Trata-se de estudo comparativo para avaliar a atividade dos medicamentos nimesulida, Arnica TM, Arnica 6CH comparados com H2O no tratamento da Doença Periodontal experimental induzida por ligadura em ratos. Esta doença se caracteriza por processo inflamatório que pode evoluir até ao ligamento periodontal e tecido ósseo provocando perda óssea. Mediadores produzidos pelo hospedeiro e substâncias do biofilme são responsáveis pelos danos que podem levar até a perda do elemento dentário. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver estudo exploratório descritivo para analisar, aprofundar e comparar os efeitos das medicações citadas, investigando possíveis inovações no tratamento da doença periodontal. A metodologia consistiu em: 1) colocação, sob anestesia, da ligadura no primeiro molar inferior esquerdo. 2) administração diária por gavagem de H2O (controle) (1&#x3BC;l/g), nimesulida (1&#x3BC;l/g, de uma suspensão com 5mg/ml), Arnica TM (8&#x3BC;l/300g) ou Arnica 6CH (3,21&#x3BC;l/300g) durante 14, 21 e 28 dias a quatro grupos de ratos Wistar (n=30/ grupo); 3) eutanásia e coleta de material para análises histológica, da perda óssea e RT-PCR (alvos: TNF-&#x3B1;, COX-2, IL-6, OPG e RANKL); 4) análise estatística paramétrica realizada por ANOVA a um ou dois critérios, seguida do teste de Tukey, ou por análise não paramétrica por Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do método de Dunns, nível de significância de 5%. Quanto à perda óssea, não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos e nenhum dos tratamentos foi capaz de contê-la. Os escores para o infiltrado inflamatório não mostraram diferença significativa entre os grupos nos períodos estudados. Quanto ao escore geral, que envolve intensidade do infiltrado inflamatório, migração do epitélio juncional, integridade do cemento e da crista óssea alveolar, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos nos períodos. Na expressão do RNAm para as citocinas vimos para o TNF-&#x3B1; não haver diferença significativa entre os grupos, quando se analisou isoladamente os períodos de 14 e 28 dias. No entanto, no período de 21 dias, houve redução significativa no grupo nimesulida comparado ao grupo Arnica 6CH (&#x2217;p<0,05). Para a COX-2, não houve diferença significativa quanto à expressão do RNAm entre os grupos, analisando isoladamente cada período de estudo, sendo nítida a redução desta expressão no grupo Arnica 6CH em todos os períodos; para a IL-6, OPG e RANKL não houve diferença significativa quanto à expressão do RNAm entre os grupos nos períodos estudados. No entanto, no grupo Arnica 6CH nota-se tendência nítida para o aumento da expressão do RNAm para OPG, ao longo do tempo. Comparando com o grupo H2O a ação de cada medicamento quanto à expressão do RNAm para todas as citocinas, considerando o conjunto dos 3 períodos, vê-se redução significativa para a expressão de RNAm para COX-2 e RANKL após o tratamento com Arnica 6CH (&#x2217;p<0,05). O mesmo pode ser visto para a nimesulida quando se estuda a expressão do RNAm para RANKL (&#x2217;p<0,05). No estudo ficaram destacados os efeitos biológicos da Arnica 6CH sobre a leitura e transcrição do DNA, notadamente sobre genes relacionados à perda óssea, o que vislumbra a possibilidade de sua utilização terapêutica. / This is a comparative study to evaluate the activity of nimesulide medicines, Arnica TM, Arnica 6CH compared with H2O in the treatment of experimental periodontal disease induced by ligation in rats. This disease is characterized by an inflammatory process that may progress to the periodontal ligament and bone tissue leading to bone loss. Mediators produced by the host and biofilm substances are responsible for the damage that can lead to tooth loss. The aim of this exploratory and descriptive study was to analyze, deepen and compare the effects of the mentioned medications, investigating possible innovations in the treatment of periodontal disease. The methodology consisted of: 1) placing under anesthesia ligature in the first lower left molar. 2) daily administration by gavage H2O (control) (1&#x3BC;l/g), nimesulide (1&#x3BC;l/g, a suspension of 5 mg / ml), Arnica TM (8&#x3BC;l/300g) or Arnica 6CH (3,21&#x3BC;l/300g) for 14, 21 and 28 days to four groups of Wistar rats (n = 30 / group); 3) euthanasia and collection of material for histological, bone loss and RTPCRanalysis (targets: TNF-&#x3B1;, COX-2, IL-6, OPG and RANKL); 4) parametric statistical analysis performed by ANOVA to one or two criteria, followed by Tukey test, or nonparametric analysis by Kruskal-Wallis, followed by Dunns method, 5% significance level. Regarding the bone loss, there was no statistical difference between the groups and none of the treatments was able to contain it. The scores for the inflammatory infiltrate showed no significant difference between the groups in the study periods. Regarding the general score, which involves intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate, migration of the junctional epithelium integrity of the cement and the alveolar bone crest, there was no significant difference between groups in the periods. At the mRNA expression for the cytokines we saw for TNF-&#x3B1; no significant difference between groups when analyzed separately periods of 14 and 28 days. However, in the 21day period, there was significant reduction in nimesulide group compared to the Arnica 6CH group (&#x2217; p <0.05). For COX-2, there was no significant difference in mRNA expression between the groups, separately analyzing each study period, being sharper reduction of this expression in Arnica 6CH group in all periods; for IL-6, OPG and RANKL no significant difference in mRNA expression between the groups in the study periods. However, it is noted in the Arnica 6CH group a clear tendency to increase of the mRNA expression for OPG over time. Comparing with H2O group action of each medicine on the mRNA expression for all cytokines, considering the set of three periods, we see a significant reduction in mRNA expression for COX-2 and RANKL after treatment with Arnica 6CH (&#x2217; p <0.05). The same can be seen for nimesulide when studying the mRNA expression for RANKL (&#x2217; p <0.05). In the study were highlighted the biological effects of Arnica 6CH about reading and transcription of the DNA, notedly about genes related to bone loss, which envisions the possibility of its therapeutic use.

