A collection of poems by Sarah Dupuis-Kornreich.

Timbre is an important aspect of music, particularly in the twentieth century. Relatively little serious work on this subject has been published, however, either from a historical standpoint or from an analytical view. The purpose of this present study was to clarify the nature of timbre and to demonstrate the structural role it can have in music. The development of the timbre concept was traced from as early as the fifteenth century to present. From a very simple idea, timbre evolved into a complex phenomenon involving scientific, acoustical analysis and subjective, perceptual evaluation. It was found that currently timbre is not merely a physical manifestation, but also a function of aesthetic judgment and human response to stimuli. A brief historical survey was made of the importance of timbre in music. It was shown that timbre emerged as a significant musical element, forming the characteristic sound structure of a composition and (by extension) the distinctive sonorous style (Klangstil) of a composer. In developing to this point, the idea of timbre metamorphosed into a particular concept of "sound," a term that includes any sound quality that contributes to the character and structure of a composition. A process of analysis was developed to determine musical sound structure. It was shown that the sound-related aspects of the parameters of pitch, dynamics, time, texture, and timbre can act and interact to construct formal shape through cohesion and differentiation. It was established that the music of George Crumb shows a high regard for sound as a structural element. His Night of the Four Moons was analyzed, demonstrating the process of sound analysis. The analysis also showed that various qualities of sound itself are used as compositional material as well as for cohesion and differentiation. This aurally perceived, characteristic structure formed by or related to the action of sound was termed the "audiogenic image."

Nagrinėti tyrimai rodo, jog depresija, stresas, jo įveika bei emociniai veiksniai yra susiję su didesne mirštamumo nuo širdies ligų rizika, didesne infarkto tikimybe ir neigiamomis operacijos pasekmėmis, tačiau į tai menkai atsižvelgiama. Norint pasiekti sėkmingus rezultatus tiek paciento fiziologinės, tiek psichologinės sveikatos atžvilgiu, reikia ilgalaikio ir nuoseklaus komandos darbo. Psichosocialiniai veiksniai tiek gydytojų, tiek pačių pacientų vertinami gana skeptiškai, todėl dažnai pakankamai neatsižvelgiama į paciento psichinės būklės įtaką sveikatai, ligos vystymuisi ir gijimui, todėl svarbu atskleisti širdies kraujagyslių sistemos ligomis sergančių asmenų emocinės būklės bei stresogeninių situacijų įveikimo strategijų ypatumus ir jų sąsajas. Anketinėje apklausoje dalyvavo 169 dalyviai: 52 Kauno medicinos universiteto klinikos Kardiologinių bei Širdies centro skyrių pacientai, besigydantys stacionare, kuriems buvo atlikta širdies kraujagyslių operacija ir 67 Kauno medicinos universiteto klinikos Kardiologinių bei Širdies centro skyrių pacientai, besigydantys stacionare be kardiochirurginių intervencijų bei 50 asmenų, profilaktiškai besitikrinantys Kauno medicinos universiteto šeimos klinikoje, kurie sudarė kontrolinę grupę. Tyrime dalyvavę pacientai užpildė HAD (depresijos ir nerimo įvertinimo klausimyną), įveikos strategijų klausimyną – COPE bei potrauminio streso sindromo simptomų skalę (PSS-SR). Kontrolinės grupės respondentai nepildė potrauminio streso... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Despite, it is known from previous research that depression, stress, coping and other emotional factors contribute to cardiac patients’ mortality, higher risk of myocardial infarct and operation complications, attention is insufficiently paid on psychological factors. It is necessary long-term and consecutive team work, so as to achieve great physiological and psychological patients’ health. Doctors and patients usually devalue the impact of psychosocial factors on cardiac patients health, therefore it is important to reveal cardiac patients’ the emotional conditions, coping strategies and their connections. 169 participant were chosen for this research: 52 cardiac patients with surgery intervention, 67 cardiac patients without surgery intervention and 50 participants in control group. Research participant were asked to fill in Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HAD), coping questionnaire – COPE and PTSD Symptom Scale – self report version (PSS-SR). The control group were not asked to fill in PTSD Symptom Scale – self report version (PSS-SR). It was found that cardiac patients have high level of anxiety and depression. Cardiac patients with a surgery intervention more often use emotion oriented coping strategies than healthy persons. Post-traumatic stress disorder prevalence among cardiac patients is running 25%. Poor emotional state is not linked with problem oriented coping among cardiac patients; it is associated with focus on and venting of emotions and... [to full text]

