Vingt souches d'actinomycètes ont été isolées à partir d'échantillons de sol et de bois prélevés à partir d'une vielle maison dans l'ancienne médina de Fès et d'échantillons de sol prélevés de la région de Moulay Yacoub et des rives d'Ouèd Sebbou. L'activité antimicrobienne, réalisée par la technique des cylindres d'agar et celle des stries croisées, a été déterminée contre des bactéries à Gram positif (Bacillus subtilis 5262, Bacillus cereus cip 14579, Staphylococcus aureus 7625, Staphylococcus epidermidis 6821) ; des bactéries à Gram négatif (Pseudomanas aeroginosa 76110, E.coli cip 7624) et la levure Candida albicans. Parmi les vingt isolats, douze (60 %) ont montré une activité contre au moins une des souches tests. Par ailleurs, l'analyse moléculaire des vingt isolats par amplification et séquençage partiel du gène de l'ARNr 16S a permis d'attribuer dix huit isolats au genre Streptomyces et deux aux genres Saccharothrix et Lentzea. De plus, le séquençage de la quasi-totalité de l'ADNr 16S (1460 pb) de cinq isolats (Sj32, Sj33, Sj38, Sj68 et Sj69) nous a permis d'assigner les isolats Sj38 et Sj69 à S. parvus, et Saccharothrix sp., respectivement. Les substances bioactives produites par les cinq souches d'actinomycètes sont extraites par des solvants organiques et les molécules produites sont purifiées par HPLC. Une étude de la stabilité de l'activité antibactérienne en fonction de la température et de la protéinase K a montré que les substances bioactives seraient de nature non protéique pour Sj32, Sj33, Sj68 et Sj69 et protéique pour Sj38. Une étude de la cytotoxicité de la fraction active de la souche Sj32 sur les cellules MRC-5 a montré qu'elle présente une forte cytotoxicité contre ces cellules. Enfin, l'étude de l'effet de la fraction active de la souche Sj32 sur la transcription et la traduction bactérienne in vitro, a montré que cette substance purifiée n'inhibe pas ces deux processus biologiques. / Twenty strains of actinomycetes were isolated from soil and wood samples taken from an old house in the old medina of Fez and also soil samples from the region of Moulay Yacoub and banks of Sebbou River. The antimicrobial activity, carried out using the agar piece and cross striations methods, were tested against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis 5262, Bacillus cereus cip 14579, Staphylococcus aureus 7625, Staphylococcus epidermidis 6821); bacteria Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa 76110, E. coli cIP 7624) and the yeast Candida albicans. Among the 20 isolates, 12 (60%) showed activity against at least one of the test strains.Molecular analysis of the twenty isolates by amplification and partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene allowed us to assign eighteen isolates to the genus Streptomyces and two to genera Saccharothrix and Lentzea.In addition, sequencing of nearly complete 16S rDNA (1460 bp) of five isolates (Sj32, Sj33, Sj38, Sj68 and Sj69) allowed us to assign isolates Sj38 and Sj69 to S. parvus and Saccharothrix sp., respectively.Bioactive substances produced by the five strains of actinomycetes were extracted by organic solvents and the molecules produced are purified by HPLC. A study of the stability of the antibacterial activity according to temperature and proteinase K showed that the bioactive substances are of non-protein nature for Sj32, Sj33, Sj68 and Sj69 and of protein nature for Sj38.A study of the cytotoxicity of the active fraction of the strain Sj32 on MRC-5 cells showed that it had a strong cytotoxcity against these cells.Finally, the in vitro study of the effect of the active fraction of the strain Sj32 on bacterial transcription and translation, showed that the purified substance didn't inhibit these two biological processes

Todas as pesquisas empreendeidas sobre os judeus na região amazônica sempre preferiram enfatizar como os judeus chegaram à região, as razões que impulsionaram este processo de imigração ou como os judeus se adaptaram a vida nos trópicos. Esta pesquisa pertende alcançar uma visão contemporânea sobre os judeus marroquinos após dois séculos na região amazônica. Para alcançar esta visão contemporânea sobre o grupo empreendemos uma comparação entre a construção da identidade judaica dos judeus marroquinos em Israel com a identidade dos judeus marroquinos da região amazônica. Para empreender esta comparação vários aspectos da etnicidade judaicomarroquina como os festejos de Mimuna que celebra o fim da páscoa judaica, ou a veneração dos tzadickim (rabinos com qualidades de santos), os sacrifícios realizados as vésperas do perdão, dentre outros, foram selecionados através do trabalho de campo e da ajuda de informantes. A análise destes aspectos étnicos nos auxiliarão a compreender as identidades judaico marroquinas são elaboradas contemporaneamente, e como estes aspectos étnicos ajudam a dar forma a estas identidades. / Researches developed about Moroccan Jews in Amazonia have preferentially emphasized how Jews arrived in that region, what reasons influenced this immigration process and how Jews have adapted to the tropics. This research aims to reach a contemporary view about Moroccan Jews in Amazonia after two centuries of immigration. In order to achieve this purpose we have performed a comparison between constructions of Moroccan/ Jewish identities in Israel and in the Amazon region. To perform this comparison several aspects of Moroccan/Jewish ethnicity in Israel and Amazonia such as the festival of Mimuna to celebrate the end of Passover, the worship of tzadickin (Rabbis worshiped as saints), the sacrifices performed in the day before the Astonishment Day and others were selected through field work and with the aid of informants\' accounts. The analysis and comparison of these ethnical aspects will help us to understand how contemporary Moroccan/Jewish identities are elaborated and how these ethnical aspects shape those identities.