Darbo tikslas: įvertinti fermentuotų vaistinių – prieskoninių augalų panaudojimo galimybes vytintų vištienos produktų gamyboje. Šiuo tikslu atliktas vištienos krūtinėlės apdorojimas fermentuotais augaliniais produktais (Satureja montana; Satureja hortensis), fermentacija vykdyta pieno rūgšties bakterijomis (L. sakei; P. pentosaceus; P. acidilactici) taikant tradicinę ir kietafazę fermentacijos technologijas. Taip pat įvertinti vištienos mėginių technologiniai ir saugos rodikliai (sausosios medžiagos, virimo nuostoliai, švelnumas, vandens rišlumas, spalvų koordinatės, biogeninių aminų kiekis) bei pritaikytas nekontaktinis metodas akustiniu spektrometru vištienos kontrolei. Nustatyta, kad vištienos krūtinėlės, apdorotos fermentuotais augaliniais priedais, kokybės rodikliai ir spalvų koordinatės nevienareikšmiai priklauso nuo fermentacijai naudotų vaistinių − prieskoninių augalų porūšio, pieno rūgšties bakterijų rūšies ir fermentacijos technologijos. Taip pat, nustatyta koreliacija tarp praėjusio pro mėginį akustinio signalo amplitudės (Ap) verčių ir sausųjų medžiagų kiekio (r = 0,348) bei virimo nuostolių (r = 0,481), todėl galima teigti, kad akustinį metodą galima taikyti vištienos krūtinėlės kai kurių kokybės rodiklių analizei. L. sakei, P. acidilactici bei P. pentosaceus yra saugūs mikroorganizmai vištienos apdorojimui, nes toksinių histamino normų (10-40 mg histamino 100g produkto) neviršijo nei vienas tirtas vištienos mėginys. / This study was aimed at evaluating the possibilities of fermented savory plants usage in the manufacture of dried chicken products. In order to achieve this aim, the chicken breast was processed by fermented plant products (Satureja montana; Satureja hortensis), fermentation was carried out with lactic acid bacteria (L. sakei; P. pentosaceus; P. acidilactici) using traditional and solid-state fermentation technologies. Moreover, technological and safety parameters of the chicken samples were evaluated (dry matter, cooking losses, tenderness, water holding capacity, colour coordinates, amount of biogenic amines) and the non-contact method with acoustic spectrometer was applied for the control of the chicken parameters. It was determined that the quality parameters of the chicken breast, treated by using a plant supplement, ambiguously depend on savory herbs subspecies, lactic acid bacteria species, and fermentation technology. The acoustic method can be used for analysis of some quality parameters of the chicken breast. It was found correlation between the amplitude (Ap) values of acoustic signal and the dry matter content (r = 0,348) as well as cooking losses (r = 0,481). L. sakei, P. acidilactici, and P. pentosaceus are safe microorganisms for chicken processing since neither of the investigated chicken samples exceeded toxic histamine rates (10-40mg histamine per 100g product).

Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans un projet régional, initié par le Parc du Lubéron et en collaboration avec le Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et d'Ethnopharmacologie de l’Université de Marseille. Il avait pour objectif d'étudier la possibilité de domestiquer une plante sauvage, Inula montana L. (Asteraceae) connue dans la pharmacopée provençale pour ses effets anti traumatiques semblables à ceux d'Arnica montana L. et de la proposer comme nouvelle production agricole. Inula montana produit notamment des lactones sesquiterpènes, identifiées comme les métabolites secondaires responsables de ses aptitudes biologiques anti inflammatoires. Il s’est agit dans cette étude1) de déterminer les caractéristiques de croissance et de développement de la plante sauvage largement inconnue et d’identifier en conditions naturelles les facteurs les plus favorables à la production de métabolites secondaires, 2)d’étudier sa capacité à se multiplier végétativement in vitro et à former des cultures cellulaires aptes à synthétiser les molécules d’intérêt 3), de proposer un itinéraire technique applicable agronomiquement et 4) de tester les effets de divers facteurs environnementaux (fertilisation, apport de NaCl, modification du rythme circadien de l’éclairement,rayonnement UVB, ablation de feuilles, application de méthyl jasmonate ) sur la production qualitative et quantitative des lactones sesquiterpènes et des composés phénoliques. Les traits phénologiques de la plante sauvage sont impactés par l’altitude qui induit un retard dans la croissance végétative et la phase reproductrice ainsi que des modifications physiologiques et morphologiques. Les teneurs en métabolites secondaires (certaines lactones sesquiterpènes, les polyphénols totaux et flavonoïdes) varient en fonction de la saison et sont plus importantes dans le site qui présente les conditions climatiques les plus contraignantes du point de vue hydrique (sol drainant,température plus élevée et présence d’une période sèche en été). L’observation microscopique a indiqué la présence de deux types de trichomes : glandulaires (bisériés) et non glandulaires (des poils) qui sont potentiellement les structures porteuses des molécules d’intérêt. I. montana est apte à former des cals in vitro à partir d’explants racinaires, foliaires