Pour assurer une croissance économique durable, le Maroc mobilise diverses sources de financement telles que les investissements directs étrangers. Parmi les déterminants de ceux-ci, il y a la stabilité politique, dont le Maroc est un modèle, mais aussi, l’existence d’un corpus de normes, facilitant leur réalisation. Par ces facilités, il s’agit d’instaurer une véritable politique d’attractivité. A cet effet, différents instruments juridiques, tantôt restrictifs, tantôt libéraux, ont été adoptés depuis l’indépendance, selon la méfiance, légitime, que peuvent, en certaines circonstances, susciter les capitaux étrangers. Ces instruments, qui constituent en définitive le droit marocain des investissements étrangers, vont des dispositions de droit commun, aux dispositions spéciales, en passant par les instruments conventionnels multilatéraux et bilatéraux. Cette étude, sans épuiser le sujet, réalise une présentation dynamique de ces instruments en deux axes. Le premier appréhende la richesse du dispositif normatif de l’accueil de l’investissement étranger ; le second met en articulation les moyens d’une sortie, qu’elle soit contentieuse ou non / To ensure sustainable economic growth, Morocco mobilizes various funding resources such as foreign direct investments. Among the determinants of these), there is political stability, of which Morocco is a model, but also the existence of legal standards making their realization easier. By these facilities, is real policy of attractiveness is aimed. For that purpose, various legal instruments, sometimes restrictive, sometimes liberal, have been adopted since the independence, according to legitimate concerns that foreign capital may raise in certain circumstances. These instruments, which ultimately constitute the Moroccan foreign investment lax, vary from general and special provisions to multilateral and bilateral conventional instruments. This study, without exhausting the subject, makes a dynamic presentation of these instruments regarding two main dimensions of an investment process: entry and exit. The first captures the richness of the normative framework related to foreign investments’ reception, whereas the second highlights in case of their exit, either contentious or not

Todas as pesquisas empreendeidas sobre os judeus na região amazônica sempre preferiram enfatizar como os judeus chegaram à região, as razões que impulsionaram este processo de imigração ou como os judeus se adaptaram a vida nos trópicos. Esta pesquisa pertende alcançar uma visão contemporânea sobre os judeus marroquinos após dois séculos na região amazônica. Para alcançar esta visão contemporânea sobre o grupo empreendemos uma comparação entre a construção da identidade judaica dos judeus marroquinos em Israel com a identidade dos judeus marroquinos da região amazônica. Para empreender esta comparação vários aspectos da etnicidade judaicomarroquina como os festejos de Mimuna que celebra o fim da páscoa judaica, ou a veneração dos tzadickim (rabinos com qualidades de santos), os sacrifícios realizados as vésperas do perdão, dentre outros, foram selecionados através do trabalho de campo e da ajuda de informantes. A análise destes aspectos étnicos nos auxiliarão a compreender as identidades judaico marroquinas são elaboradas contemporaneamente, e como estes aspectos étnicos ajudam a dar forma a estas identidades. / Researches developed about Moroccan Jews in Amazonia have preferentially emphasized how Jews arrived in that region, what reasons influenced this immigration process and how Jews have adapted to the tropics. This research aims to reach a contemporary view about Moroccan Jews in Amazonia after two centuries of immigration. In order to achieve this purpose we have performed a comparison between constructions of Moroccan/ Jewish identities in Israel and in the Amazon region. To perform this comparison several aspects of Moroccan/Jewish ethnicity in Israel and Amazonia such as the festival of Mimuna to celebrate the end of Passover, the worship of tzadickin (Rabbis worshiped as saints), the sacrifices performed in the day before the Astonishment Day and others were selected through field work and with the aid of informants\' accounts. The analysis and comparison of these ethnical aspects will help us to understand how contemporary Moroccan/Jewish identities are elaborated and how these ethnical aspects shape those identities.