Ultra-wide Trans-Neptunian Binaries (TNBs) are extremely sensitive to perturbation, and therefore make excellent probes of the past and present dynamical environment of the outer Solar System. Using data gathered from a host of facilities we have determined the mutual orbits for a sample of seven wide TNBs whose periods exceed one year. This characterized sample provides us with new information about the probable formation scenarios of TNBs, and has significant implications for the early dynamical and collisional history of the Kuiper Belt. We show that these wide binaries have short collisional lifetimes, and use them to produce a new estimate of the number of small (~1 km) objects in the Kuiper Belt. Additionally, these systems are susceptible to tidal disruption, and we show that it is unlikely that they were ever subjected to a period of close encounters with the giant planets. We find that the current properties of these ultra-wide Trans-Neptunian Binaries suggest that planetesimal growth in the Cold Classical Kuiper Belt did not occur through slow hierarchical accretion, but rather through rapid gravitational collapse. / Graduate

Je présente une analyse multidisciplinaire du comportement d’une exosphère d’un satellite dont la limite inférieure est une surface solide. Une exosphère par définition n’a pas de limite supérieure, est constituée d’un gaz dont la dynamique n’est pas régie par des collisions et correspond à la région d’interaction entre un objet planétaire et sa planète mère ou étoile. Dans cette thèse, je montrerai qu’une population exosphérique d’un satellite qui serait volatile et dont la dynamique serait fortement dépendante de la température de surface, aura une évolution orbitale synchrone avec le cycle diurne. Par exemple, l’oxygène moléculaire autour d’Europa et de Ganymède, satellites de Jupiter,devrait suivre une telle évolution. Je m’attacherai donc à comparer les résultats d’un modèle 3D Monte Carlo reconstruisant l’évolution de cette exosphère et les observations d’émissions aurorales par le télescope Hubble pour souligner la persistance d’une asymétrie matin/soir caractéristique de ce cycle diurne. Par ailleurs,une analyse plus théorique de l’origine de cette asymétrie nous suggère qu’un réservoird’O2 sous forme gazeuse dans le régolite pourrait être à l’origine de la formation de cette exosphère. En plus de la description de l’O2 exosphérique autour d’Europa, je soulignerai les différences notables avec l’H2O et ses produits. Enfin, j’ai également travaillé à la caractérisation d’une nouvelle technologie pour une source d’ionisation basée sur l’utilisation de nano-tubes de carbone. Cet émetteur d’électron utilisé pour la spectrométrie de masse neutre s’avère nettement plus efficace que les émetteurs classiquement utilisés dans le spatial et devrait donc nous aider à explorer ces exosphères. / I present a multidisciplinary analysis on the behavior of asurface-bounded exosphere synchronously rotating about its primary. Anexosphere is the boundless, external envelope of gas extending from aplanetary surface or atmosphere. This collisionless gas represents theinterface between planets and stars, as it directly interacts with theinterplanetary medium. Should the exosphere possess a population ofvolatiles strongly coupled with the surface temperature, the exospherewill be capable of experiencing a diurnal cycle over an orbitalperiod. I provide the first evidence of the existence of such adiurnal cycle in the molecular oxygen exospheres of two of Jupiter’sicy moons: Europa and Ganymede. The evidence was surmounted by anin-depth comparison between the near-surface ultraviolet oxygenaurorae observations by the Hubble Space Telescope and 3-D Monte Carlosimulations of Europa’s near-surface O2 exosphere, where both auroraeand exospheres where found to be strongly peaking at dusk. Thedusk-over-dawn asymmetry analysis also provides evidence that Europamay harbor a large O2 reservoir embedded in its ice today. Inaddition to O2 , I present the first orbital simulations of all knownwater-products at Europa, and provide perspectives on discerning theeffects of cryovolcanism on the exosphere. Lastly, at LATMOS, Icharacterized a novel ionization source: a carbon nanotube electrongun (CNTeg). This in-situ device used for neutral mass spectrometry,may prove to be a very efficient electron emitter (P < 10 milliWatts)and should aid future searches to detect trace gases in any exosphere.

No description available.

No description available.