et caulinaires sur lesquels des pousses feuillées se forment. La domestication d’Inula a été réussie à partir de semences issues des plantes sauvages et en conditions agronomiques, les teneurs en lactones sesquiterpènes (costunolide, artémorine, eldarine et hydrocostunolide) et en composés phénoliques sont généralement plus élevées que chez les plantes sauvages. Les différentes contraintes appliquées pour tester les effets des facteurs environnementaux sur la production des métabolites ont montré : 1) qu’il ne peut pas être établi de corrélation entre la présence d’un stress oxydatif et une augmentation des teneurs en métabolites chez Inula 2) que l’accumulation des lactones et composés phénoliques semblent principalement favorisée lorsque la plante dispose d’un surplus de squelettes carbonés, non utilisés pour la croissance 3) enfin, les deux conditions les plus favorables à l’accumulation des métabolites chez Inula, sont : dans les feuilles, une alternance rapide de lumière et d’obscurité durant la photopériode et dans les capitules, l’application de méthyl jasmonate. Ce travail augure de bonnes perspectives en termes de valorisation d’Inula dans le secteur pharmaco-cosmétologique. Il reste à poursuivre la description du profil phytochimique de la plante et à localiser précisément les organes et/ou sous structures anatomiques concentrant les composés considérés. Ayant démontré que cette plante présente une bonne réponse à la domestication, il est également proposé de poursuivre l’étude des leviers environnementaux susceptibles d’influencer positivement et significativement le profil chimique d’Inula. / This thesis work is part of a regional project, initiated by the Luberon Park and in collaboration with the Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology of the University of Marseille. It aimed to study the possibility of domesticating a wild plant, Inula montana L. (Asteraceae) known in the Provençal pharmacopoeia for its anti-traumatic effects similar to those of Arnica montana L. and to propose it as a new agricultural production. Inula montana produces lactones sesquiterpenes, identified as the secondary metabolites responsible for its biological anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, 1) to determine the growth and development characteristics of the largely unknown wild plant and to identify under natural conditions the most favorable factors for the production of secondary metabolites, 2) to study its characteristics. ability to multiply vegetatively in vitro and to form cell cultures able to synthesize the molecules of interest 3), to propose an agronomically applicable technical itinerary and 4) to test the effects of various environmental factors (fertilization, NaCl supply, modification circadian rhythm of illumination, UVB radiation, ablation of leaves, application of methyl jasmonate) on the qualitative and quantitative production of sesquiterpene lactones and phenolic compounds. The phenological characteristics of the wild plant are impacted by the altitude which induces a delay in the vegetative growth and the reproductive phase as well as physiological and morphological modifications. Levels of secondary metabolites (certain sesquiterpene lactones, total polyphenols and flavonoids) vary according to the season and are more important in the site which has the most water-constraining climatic conditions (draining soil, higher temperature and presence of a dry period in summer). Microscopic observation indicated the presence of two types of trichomes: glandular (biseriate) and non-glandular (hair) which are potentially the carrying structures of the molecules of interest. I. montana is able to form calli in vitro from root, foliar and shoot explants on which leafy shoots are formed. The domestication of Inula has been successful from seed from wild plants and under agronomic conditions, sesquiterpene lactone (costunolide, artemorine, eldarin and hydrocostunolide) and phenolic compounds are generally higher than in wild plants. The different constraints applied to test the effects of environmental factors on the production of metabolites have shown: 1) that there can be no correlation between the presence of oxidative stress and an increase in metabolite levels in Inula 2) that the accumulation of lactones and phenolic compounds seems mainly favored when the plant has a surplus of carbon skeletons, not used for growth; 3) finally, the two most favorable conditions for the accumulation of metabolites in Inula, are: in the leaves, a rapid alternation of light and darkness during the photoperiod and in the flower heads, the application of methyl jasmonate. This work augurs good prospects in terms of valuation of Inula in the pharmaco-cosmetological sector. It remains to continue the description of the phytochemical profile of the plant and to precisely locate the organs and / or anatomical substructures concentrating the compounds in question. Having demonstrated that this plant has a good response to domestication, it is also proposed to continue the study of environmental levers likely to positively and significantly influence the chemical profile of Inula.