Cette thèse est née d’une interrogation sur la représentation de l’Autre dans les imaginaires cinématographiques français et marocains qui se constituent actuellement ; c’est à dire au début des années 2000 (2000-2015). Plus précisément, elle s’interroge sur ce qui permet, à ce niveau de construction d’un regard croisé, de le différencier et de l’identifier distinctement sur le plan imaginaire et dramaturgique. Dans cette double perspective, l’Autre serait tour à tour Français et Marocain, le Nord et le Sud, le Maghrébin et l’Occidental ; ce qui permettra de comparer des représentations tantôt convergentes, tantôt divergentes, voire antagonistes. Car ceux qui traversent la Méditerranée ne sont pas seulement amenés à remettre en cause la prétendue supériorité de l’ancien colonisateur et à dénoncer la condition faite aux immigrés, mais sont aussi à l’origine d’une nouvelle vision du monde : ouverture à l’Autre et à son espace fondée sur le respect mutuel et la fécondité du métissage culturel. Il s’agit donc de mettre en place des rencontres cinématographiques françaises et marocaines pour comprendre comment le corps, son mouvement et son interprétation à l’écran, est le centre de gravité qui anime les regards croisés. Ainsi ressort-il une « correspondance » cinématographique franco-marocaine, carrefour des diversités linguistiques et culturelles, soulevant sans doute des interrogations complexes liées à ces rencontres enrichissantes et dignes d’intérêt scientifique. Comment l’Ailleurs marocain peut-il contribuer au récit filmique français, correspondre à une quête intérieure, ou au contraire conforter un désenchantement radical ? Comment la France entre-elle dans l’histoire contemporaine du cinéma marocain ? Comment le personnage français fait-il partie de son imaginaire ? Ce travail s’interroge parallèlement sur les dangers consécutifs à ce type de représentation qui se manifeste dans la réduction au pittoresque du récit filmique, l'inventaire complaisant de clichés révélant une vision stéréotypée de l'Autre et de son espace. Car les années 2000 conduisent certains films et penseurs à réagir encore et toujours à cette attitude qu’ils tournent souvent en dérision. Toutefois, le cinéma français et les films marocains, loin d’être réductible à cette contestation, proposent aujourd’hui une vision distanciée et originale d’elle-même, de sa culture, et aussi forcément de l’Autre. / This thesis arose from a question about the representation of The Other in today's French and Moroccan filmic images; that is to say in the early 2000s (2000-2015). More precisely, it elaborates on what can allow the construction of a cross observation, which could clearly differentiate and identify the fictional and dramaturgical aspects of the subject. In this double perspective, the Other would be both French and Moroccan, the North and the South, the Maghreb and the West. This will lead to a comparison between representations which are sometimes convergent, sometimes divergent, and even antagonistic. For those crossing the Mediterranean are not only brought to call into question the supposed superiority of the colonizers and denounce the condition of the immigrants, but are also faced with a new vision of the world: the openness to the Other and its foundations implying mutual respect and the fruitfulness of a cultural mix. It is therefore necessary to contextualize the French and Moroccan cinematographic meeting points in order to understand how bodies, their movements and the way they are interpreted on the screen, are at the core of our cross observations. Thus a Franco-Moroccan cinematographic “correspondence" appears. A crossroad of linguistic and cultural diversity, raising undoubtedly complex questions related to these rich encounters and worthy of scientific interest. How can the Moroccan contribute to the French film narrative, corresponding to an inner quest, or on the contrary confirming a radical disenchantment? How does France enter Moroccan contemporary cinema? How do French characters fit in? This work also examines the consecutive dangers of that kind of representation which amount to mere picturesque film narratives, inventories full of cliches revealing a stereotypical view of the Other and their space. Because in the 2000s, some movies and thinkers still have this attitude, so they often feel derided. However, French cinema and Moroccan films, far from being reduced to this challenge, offer today an original and distanced vision of themselves, their culture, and most certainly the Other.

In Canada, the non-recognition of foreign credentials remains a considerable policy issue as well as a challenge for skilled immigrants. Many studies have shed light on the difficulties that foreign professionals face when seeking a placement in the Canadian job market. This thesis focused on the experiences of professional women from Morocco on the basis of the premise that every racialized group’s immigration experience deserves a space in the literature to voice their realities and inspire policy considerations. As a result, this study focused on examining the experiences of Moroccan women in the Canadian job market and the impact thereof, on their socio-economic status, and as such, health and well-being. In order to effectively capture the experiences of this particular community, a fieldwork study was conducted in the form of semi-structured individual interviews with twelve women who immigrated to Canada from Morocco with professional qualifications. Based on the participants’ accounts, I described that systemic discrimination as manifested in Othering and racialization remain major obstacles to the realization of equal access in the Canadian labour market. All in all, this research provides valuable insight into the plight of skilled immigrants in Canada and thus, offers strong policy recommendations to facilitate a more effective integration process for this group into the Canadian Job market.

Notre thèse fait l'analyse du contrôle du juge sur la sentence arbitrale interne et internationale en droit Marocain par le biais de l'exequatur et à l'occasion du recours en annulation au vue de la jurisprudence tant Marocaine que Française et dresse une étude critique quant à son incidence. / Our thesis analyzes the judge’s control over the internal and international arbitral award in Moroccan law through exequatur and on the occasion of the action for annulment in view of both Moroccan and French jurisprudence and draws up a critical study of its impact.

