Abstract The Moorish Science Temple of America: A Study Exploring the Foundations of African American Islamic Thought and Culture By Paul H. L. Easterling One of the reasons religious studies is important to the academic process is because it seeks to understand the intricacies of well known human systems of meaning. Also important is research on those religious systems not well known. Herein lies the purpose of this dissertation, to exam a religious movement within the African American community, which has not received the academic attention it deserves, the Moorish Science Temple of America, Inc. (MSTA). Therefore, the primary thesis for this dissertation: to expand the current study of African American Islam to include the intricacies of the movement and organization of the MSTA through attention to primary materials and secondary literature.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo central a compreensão do Orientalismo Arquitetônico em São Paulo, entre 1890 à 1937. Almeja-se por assim, entender a historicidade deste fenômeno, desde a incorporação do vocabulário arquitetônico até a constituição de um diversificado, heterogêneo e particularizado campo social de produção pelas ruas da cidade. Leva-se em conta, como motivos definidores de sua vivência cultural: seus agentes-produtores, seus interlocutores sociais, seus sentidos e signos sociais nas especificidades da São Paulo da Primeira República. O que para além das características e variações de produção formal e da incorporação e interpretação de repertórios orientalistas-arquitetônicos, passa diretamente pela interação com as práticas sociais e tensões da cidade. Assim, depositamos a compreensão nas manifestações paulistanas da arquitetura orientalista, através do entendimento da arquitetura como elemento de representação de seus agentes - proprietários e construtores - dentro de suas redes de sociabilidade e campo de possibilidades. Tendo em vista, especialmente, o papel de afirmação, distinção e apropriação de vínculos simbólicos e de linguagens com esse imaginário \"oriental\" sobre o outro expressos em palacetes. Na aceitação de uma imagem edulcorada, reconhecível e auspiciosa de si, no caso de seus proprietários e viventes, e de vitrine de arte e de ofício de seus variados artífices-construtores. No entendimento das especificidades do caso paulistano enquanto fenômeno marcado pela convivência entre a incorporação de um estilo de arquitetura e a apropriação de sua \"imagem\" orientalista por imigrados árabes e andaluzes radicados em São Paulo, naquilo que aponta para significados e vínculos de identidades e alteridades latentes. / This dissertation aims at understanding Architectural Orientalism in São Paulo between 1890 and 1937. The aim is to understand the historicity of this phenomenon, from the incorporation of the architectural vocabulary to the constitution of a diversified, heterogeneous and particular social field The streets of the city. They take into account, as defining factors of their cultural experience: their agents-producers, their social interlocutors, their senses and social signs in the specifics of São Paulo of the First Republic. What goes beyond the characteristics and variations of formal production and the incorporation and interpretation of orientalist-architectural repertoires, goes directly through the interaction with the social practices and tensions of the city. Thus, we place understanding in the Paulistan manifestations of Orientalist architecture, through the understanding of architecture as an element of representation of its agents - owners and builders - within their networks of sociability and field of possibilities. Especially considering the role of affirmation, distinction and appropriation of symbolic links and languages with this \"oriental\" imaginary on the other expressed in palaces. In the acceptance of a sweetened, recognizable and auspicious image of itself, in the case of its owners and living, and showcase of art and craft of its various craftsmen-builders. In the understanding of the specificities of the paulistano case as a phenomenon marked by the coexistence between the incorporation of a style of architecture and the appropriation of its Orientalist \"image\" by Arab and Andalusian immigrants living in São Paulo, in what points to meanings and ties of identities and alterities Latent

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo central a compreensão do Orientalismo Arquitetônico em São Paulo, entre 1890 à 1937. Almeja-se por assim, entender a historicidade deste fenômeno, desde a incorporação do vocabulário arquitetônico até a constituição de um diversificado, heterogêneo e particularizado campo social de produção pelas ruas da cidade. Leva-se em conta, como motivos definidores de sua vivência cultural: seus agentes-produtores, seus interlocutores sociais, seus sentidos e signos sociais nas especificidades da São Paulo da Primeira República. O que para além das características e variações de produção formal e da incorporação e interpretação de repertórios orientalistas-arquitetônicos, passa diretamente pela interação com as práticas sociais e tensões da cidade. Assim, depositamos a compreensão nas manifestações paulistanas da arquitetura orientalista, através do entendimento da arquitetura como elemento de representação de seus agentes - proprietários e construtores - dentro de suas redes de sociabilidade e campo de possibilidades. Tendo em vista, especialmente, o papel de afirmação, distinção e apropriação de vínculos simbólicos e de linguagens com esse imaginário \"oriental\" sobre o outro expressos em palacetes. Na aceitação de uma imagem edulcorada, reconhecível e auspiciosa de si, no caso de seus proprietários e viventes, e de vitrine de arte e de ofício de seus variados artífices-construtores. No entendimento das especificidades do caso paulistano enquanto fenômeno marcado pela convivência entre a incorporação de um estilo de arquitetura e a apropriação de sua \"imagem\" orientalista por imigrados árabes e andaluzes radicados em São Paulo, naquilo que aponta para significados e vínculos de identidades e alteridades latentes. / This dissertation aims at understanding Architectural Orientalism in São Paulo between 1890 and 1937. The aim is to understand the historicity of this phenomenon, from the incorporation of the architectural vocabulary to the constitution of a diversified, heterogeneous and particular social field The streets of the city. They take into account, as defining factors of their cultural experience: their agents-producers, their social interlocutors, their senses and social signs in the specifics of São Paulo of the First Republic. What goes beyond the characteristics and variations of formal production and the incorporation and interpretation of orientalist-architectural repertoires, goes directly through the interaction with the social practices and tensions of the city. Thus, we place understanding in the Paulistan manifestations of Orientalist architecture, through the understanding of architecture as an element of representation of its agents - owners and builders - within their networks of sociability and field of possibilities. Especially considering the role of affirmation, distinction and appropriation of symbolic links and languages with this \"oriental\" imaginary on the other expressed in palaces. In the acceptance of a sweetened, recognizable and auspicious image of itself, in the case of its owners and living, and showcase of art and craft of its various craftsmen-builders. In the understanding of the specificities of the paulistano case as a phenomenon marked by the coexistence between the incorporation of a style of architecture and the appropriation of its Orientalist \"image\" by Arab and Andalusian immigrants living in São Paulo, in what points to meanings and ties of identities and alterities Latent