Trata-se de estudo comparativo para avaliar a atividade dos medicamentos nimesulida, Arnica TM, Arnica 6CH comparados com H2O no tratamento da Doença Periodontal experimental induzida por ligadura em ratos. Esta doença se caracteriza por processo inflamatório que pode evoluir até ao ligamento periodontal e tecido ósseo provocando perda óssea. Mediadores produzidos pelo hospedeiro e substâncias do biofilme são responsáveis pelos danos que podem levar até a perda do elemento dentário. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver estudo exploratório descritivo para analisar, aprofundar e comparar os efeitos das medicações citadas, investigando possíveis inovações no tratamento da doença periodontal. A metodologia consistiu em: 1) colocação, sob anestesia, da ligadura no primeiro molar inferior esquerdo. 2) administração diária por gavagem de H2O (controle) (1&#x3BC;l/g), nimesulida (1&#x3BC;l/g, de uma suspensão com 5mg/ml), Arnica TM (8&#x3BC;l/300g) ou Arnica 6CH (3,21&#x3BC;l/300g) durante 14, 21 e 28 dias a quatro grupos de ratos Wistar (n=30/ grupo); 3) eutanásia e coleta de material para análises histológica, da perda óssea e RT-PCR (alvos: TNF-&#x3B1;, COX-2, IL-6, OPG e RANKL); 4) análise estatística paramétrica realizada por ANOVA a um ou dois critérios, seguida do teste de Tukey, ou por análise não paramétrica por Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do método de Dunns, nível de significância de 5%. Quanto à perda óssea, não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos e nenhum dos tratamentos foi capaz de contê-la. Os escores para o infiltrado inflamatório não mostraram diferença significativa entre os grupos nos períodos estudados. Quanto ao escore geral, que envolve intensidade do infiltrado inflamatório, migração do epitélio juncional, integridade do cemento e da crista óssea alveolar, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos nos períodos. Na expressão do RNAm para as citocinas vimos para o TNF-&#x3B1; não haver diferença significativa entre os grupos, quando se analisou isoladamente os períodos de 14 e 28 dias. No entanto, no período de 21 dias, houve redução significativa no grupo nimesulida comparado ao grupo Arnica 6CH (&#x2217;p<0,05). Para a COX-2, não houve diferença significativa quanto à expressão do RNAm entre os grupos, analisando isoladamente cada período de estudo, sendo nítida a redução desta expressão no grupo Arnica 6CH em todos os períodos; para a IL-6, OPG e RANKL não houve diferença significativa quanto à expressão do RNAm entre os grupos nos períodos estudados. No entanto, no grupo Arnica 6CH nota-se tendência nítida para o aumento da expressão do RNAm para OPG, ao longo do tempo. Comparando com o grupo H2O a ação de cada medicamento quanto à expressão do RNAm para todas as citocinas, considerando o conjunto dos 3 períodos, vê-se redução significativa para a expressão de RNAm para COX-2 e RANKL após o tratamento com Arnica 6CH (&#x2217;p<0,05). O mesmo pode ser visto para a nimesulida quando se estuda a expressão do RNAm para RANKL (&#x2217;p<0,05). No estudo ficaram destacados os efeitos biológicos da Arnica 6CH sobre a leitura e transcrição do DNA, notadamente sobre genes relacionados à perda óssea, o que vislumbra a possibilidade de sua utilização terapêutica. / This is a comparative study to evaluate the activity of nimesulide medicines, Arnica TM, Arnica 6CH compared with H2O in the treatment of experimental periodontal disease induced by ligation in rats. This disease is characterized by an inflammatory process that may progress to the periodontal ligament and bone tissue leading to bone loss. Mediators produced by the host and biofilm substances are responsible for the damage that can lead to tooth loss. The aim of this exploratory and descriptive study was to analyze, deepen and compare the effects of the mentioned medications, investigating possible innovations in the treatment of periodontal disease. The methodology consisted of: 1) placing under anesthesia ligature in the first lower left molar. 2) daily administration by gavage H2O (control) (1&#x3BC;l/g), nimesulide (1&#x3BC;l/g, a suspension of 5 mg / ml), Arnica TM (8&#x3BC;l/300g) or Arnica 6CH (3,21&#x3BC;l/300g) for 14, 21 and 28 days to four groups of Wistar rats (n = 30 / group); 3) euthanasia and collection of material for histological, bone loss and RTPCRanalysis (targets: TNF-&#x3B1;, COX-2, IL-6, OPG and RANKL); 4) parametric statistical analysis performed by ANOVA to one or two criteria, followed by Tukey test, or nonparametric analysis by Kruskal-Wallis, followed by Dunns method, 5% significance level. Regarding the bone loss, there was no statistical difference between the groups and none of the treatments was able to contain it. The scores for the inflammatory infiltrate showed no significant difference between the groups in the study periods. Regarding the general score, which involves intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate, migration of the junctional epithelium integrity of the cement and the alveolar bone crest, there was no significant difference between groups in the periods. At the mRNA expression for the cytokines we saw for TNF-&#x3B1; no significant difference between groups when analyzed separately periods of 14 and 28 days. However, in the 21day period, there was significant reduction in nimesulide group compared to the Arnica 6CH group (&#x2217; p <0.05). For COX-2, there was no significant difference in mRNA expression between the groups, separately analyzing each study period, being sharper reduction of this expression in Arnica 6CH group in all periods; for IL-6, OPG and RANKL no significant difference in mRNA expression between the groups in the study periods. However, it is noted in the Arnica 6CH group a clear tendency to increase of the mRNA expression for OPG over time. Comparing with H2O group action of each medicine on the mRNA expression for all cytokines, considering the set of three periods, we see a significant reduction in mRNA expression for COX-2 and RANKL after treatment with Arnica 6CH (&#x2217; p <0.05). The same can be seen for nimesulide when studying the mRNA expression for RANKL (&#x2217; p <0.05). In the study were highlighted the biological effects of Arnica 6CH about reading and transcription of the DNA, notedly about genes related to bone loss, which envisions the possibility of its therapeutic use.