<div>There is an increasing interest in future space missions devoted to the exploration of key moons in the Solar system. These many different missions may involve libration point orbits as well as trajectories that satisfy different endgames in the vicinities of the moons. To this end, an efficient design strategy to produce low-energy transfers between the vicinities of adjacent moons of a planetary system is introduced that leverages the dynamics in these multi-body systems. Such a design strategy is denoted as the moon-to-moon analytical transfer (MMAT) method. It consists of a general methodology for transfer design between the vicinities of the moons in any given system within the context of the circular restricted three-body problem, useful regardless of the orbital planes in which the moons reside. A simplified model enables analytical constraints to efficiently determine the feasibility of a transfer between two different moons moving in the vicinity of a common planet. Subsequently, the strategy builds moon-to-moon transfers based on invariant manifold and transit orbits exploiting some analytical techniques. The strategy is applicable for direct as well as indirect transfers that satisfy the analytical constraints. The transition of the transfers into higher-fidelity ephemeris models confirms the validity of the MMAT method as a fast tool to provide possible transfer options between two consecutive moons. </div><div> </div><div>The current work includes sample applications of transfers between different orbits and planetary systems. The method is efficient and identifies optimal solutions. However, for certain orbital geometries, the direct transfer cannot be constructed because the invariant manifolds do not intersect (due to their mutual inclination, distance, and/or orbital phase). To overcome this difficulty, specific strategies are proposed that introduce intermediate Keplerian arcs and additional impulsive maneuvers to bridge the gaps between trajectories that connect any two moons. The updated techniques are based on the same analytical methods as the original MMAT concept. Therefore, they preserve the optimality of the previous methodology. The basic strategy and the significant additions are demonstrated through a number of applications for transfer scenarios of different types in the Galilean, Uranian, Saturnian and Martian systems. Results are compared with the traditional Lambert arcs. The propellant and time-performance for the transfers are also illustrated and discussed. As far as the exploration of Phobos and Deimos is concerned, a specific design framework that generates transfer trajectories between the Martian moons while leveraging resonant orbits is also introduced. Mars-Deimos resonant orbits that offer repeated flybys of Deimos and arrive at Mars-Phobos libration point orbits are investigated, and a nominal mission scenario with transfer trajectories connecting the two is presented. The MMAT method is used to select the appropriate resonant orbits, and the associated impulsive transfer costs are analyzed. The trajectory concepts are also validated in a higher-fidelity ephemeris model.</div><div> </div><div>Finally, an efficient and general design strategy for transfers between planetary moons that fulfill specific requirements is also included. In particular, the strategy leverages Finite-Time Lyapunov Exponent (FTLE) maps within the context of the MMAT scheme. Incorporating these two techniques enables direct transfers between moons that offer a wide variety of trajectory patterns and endgames designed in the circular restricted three-body problem, such as temporary captures, transits, takeoffs and landings. The technique is applicable to several mission scenarios. Additionally, an efficient strategy that aids in the design of tour missions that involve impulsive transfers between three moons located in their true orbital planes is also included. The result is a computationally efficient technique that allows three-moon tours designed within the context of the circular restricted three-body problem. The method is demonstrated for a Ganymede->Europa->Io tour.</div>