In Canada, the non-recognition of foreign credentials remains a considerable policy issue as well as a challenge for skilled immigrants. Many studies have shed light on the difficulties that foreign professionals face when seeking a placement in the Canadian job market. This thesis focused on the experiences of professional women from Morocco on the basis of the premise that every racialized group’s immigration experience deserves a space in the literature to voice their realities and inspire policy considerations. As a result, this study focused on examining the experiences of Moroccan women in the Canadian job market and the impact thereof, on their socio-economic status, and as such, health and well-being. In order to effectively capture the experiences of this particular community, a fieldwork study was conducted in the form of semi-structured individual interviews with twelve women who immigrated to Canada from Morocco with professional qualifications. Based on the participants’ accounts, I described that systemic discrimination as manifested in Othering and racialization remain major obstacles to the realization of equal access in the Canadian labour market. All in all, this research provides valuable insight into the plight of skilled immigrants in Canada and thus, offers strong policy recommendations to facilitate a more effective integration process for this group into the Canadian Job market.

In Canada, the non-recognition of foreign credentials remains a considerable policy issue as well as a challenge for skilled immigrants. Many studies have shed light on the difficulties that foreign professionals face when seeking a placement in the Canadian job market. This thesis focused on the experiences of professional women from Morocco on the basis of the premise that every racialized group’s immigration experience deserves a space in the literature to voice their realities and inspire policy considerations. As a result, this study focused on examining the experiences of Moroccan women in the Canadian job market and the impact thereof, on their socio-economic status, and as such, health and well-being. In order to effectively capture the experiences of this particular community, a fieldwork study was conducted in the form of semi-structured individual interviews with twelve women who immigrated to Canada from Morocco with professional qualifications. Based on the participants’ accounts, I described that systemic discrimination as manifested in Othering and racialization remain major obstacles to the realization of equal access in the Canadian labour market. All in all, this research provides valuable insight into the plight of skilled immigrants in Canada and thus, offers strong policy recommendations to facilitate a more effective integration process for this group into the Canadian Job market.

The aim of the present study is to cast new light on the nature of definiteness marking in Moroccan Arabic (MA). Previous work on the dialect group has described its definiteness system as similar to that of other Arabic varieties, where indefinite entities are unmarked and a "definite article" /l-/ modifies nouns to convey a definite meaning. Such descriptions, however, do not fully account for the behavior of MA nouns in spontaneous natural speech, as found in the small self-collected corpus that informs the study: on one hand, /l-/ can and regularly does co-occur with indefinite meanings; on the other, a number of nouns can exhibit definiteness even in the absence of /l-/. In response to these challenges, the study puts forth an alternate synchronic description the system, arguing that the historical definite article */l-/ has in fact lost its association with definiteness and has instead become lexicalized into an unmarked form of the noun that can appear in any number of semantic contexts. Relatedly, the study argues that the historically indefinite form *Ø has come under heavy syntactic constraints and can best be described as derived from the new unmarked form via a process of phonologically conditioned disfixation, represented {- /l/}. At the same time, MA has also apparently retained an older particle ši and developed an article waħəd, both of which can be used to express different types of indefinite meanings. To support the plausibility of this new description, the study turns to the linguistic history of definiteness in MA, describing how a combination of internal and external impetuses for change likely pushed the dialect toward article loss, a development upon which semantic reanalysis and syntactic restructuring of other forms then followed. If the claim that MA no longer overtly marks definiteness is indeed correct, the study could have a significant impact on work that used previous MA descriptions to make grammaticality judgments, as well as be of value to future work on processes of grammaticalization and language contact. / text