Orientador: George John Shepherd / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T22:19:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Meireles_LeonardoDias_D.pdf: 52013493 bytes, checksum: d5034b3efafae60949067d81a6753f38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A Serra Fina é o nome de umas das áreas da Serra da Mantiqueira Meridional, uma cadeia montanhosa na divisa geográfica entre Minas Gerais, São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro, sudeste do Brasil. A Serra Fina compreende um dos maciços de rochas alcalinas que forma uma das áreas de maior altitude dessa região com mais de 2.500 metros de altitude em vários locais. Ela apresenta um destacado gradiente altitudinal que permite a ocorrência de diferentes formações vegetacionais altimontanas. Sua vegetação apresenta-se ainda relativamente conservada, mas pouquíssimo conhecida. Nós objetivamos analisar a composição florística de suas formações vegetacionais altimontanas, descrever a estrutura fitossociológica das florestas nebulares, verificar a similaridade dessa floresta com outras florestas montanas brasileiras e verificar como mudanças climáticas quaternárias influenciaram a distribuição geográfica das espécies que as compõem. Nos campos de altitude, matas de candeias e nas florestas nebulares foram coletadas 393 espécies das quais sete são provavelmente novas para a ciência. As famílias Asteraceae, Poaceae, Melastomataceae, Rubiaceae, Cyperaceae, Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Orchidaceae e Ericaceae apresentaram as maiores riquezas específicas. Duas espécies novas da família Asteraceae restritas aos campos de altitude acima de 2.500 metros de altitude foram descritas e ilustradas e as demais necessitam de estudos detalhados por especialistas. A riqueza específica amostrada denota a importância das áreas de altitude na diversidade da Floresta Atlântica e denotam a importância fitogeográfica da Serra Fina por apresentar um grande número de espécies endêmicas ou com distribuição geográfica restrita e comportar espécies com fortes relações com a flora dos Andes, oeste da América do Sul. As florestas apresentaram características típicas de florestas nebulares como menor riqueza, elevada densidade e um dossel reduzido. Myrsinaceae, Myrtaceae, Symplocaceae e Cunoniaceae foram as famílias de maior valor de importância. As florestas alto-montanas da Serra da Mantiqueira apresentaram alta similaridade florística com florestas nebulares sulinas e em parte com as florestas alto-montanas do interior de Minas Gerais e do topo da Serra do Mar em São Paulo, que apresentam uma composição florística relativamente diferenciada. A similaridade dessas florestas com florestas em altitudes mais baixas é relativamente menor. Os modelos de distribuição potencial para espécies florestais montanas destacaram intensas modificações na área de ocupação dessas espécies em cenários climáticos para o Quaternário Tardio e sugerem que estas espécies possam ter ocorrido em altitudes e latitudes menores e longitudes maiores do que atualmente observado. Esses resultados sugerem que florestas com composição florística similar às atuais florestas alto-montanas possam ter ocupado uma área mais extensa no passado, formando em algumas regiões florestas mais extensas que foram posteriormente fragmentadas e confinadas ao topo de cadeias montanhosas na região leste ao sul do Brasil. / Abstract: The "Serra Fina" is the name given to a block of the Serra da Mantiqueira, a mountain chain that forms the boundary between the states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. The Serra Fina largely corresponds to a massif of alkaline rocks and forms the highest part of the range, rising to more than 2500m at several points. It offers an exceptionally extensive altitudinal gradient, with the occurrence of several high-montane vegetation formations. These formations are still relatively well-conserved, but are very poorly known. The main objectives of the present study were to analyze the floristic composition of some of the high-montane vegetation types, describe and analyze the phytosociological structure of the cloud forests, determine the degree of similarity between these forests and other montane forests in Brazil and to investigate possible explanations of the patterns seen, especially with regard to climate changes in the quaternary. A total of 393 species, of which seven are probably new to science, were collected in the grasslands, "candeia" scrub and cloud forests. The greatest species-level richness was found in the families Asteraceae, Poaceae, Melastomataceae, Rubiaceae, Cyperaceae, Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Orchidaceae and Ericaceae. Two new species of Asteraceae, confined to grasslands above 2500m have been described and illustrated, and the remainder await more detailed studies by specialists. The species richness encountered demonstrates the importance of the contribution of high altitude areas to the overall diversity of the Atlantic Forest of eastern Brazil, and the phytogeographic importance of the Serra Fina with a large number of endemic species or species with restricted distributions with strong links to the Andean flora of western South America. The forests showed a number of characteristics typical of cloud forests, such as low richness, high density and a reduced canopy, with Myrsinaceae, Myrtaceae, Symplocaceae and Cunoniaceae as the most important families. The Serra da Mantiqueira upper montane forests showed their greatest floristic similarity to be with the cloud forests of southern Brazil and to some extent with the upper montane forests of the interior of Minas Gerais and the crest of the coastal range ("Serra do Mar") in São Paulo, though with a somewhat differentiated floristic composition. Similarities with the surrounding forest matrix at lower altitudes were much less. Models of potential distribution for montane forest species using scenarios for Late Quaternary conditions suggest that extensive modifications of currently observed distributions are likely to have occurred, with many species occupying much lower altitudes and latitudes, together with much greater longitudes. These results suggest that forests similar in composition to current upper montane forests may have occupied much more extensive areas in the past, forming an almost continuous forest that has subsequently been fragmented and confined to high mountain areas in the east-south Brazil. / Doutorado / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

The present study is comprised of two parts: 1) an exploratory ethnography of a contemporary polygynous community governed by a strong patriarchal ideology in Pinesdale Montana with emphasis on social relationships, and 2) an analysis of the factors which have allowed women's groups to develop in Mormon fundamentalism. The ethnographic account of the community contextualizes the occurrence of female groups in Pinesdale. A model of the formation of female groups designed by Nancy Leis (1974) in her study of the West African Ijaw is used to provide a better understanding of how female groups are formed, and is applied to the Pinesdale community. This model suggests that the combination of features relevant to the occurrence of female groups are virilocality, patrilineality, polygyny, and economic independence. In spite of the kin-based nature of her African study, which limits its applicability to Western society, Leis suggests that her model "would predict the presence or absence of women's groups elsewhere," and encourages a cross-cultural study to prove her hypothesis. My thesis investigates the strengths and limitations of Leis' model within an ethnographic framework.