Les travaux réalisés au cours de cette thèse s'intéressent à l'origine et à la formation des satellites naturels réguliers de Mars et Jupiter qui sont les cibles de futures missions d'exploration spatiale dédiées à leur caractérisation. Le cas controversé de l'origine de Phobos et Deimos, les lunes de Mars, est adressé et il est montré que leur formation à la suite d'un impact géant permettrait de réconcilier leurs propriétés orbitales et physiques. Concernant les satellites galiléens orbitant Jupiter, il est montré que dans le contexte classiquement utilisé de leur formation, la croissance des lunes a certainement procédé par l'accrétion de grains de poussières, un processus appelé "pebble accretion", plutôt que par celle de corps plus grands comme il est typiquement considéré. Des propriétés intéressantes, ainsi que d'autres plus problématiques, de la croissance des lunes galiléennes par "pebble accretion" sont dérivées. Dans un second temps, le transport de solides nécessaires à l'assemblage des lunes galiléennes dans le disque circum-jovien est étudié dans le contexte des récentes théories de formation des planètes géantes. Nous montrons que la vision classique selon laquelle le gaz accrété par Jupiter transporte assez de solides pour former ses lunes est probablement erronée. Il est proposé que, aidée par la formation de Saturne, Jupiter a pu capturer dans son disque assez de planétésimaux pour assembler les satellites galiléens. Contrairement aux précédents scénarios, le cadre proposé prédit que des analogues aux satellites galiléens ne se forment pas autour de toutes les planètes géantes / This thesis aims at better understanding the origin and formation of the martian moons, Phobos and Deimos, and the major jovian satellites known as the galilean moons, each of these systems being the target of future space exploration missions dedicated to their characterization. We address the puzzling origin of Phobos and Deimos and show that their formation following a giant impact could allow to account for both their orbital and physical properties. As regards the galilean moons, we argue that their growth would likely proceed through the accretion of small dust grains, a process known as pebble accretion, rather than through the accretion of larger satellitesimals within the typical framework assumed for their formation. We derive some interesting properties as well as some drawbacks of pebble accretion in the galilean system. Then, the delivery of solid material from the protoplanetary disk to the circum-jovian disk is investigated in light of recent developments of the theory of giant planets' formation. It is shown that the classic view that the gas accreted by Jupiter transports enough solids to build many galilean-like satellites is likely to be erroneous and some other mechanism must have taken place to account for the presence of the massive galilean moons. It is proposed that, with the help of Saturn's formation, Jupiter could have captured within its disk enough planetesimals on initially heliocentric orbits to build the galilean moons. Unlike previous scenarios, the proposed framework predicts that the presence of galilean analogues would not be ubiquitous around extrasolar giant planets

On se propose dans un premier temps d'étudier des jeux de données topographiques sur la lune glacée de Jupiter Ganymède et d'estimer l'impact de la topographie sur les performances du futur radar sondeur. Les principaux résultats sont présentés dans [1]. Une seconde partie est dédiée à l'expression mathématique du problème direct du sondage radar planétaire (physique et instrumentation). On rappelle ainsi comment dériver à partir des formulations de Stratton-Chu les formulations volumiques classiques et surfaciques (i.e. Huygens-Fresnel). On s'attache ensuite à détailler un algorithme performant basé sur la formulation surfacique pour simuler des échos radar à partir d'une surface planétaire maillée. Cette approche est largement inspirée par le travail de J.-F. Nouvel [2]. Une troisième partie s'intéresse à l'inversion des paramètres géophysiques de surface à partir des mesures radar. On écrit ainsi le problème dans un cadre probabiliste (c.f. [3]) et on présente trois grandes familles d'algorithmes : (i) une approche avec une linéarisation du problème, (ii) une approche itérative basée sur une méthode de gradient et (iii) une approche statistique pour estimer les densités de probabilités a posteriori. Ces algorithmes sont appliqués à des jeux de données synthétiques pour illustrer leurs performances. [1] Y. Berquin, W. Kofman, A. Herique, G. Alberti, and P. Beck. A study on ganymede's surface topography: Perspectives for radar sounding. Planetary and Space Science, (0), 2012. [2] J.-F. Nouvel, A. Herique, W. Kofman, and A. Safaeinili. Radar signal simulation: Surface modeling with the Facet Method. Radio Science, 39:RS1013, February 2004. [3] A. Tarantola. Inverse problem theory and methods for model parameter estimation. SIAM, 2005. / The manuscript details the work performed in the course of my PhD on planetary sounding radar. The main goal of the study is to help designing and assessing the sounding radar performances. This instrument will be embarked on the ac{ESA}'s large class mission ac{JUICE} to probe Jupiter's environment and Jupiter's icy moons Callisto, Ganymede and Europa. As an introduction to the problem, a study on Ganymede's surface ac{DEM} and its implications with regard to the radar performances was performed. The results of this work put forward issues due to a hostile environment with important surface clutter which eventually lead to a decrease in the radar signal bandwidth to 8--10 MHz. A first section is then dedicated to the formulation of the direct problem of sounding radar with a focus on surface formulations. This section eventually leads to a novel algorithm for radar surface echo computation from meshed surfaces which proves to be both efficient and accurate. A second section studies the possibility to use surface formulation to recover geophysical surface parameters from sounding radar data. For that purpose, three main approaches are discussed namely (i) a linear approach, (ii) a gradient-based approach and (iii) a statistical approach. These techniques rely on a probabilistic view of the inverse problem at hand and yield good result with different setups. Although we mainly focus on surface reflectivity, we also discuss surface topography inversion. Finally, a last section discusses the work presented in the manuscript and provides perspectives for future work.