In Canada, the non-recognition of foreign credentials remains a considerable policy issue as well as a challenge for skilled immigrants. Many studies have shed light on the difficulties that foreign professionals face when seeking a placement in the Canadian job market. This thesis focused on the experiences of professional women from Morocco on the basis of the premise that every racialized group’s immigration experience deserves a space in the literature to voice their realities and inspire policy considerations. As a result, this study focused on examining the experiences of Moroccan women in the Canadian job market and the impact thereof, on their socio-economic status, and as such, health and well-being. In order to effectively capture the experiences of this particular community, a fieldwork study was conducted in the form of semi-structured individual interviews with twelve women who immigrated to Canada from Morocco with professional qualifications. Based on the participants’ accounts, I described that systemic discrimination as manifested in Othering and racialization remain major obstacles to the realization of equal access in the Canadian labour market. All in all, this research provides valuable insight into the plight of skilled immigrants in Canada and thus, offers strong policy recommendations to facilitate a more effective integration process for this group into the Canadian Job market.

Thesis (doctoral) - Universität, Frankfurt am Main, 2002.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Comparative Literature. / Includes bibliographical references.

A partir du cas des saisonnières marocaines travaillant sous contrat dans la fraisiculture intensive, cette thèse explore la manière dont le recrutement se fonde sur leur place dans les rapports de sexe (mères avec enfants en bas âge) et la réduction de leur séjour au travail à des fins de contrôle de la mobilité des étrangers (assignation à circuler). On s'intéresse à la manière dont l'utilitarisme migratoire s'appuie sur des rapports matériels de sexe et des représentations de genre, les effets que cela produit en matière d'invisibilisation et de mise à l'écart de ce groupe de travailleuses ainsi qu'en matière de flexibilité dans l'organisation du travail. Enfin, on aborde, dans ce contexte particulier, la manière dont la vie des saisonnières s'articule autour d'une conciliation, parfois impossible à trouver, entre rôle domestique ou familial et salariat saisonnier. / Studying the case of seasonal female workers under contract in intensive strawberry culture, this thesis intends to explore the way in which recruitment is based on their place in sex relations (mothers of young children) and on the reduction of their stay to work in order to control foreigners mobility (assignation to circulate). The thesis presents how migratory utilitarianism uses material sex relations and gender representations to render workers invisible, captive and flexible. Finally, we abord in this specific context the way in which seasonal workers life is articulated and tries to conciliate, sometimes impossibly, a domestic or family role and seasonal wage.

Cette thèse se propose d’explorer un argument peu connu dans la littérature sociologique italienne, c’est-à-dire le travail des femmes Marocaines en Italie, en particulier en Sardaigne et en Toscane.Ces femmes sont aux marges de l’intérêt scientifique qui est concentré sur les étrangères « primomigrantes » arrivées pour travailler, parce que l'emploi est vu comme un indicateur d’intégration et d’émancipation féminin. Au contraire, la condition de femmes regroupées des Marocaines porte à accentuer l’image de femmes au foyer pour culture et tradition, donc soumises à l'homme et peu intégrées dans la société locale. Mais, si d’un côté est vrai que ces femmes sont arrivées en Italie surtout pour regroupement familial et qu’elles sont peu présentes dans le marché de l’emploi italien, d’un autre côté leur plus grande participation au travail dans d’autres nations met en doute que la situation en Italie soit due à des facteurs exclusivement culturels. Il est donc possible donner une image plus large de celle de « femme au foyer » comme une femme passive. Dans ce travail on explore, ainsi, le rapport entre les Marocaines et le travail, quels sont les effets et l’interprétation de l’emploi féminin dans la relation avec l’homme et dans la construction même de l’identité de la femme. On verra donc si le travail pour les Marocaines en Italie est un moyen pour modifier le modèle traditionnel familial et le rôle à l’intérieur du couple. / This work aims to get deeper into a topic not so well known in the Italian Sociology, in other words it aims to get an insight into the Moroccan Women's Job market strictly related to both Sardinia and Tuscany regions. Since a long time scientific studies neglected women focusing only on foreigner breadwinners who move looking for work. This because work has always been considered such as both an indicator for integration and women emancipation. On the contrary , the condition of Moroccan women tends to enhance the image of housewives tipically showed by culture and traditions, thus it shows women subdued to men and poorly integrated into local society. But if one side is true that these women arrived in Italy especially for family reunification and just few of them are active part of the Italian Job market, on the other hand their greater participation in the international job market doubts that the situation in Italy is due to purely cultural factors. Thus, it is possible to give a wider image than a poor label such as "Housewife" given to these women. Furthermore, this work explores the link between women and the Job Market and effects it can produce, but also the interpretation of women's work related both men and the construction of woman's identity itself. It will show finally if the work for Moroccan women in Italy is the best model in order to change the familiar traditional one and the role inside a couple.