A modelling approach focused on snow hydrology was developed and applied to project future changes in spring streamflow volumes in the St. Mary River headwaters basin, Montana. A spatially distributed, physically-based, hydrometeorological and snow mass balance model was refined and used to produce snow water equivalent (SWE) and rainfall surfaces for the study watershed. Snowmelt runoff (SR) and effective rainfall runoff (RR) volumes were compiled for the 1961-2004 historical period. A statistical regression model was developed linking spring streamflow volume (QS) at Babb, Montana to the SR and RR modelled data. The modelling results indicated that SR explained 70% of the variability in QS while RR explained another 9%. The model was applied to climate change scenarios representing the expected range of future change to produce annual QS for the period 2010-2099. Compared to the base period (1961-1990), average QS change ranged from -3% to -12% for the 2020s period. Percent changes increased to between -25% and -32% for the 2050s, and -38% and -55% for the 2080s. Decreases in QS also accompanied substantial advances in the onset of spring snowmelt. Whereas the spring pulse onset on average occurred on April 8 for the base period, it occurred 36 to 50 days earlier during the 2080s. The findings suggest that increasing precipitation will not compensate for the effects of increasing temperature in watershed SWE and associated spring runoff generation. There are implications for stakeholder interests related to ecosystems, the irrigation industry, and recreation. / xii, 136 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm. --

<p>U okviru ove disertacije su ispitane mogućnosti primene savremenih postupaka za dobijanje ekstrakata rtanjskog čaja (Satureja montana L.).<br />U ekstraktima dobijenim primenom superkritičnog ugljendioksida (različitih gustina) utvrđeno je prisustvo karvakrola kao najzastupljenije komponente. Ekstrakt sa najvećim sadržajem karvakrola je dobijen pri uslovima 350 bar i 50 &deg;C (60,82%), dok je najveći prinos karvakrola ostvaren pri pritiscima 325 i 350 bar i temperaturi 60 &deg;C, i iznosio je 2,4 g/100 g droge. Primenom ugljendioksida na većim pritiscima se ostvaruje efikasnija ekstrakcija karvakrola iz droge, kao i proizvodnja ekstrakata sa većim sadržajima karvakrola. Druge komponente prisutne u ekstraktima u znatno nižim koncentracijama su: p-cimen, borneol, trans-kariofilen, kariofilen-oksid, &gamma;-terpinen i linalool.<br />Da bi se utvrdila mogućnost unapređenja prinosa ekstrakcije superkritičnim ugljendioksidom, kao i pobolj&scaron;anja kvaliteta ekstrakata, ispitan je uticaj različitih predtretmana biljnog materijala. Ustanovljeno je da predtretman vodom najznačajnije povećava prinos ekstrakcije (za 25%), dok je ultrazvučni predtretman najadekvatniji izbor za dobijanje ekstrakata sa najvećim sadržajem karvakrola (66,46%). Međutim, najveći prinos ekstrakcije karvakrola iz 100 g droge postignut je primenom etanola i vode kao predtretmana.<br />Ekstrakti dobijeni primenom subkritične vode (uz variranje temperature i vremena ekstrakcije) su hemijski okarakterisani i radi utvrđivanja uslova ekstrakcije pri kojima se postiže najveći kvalitet ekstrakata u pogledu sadržaja polifenolnih komponenti, kao i antioksidantne aktivnosti, primenjena je metoda odzivne povr&scaron;ine (RSM). Utvrđena je prednost primene subkritične vode u odnosu na klasičnu metodu ekstrakcije u pogledu sadržaja polifenolnih komponenti i antioksidantne aktivnosti.<br />Suvi ekstrakti S. montana dobijeni spray drying tehnologijom su&scaron;enja (sa različitim koncentracijama maltodekstrina) su ispitani u pogledu fizičkih i hemijskih osobina. Takođe, radi ispitivanja mogućnosti primene u vidu funkcionalnih ili prehrambenih proizvoda, izvr&scaron;ena je senzorna analiza dobijenih suvih ekstrakata, i analizirana je njihova farmakolo&scaron;ka aktivnost u smislu ACE inhibitornog i antioksidantnog delovanja.<br />Ustanovljeno je da je najniža koncentracija maltodekstrina (10%) najadekvatnija za dobijanje suvog ekstrakta S. montana sa najvećim sadržajem polifenolnih komponenti, sadržajem etarskog ulja i u pogledu antioksidantne i ACE inhibitorne aktivnosti. Takođe, suvi ekstrakt sa 10% maltodekstrina ispunjava i ostale fizičko-hemijske parametre, kojima se osigurava kako efikasno su&scaron;enje, tako i kvalitet ekstrakta.<br />In vivo aktivnost odabranih ekstrakata S. montana ispitana je na modelu hepatotoksičnosti indukovane primenom ugljentetrahlorida. Analiziran je uticaj ekstrakata na funkciju jetre, enzimske parametre oksidativnog stresa i serumske parametre oksidativnog o&scaron;tećenja izazvanog ugljentetrahloridom i ustanovljen je hepatoprotektivni učinak ekstrakata S. montana. Takođe, ispitano je dejstvo ekstrakata na rast Ehrlich-ovih ascitnih tumora implantiranih mi&scaron;evima, kao i na biohemijske parametre oksidativnog stresa u ćelijama tumora i utvrđeno je da je vreme aplikacije ekstrakata od izuzetnog značaja.</p> / <p>This dissertation investigates the possibilities of applying contemporary processes for obtaining extracts of winter savory (Satureja montana L.).