The institutional form of the monetary authority represents a political choice to perform certain public policies, what was important to achieve price stabilization in both cases. A model based on Analytical Theory was build and it used primary data and bibliographical sources to test hypothesis. The model and its hypothesis considered general interests (stabilized prices) and particularistic interests (private representation at the monetary authority and loans to agricultural activities). Results showed that the Executive Branch was important when initiate both legislative process, however, the Legislative Branch was important too, even during the Military Government initiated in april 1964. In the first case Executive and Legislative branches swap support, when Executive Branch conquered a new format to monetary authority and Parliament got private representation in the CMN and the building of the rural credit policy. In the second case, the use of provisional decree (Medida Provisória) made results of stabilization process and CMN reform safer, what could coordinate Executive and Legislative branches in a different way and put the Parliament pro-reform. The thesis results are important comparing two periods of Brazilian political system, which improves the knowledge about Executive-Legislative relations. Legislative instruments of Executive Branch and the management of uncertainty are central elements in this comparison. Besides, the thesis increases the knowledge about Brazilian Congress during the first year of Military Government, showing that for Bank Reform Parliament was important and could influence the institutional format of the monetary authority.

Esta tese analisa o processo decisório legislativo nos casos da criação e reforma do BACEN e do CMN em 1964 e 1994, ocorridos no âmbito de planos exitosos de combate à inflação (PAEG e Plano Real, respectivamente). A definição de um formato institucional para a autoridade monetária é uma escolha dos legisladores em termos da produção da política pública de responsabilidade daqueles órgãos, que em ambos os casos foi importante na busca da estabilidade de preços. A partir da Teoria Política Formal utilizaram-se dados primários e fontes secundárias para construir modelo e hipóteses que consideraram as dimensões de interesse geral (combate à inflação) e de políticas particularistas/distributivistas (crédito rural e representação privada no CMN). Concluiu-se que em ambos os processos a iniciativa do Poder Executivo foi fundamental para o resultado final, contudo, em ambas as situações, mesmo durante o ano de 1964 (período militar), o Legislativo teve papel relevante na definição do formato final de ambas as decisões. No primeiro caso houve uma barganha entre os Poderes Executivo e Legislativo para aprovação da proposta, que envolveu concessões no sentido de garantir representação privada no CMN e a institucionalização do crédito rural. No segundo caso o uso da Medida Provisória caracterizou uma forma diferente de coordenação entre os poderes, em que a MP atuou para diminuir a incerteza em relação aos resultados do plano e às alterações na composição do CMN e assim permitir a aprovação da matéria. Os resultados da tese, favorecidos pela comparação de dois períodos diversos do sistema político brasileiro, colaboram com a análise das relações Executivo-Legislativo, sobretudo ao valorizar os instrumentos legislativos do Presidente da República e a forma de equacionamento da incerteza nos processos decisórios. Ainda, permite-se um maior conhecimento da realidade legislativa durante o ano de 1964, quando, ao menos para a Reforma Bancária, não se pode falar de solapamento dos poderes e prerrogativas do Congresso Nacional pelo governo militar. / This thesis analysis two legislative decision making process that created and reformed BACEN and CMN in 1964 and 1994, occasions of successful economic stabilization plans (respectively PAEG and Plano Real). The institutional form of the monetary authority represents a political choice to perform certain public policies, what was important to achieve price stabilization in both cases. A model based on Analytical Theory was build and it used primary data and bibliographical sources to test hypothesis. The model and its hypothesis considered general interests (stabilized prices) and particularistic interests (private representation at the monetary authority and loans to agricultural activities). Results showed that the Executive Branch was important when initiate both legislative process, however, the Legislative Branch was important too, even during the Military Government initiated in april 1964. In the first case Executive and Legislative branches swap support, when Executive Branch conquered a new format to monetary authority and Parliament got private representation in the CMN and the building of the rural credit policy. In the second case, the use of provisional decree (Medida Provisória) made results of stabilization process and CMN reform safer, what could coordinate Executive and Legislative branches in a different way and put the Parliament pro-reform. The thesis results are important comparing two periods of Brazilian political system, which improves the knowledge about Executive-Legislative relations. Legislative instruments of Executive Branch and the management of uncertainty are central elements in this comparison. Besides, the thesis increases the knowledge about Brazilian Congress during the first year of Military Government, showing that for Bank Reform Parliament was important and could influence the institutional format of the monetary authority.