The aim of this essay is to study the now demolished synagogue in Karlstad, Sweden. Its existence, or rather lack thereof, is shrouded in mystery as it remains unmentioned in most of Swedish architectural history research, and only briefly in historical writing about the city of Karlstad. The essay is an attempt to preserve and immortalise the memory of this lost piece of cultural heritage. To better understand the synagogues unique visual character it is set against two of its contemporary contexts - 19th century synagogue buildings in Europe, and the prayer houses built by the Swedish Free church and Mission movements. Describing and analysing the architecture of the synagogue in Karlstad provides a foundation for comparison between examples of these two architectural phenomena.

Purpose of the survey. This is the psychological moment in Moorish history in which to examine the marriage customs of the country. With the advent of Moroccan Independence in 1956, Moroccan manners and customs entered a state of flux--combining the old traditions with new and modern ways of living. As a result, weddings may become simpler, and the marriage outlook may become more vest- ernized; but, the background for both institutions will remain rooted in the age-old traditions and beliefs. It is these we will discuss in this thesis. They may possibly disappear within our own lifetimes, and it is, therefore, of fundamental importance that these cultural traditions concerning marriage be preserved. To my knowledge there has been no other study of this subject made in America. Many tourists and students have published comprehensive works on Moorish life, and, of course, have discussed marriage within the framework of a total study. Only westermarck's Marriage Ceremonies in Morocco has dealt with the subject of itself.

La thèse s'inscrit dans une approche liant l'histoire des institutions et l'histoire des idées politiques et s'attache à la manière dont le Maroc a construit son univers politique et pensé son rapport au pouvoir. La France estimait qu'il fallait mettre en place un protectorat et non une administration directe, de type colonial. En fait, la France rejetait l'administration directe de l'Empire Chérifien et cherchait une formule d'association et de contrôle dans le but d'établir l'ordre et l'unité dans le pays. Avec la mis une place du protectorat, la France a connu de nombreuses résistantes, aussi bien armées que politiques. A partir des années 1930, des aspirations nationalistes voient le jour. La recherche d'une identité et d'une unité nationale reste ainsi le principal motif de la résistance marocaine. Le milieu des années trente voit la naissance d'une conscience de plus en plus forte dans le combat pour l'indépendance. La thèse propose de donner une vue d'ensemble sur les différentes phases de la lutte engagée par le mouvement national marocain.Elle a pour ambition également d'analyser les divers aspects du régime issu du traité de 1912 et de mettre en lumière la crise franco-marocaine chronique. Dans ce contexte politique et juridique, la France a t-elle réussi à unifier le Maroc ? Peut-on considérer sa domination territoriale comme un changement de système ? Et comment peut-on identifier les principaux changements que cette situation historique a produit dans le système politique et institutionnel marocain ? / The subject of our research project lies within the scope of a political approach which looksinto how Morocco organises its political universe and conceives its relation to power.France deemed it necessary to set up a protectorate rather than a system of direct rule. De facto, France rejected the direct administration of the Christian Empire and sought a balance of "association" and "control" with the view of re-establishing order and unity within the country.From the moment the protectorate was first mentioned, France witnessed many a resistance, be they armed or political. From 1930 onwards, nationalist aspirations emerged. The quest for national identity and unity would stand as the chief explanation for Moroccan resistance. The mid 1930s saw the beginning of an ever-growing national awareness regarding the struggle for independence. This thesis strives to draw up an overview of the various stages of that same devoted struggle. It also aims at analysing the many aspects of the colonial system which resulted from the treaty of 1912, and shedding light on the French-Moroccan crisis.Within this socio-political context, did France succeed light in uniting Morocco ?May we envisage its territorial supremacy as a change of systems ? And how may we identify the main evolution within the Marocco political system ?