<br />Carvacrol was determined to be the most abundant component in extracts acquired by using supercritical carbon dioxide (of various densities). Extract with the richest content of carvacrol was obtained under conditions of 350 bar and 50 &deg;C (60,82%), while the highest carvacrol yield was produced under 325 bar and 350 bar pressures and at a 60 &deg;C temperature reaching 2.4 g/100 g of dry weight. By applying carbon dioxide on higher pressures, a more efficient carvacrol extraction from herbal material is performed, alongside production of extracts with higher carvacrol content. Other components in the extracts present in significantly lower concentrations are the following: p-cymen, borneol, trans-caryophyllene, caryophyllene-oxide, &gamma;-terpinene and linalool.<br />In order to recognize the possibility of improving the extraction yield produced by employing supercritical carbon dioxide and enhancing the quality of extracts, the influence of several different pre-treatments was investigated. It was determined that the water pre-treatment raises the extraction yield the most (for 25%), while the ultrasonic pre-treatment was the most adequate choice for acquiring extracts with the highest content of carvacrol (66.46%). However, the highest carvacrol extraction yield from 100 g of dry weight was achieved by applying ethanol and water as pre-treatment.<br />Extracts which were attained with subcritical water (by varying the temperature and time of extraction) were chemically characterized and Response Surface Method (RSM) was applied for the purposes of determining conditions of extractions under which the highest quality of extracts in terms of content of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity is reached. The advantage of employing subcritical water over the classical method of extraction in respect of content of polyphenolic components and antioxidant activity was demonstrated.<br />Dry extracts of S. montana obtained by using the spray drying technology (with different concentrations of maltodextrine) were examined in terms of their physical and chemical characteristics. Also, in order to investigate the possibility of their use as functional or food products, sensory analysis of attained extracts was performed, and furthermore, their pharmacological activity in terms of the ACE inhibitory and antioxidant effect was analysed as well.<br />It was determined that the lowest concentration of maltodextrin (10%) was the most adequate for obtaining dry extracts of S. montana with the richest content of polyphenolic components and essential oil, and in respect of antioxidant and ACE inhibitory activities. Also, dry extract with 10% of maltodextrin meets all other physical-chemical parameters, which provide efficient drying and quality of extracts.<br />In vivo activity of selected extracts of S. montana was examined on a model of hepatotoxicity induced by applying carbon tetrachloride. The influence of extracts on liver function, enzyme parameters of oxidative stress, and serum parameters of oxidative damage caused by carbon tetrachloride was analysed and hepatoprotective effect of S. montana extracts was determined. In addition, the influence of extracts on the growth of Ehrlich ascite tumors implanted in mice was investigated, and their impact on biochemical parameters of oxidative stress in tumor cells as well, and it was determined that the time of application of extracts is of great significance.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify;">Glavni cilj ove disertacije koji obuhvata dobijanje i hemijsku karakterizaciju ekstrakata i etarskih ulja rtanjskog čaja (Satureja montana L.), bosiljka (Ocimum basilicum L.) i korijandera (Coriandrum sativum L.), kao i njihove sme&scaron;e, je određivanje biolo&scaron;ke aktivnosti dobijenih ekstrakata u in vitro uslovima pradenjem sposobnosti neutralizacije slobodnih radikala i antiproliferativne aktivnosti.<br />Prvo je izvr&scaron;ena karakterizacija biljnih sirovina (rtanjski čaj, bosiljak i korijander), kao i njihove sme&scaron;e jednakih masenih udela (CBS) u pogledu sadržaja vlage, srednjeg prečnika čestica i sadržaja etarskog ulja. U cilju dobijanja etarskih ulja i ekstrakata iz ispitivanih sirovina su primenjeni hidrodestilacija (konvencionalni postupak) i superkritična ekstrakcija (savremena tehnika). GC-MS analizom je određen kvalitativni sastav i relativni udeo pojedinačnih monoterpenskih ugljovodonika, oksidovanih monoterpena, seskviterpena i ostalih jedinjenja. Dalje je GC-FID analizom kvantitativno određen sadržaj i prinos pojedinačnih terpena (&alpha;-pinen, &beta;-pinen, d-limonen, &gamma;-terpinen, eukaliptol, linalool, kamfor, &alpha;-terpineol, geraniol, metil-havikol, karvakrol i eugenol) i izvr&scaron;eno je poređenje uzoraka dobijenih tradicionalnim i savremenim postupcima.<br />Etarskim uljima i lipofilnim ekstraktima je određena biolo&scaron;ka aktivnost ispitivanjem antioksidativne i antiproliferativne aktivnosti. In vitro anti-oksidativna aktivnost superkritičnih ekstrakata i etarskih ulja je određena DPPH testom, dok je antiproliferativna aktivnost određena u in vitro uslovima na tri linije tumorskih delija (HeLa, MDA-MB-453, K562) i na normalne humane fibroblaste (MRC-5).<br />U cilju boljeg određivanja sličnosti između etarskih ulja i lipofilnih ekstrakata rtanjskog čaja, bosiljka, korijandera i njihove sme&scaron;e (CBS) su primenjene hemometrijska tehnike: analiza glavnih komponenata (Principal component analysis) i hijerarhijska klaster analiza (Hierarchical cluster analysis).</p> / <p>The main aim of this dissertation was recovery and chemical characterization of extracts and essential oils of winter savory (Satureja montana L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), as well as their mixture, and determination biological activity of extracts in in vitro conditions by capacity towards neutralization of free radicals and antiproliferative activity.<br />Plant materials (winter savory, basil and coriander) and their mixture (CBS) were characterized in terms of moisture content, mean particle size and essential oil content. In order to obtain essential oil and extracts from investigated plants, hydrodistillation (conventional procedure) and supercritical fluid extraction (novel technique) were applied. GC-MS analysis was used for determination of qualitative content and relative abundance of monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and other volatile compounds. Furthermore, GC-FID analysis was used for quantitative determination of content and yield of terpene compounds (&alpha;-pinene, &beta;-pinene, d-limonene, &gamma;-terpinene, eucalyptol, linalool, camphor, &alpha;-terpineol, geraniol, methyl-chavicol, carvacrol i eugenol) and samples obtained by traditional and novel techniques were compared. Biological potential of essential oil and lipophilic extracts was determined by antioxidant and antiproliferative activity. In vitro antioxidant activity of supercritical extracts and essential oils was determined by DPPH assay, while antiproliferative activity was determined in in vitro conditions on three cancer cell lines (HeLa, MDA-MB-453, K562) and on normal human fibroblasts (MRC-5).<br />Chemometric techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) i hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were applied for better understanding of similarities between essential oils and lipid extracts.</p>

The black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa, provides the foundtaion for the riparian woodlands throughout southern British Columbia (B.C.) and western Montana (MT). To study the interaction of riparian dynamics and cottonwood ecology, the present study investigated the influence of the extreme 1995 Elk River flood on the riparian zone and cottonwood ecology, and the effects of flood flow attenuation by the Libby Dam on riparian processess and cottonwoodland ecology of the Kootenai(y) River. Four river reaches were studied: the free-flowing Elk River near Fernie, B.C., the free-flowing Upper Kootenay River, B.C., upstream from the Koocanusa Reservoir, the free-flowing Fisher River, MT, near the Kootenai junction, and the flow-attenuated Lower Kootenai River near Libby, MT. Air photos from 1930, 1962, 1992 and/or 1994 revealed substantial channel change and the development of barren point bars that served as recruitment sites for willos and cottonwoods along the free-flowing reaches. Conversely, the Lower Kootenai had a relatively static channel after damming. In total, thirty-five transects were studied in 1996 and 1997 at 3 sites along each river reach to assess elevation profiles, substrate composition, scour and deposition, vegatation patterns, and aspects of cottonwood reproduction. Abundant cottonwood recruitment occurred in 1996 and even more so in 1997, producing mean densities of 153, 536, and 142 seedlings/m2 along the Elk, Upper Kootenay, and Fisher river transects, respectively. In marked contrast, no seedlings were successful along the Lower Kootenai River, downstream from the Libby Dam. The free-flowing river reaches experienced extensive sediment deposition in the riparian zone after the 1997 high water, whereas the Lower Kootenai experienced little change in stream bank configuration. The Elk River study revealed that the 1995 flood caused considerate geomorphic change and the resultant unconsolidated deposits were easily scoured and transported during the subsequent two years providing abundant sites for new cottonwoods. The Kootenay River study revealed limited meandering and deposition along the flow-attenuated Lower Kootenai River compared to the hydrologically, geomorphologically, and ecologically dynamic, free-flowing upstream reach. Along the Lower Kootenai River, there was a deficiency in black cottonwood population age structure due to limited recruitment. Flood-intolerant, upland plants have encroached to the river's edge, further eliminating cottonwood recruitment opportunities along the Lower Kootenai River. The vegetation encroachment, the static channel configuration, the minimal scour and sediment deposition and the lack of the essential stream stage pattern, combine to underlie the lack of seedling recruitment and the consequent deficiency in cottonwood population structure along the Lower Kootenai River. The studies demonstrate that black cottonwoods require a dynamic hydrologic and geomorphic system with periodic flood events for continued replenishment. The observed loss of cottonwood recruitment along the Lower Kootenai River is thus the consequence of the flood flow attenuation due to the operation of the Libby Dam. The restoration of the Lower Kootenai cottonwoods will probably rely on a partial recovery of more natural and more dynamic instream flow patterns that include occasional high flows in late spring followed by gradual stage recession. Such flows would exclude upland vegetation, recover more dynamic geomorphic processes and provide the stream stage patterns that are directly essential for cottonwood seedling recruitment. / 1 v. (various pagings) : ill. (some col.), maps ; 28 cm.