This thesis examines the international movement of Ideals about sustainable urban development and design through a focus on planning, private sector architecture and engineering experts. These experts, who are referred to in the literature as the global intelligence corps (GIC), package-up their know-how in urban sustainability as a moneymaking product, and serve it as urban mega- projects around the world. In doing so, the global intelligence corps (GIC) construct norms about what represents ‘good’ ecological urban planning, and subsidize to the expansion of an interna- tionalized mobile model of sustainable urbanism. This thesis aims at building on a wide-ranging literature of the business of (GIC) in design and sustainable urban development, and an in-depth case study of the top 11 of European and American global intelligence corps firms working in Mo- rocco’s Eco-megaprojects. Analysis of this substantial projects explains how the (GIC’s) work shapes a spreading model of sustainable urbanism, and how this, in turn, produces and reinforces particular canons in urban development practice. This thesis however, demonstrated that the (GIC) firms might be at the same time advisors and settlers of sustainable-urbanism canons, but only in the presence of a positive financial and political will, while socio-environmental and ethical issues are not necessarily always involved in their calculus to make a decision.

A field survey and a metabolism experiment were conducted to study livestock watering practices in the Moroccan Pre-Sahara and their changes with drought extent, season, ecological zone, pastoral system, and herd size. The metabolism experiment was designed to determine effects of once per 2 days (ID), once daily and twice daily drinking frequencies, and high and low body conditions on water and nutrient utilization by sheep fed high- and low-quality diets. The way herds are managed in this region exposes all sex and age categories of animals to food and water shortages during annual dry seasons and occasional droughts. Livestock are commonly watered once daily in warm seasons, but in the winter they are dominantly watered once every other day. Distance of herders' headquarters from water averaged 4.6 km, but 27 .6% of herders reside farther than the 5 km recommended distance from water sources. The proportion of herds not able to satisfy their complete requirements attains 28% in summer. Out-of-pocket cost of water hauling averaged 0.0270 Dirham, but was higher when water was trucked instead of transported by equines. A careful water development associated with adequate range management is recommended. Results of the metabolism experiment showed that thin rams had higher dry matter (DM) intake and nitrogen retention than did fat rams, but the digestive capacity of fat and thin rams was similar. ID did not affect Beni Guil sheep's water-to-OM-intake ratio, but induced a drop in DM intake of both diets. ID improved nitrogen balance by 40% as compared to daily drinking. When compared with fat rams, thin rams were more efficient in water utilization, but had higher water turnover, which allowed them to excrete excess waste coming from their higher feed intake. ID is undesirable when production or compensatory growth is the goal, but when animals are thin and feed quality is low, it has the advantage of improving nitrogen retention and allowing animals to graze at least two days walking distance from the water point without need for water transportation. Twice-daily drinking proved to be of a limited effect on all measured parameters.

Purpose of the survey. This is the psychological moment in Moorish history in which to examine the marriage customs of the country. With the advent of Moroccan Independence in 1956, Moroccan manners and customs entered a state of flux--combining the old traditions with new and modern ways of living. As a result, weddings may become simpler, and the marriage outlook may become more vest- ernized; but, the background for both institutions will remain rooted in the age-old traditions and beliefs. It is these we will discuss in this thesis. They may possibly disappear within our own lifetimes, and it is, therefore, of fundamental importance that these cultural traditions concerning marriage be preserved. To my knowledge there has been no other study of this subject made in America. Many tourists and students have published comprehensive works on Moorish life, and, of course, have discussed marriage within the framework of a total study. Only westermarck's Marriage Ceremonies in Morocco has dealt with the subject of itself.

La présente thèse aborde la question de la migration de retour sous l’angle peu commun du transfert de connaissances, au travers de la création d’entreprise, susceptible d’être novatrice, dans l’hypothèse où l’expatriation du migrant qualifié, aux fins de formation supérieure dans un pays comparativement plus développé, peut être l’occasion pour celui-ci de maîtriser un savoir ou un savoir-faire profitable à la mise en place d’affaires à plus forte valeur ajoutée dans son pays d’origine. De plus, notre travail ambitionne de pouvoir au final renseigner sur des approches opportunes pour la mobilisation des compétences diasporiques, –en faveur d’investissements servant par exemple les plans d’émergence industrielle de ce pays d’origine qu’est le Maroc– au travers de recommandations basées sur notre revue de la littérature théorique et empirique, appuyée par une étude de terrain originale et une analyse formalisée de ses résultats, suivant une démarche hypothético-déductive prédictive. Ceci, en vue de contribuer à faire face à cette rareté des études qui, comme la nôtre, font appel aux variables qualitatives (ouvertes) plus riches –pour une compréhension en profondeur du sujet– mais aussi plus complexes à traiter et à interpréter que celles se limitant aux variables quantitatives. Il s’agit ainsi, d’étudier une tranche de la diaspora marocaine de France et son degré de contribution au développement socio-économique du Maroc, de par son potentiel entrepreneurial souvent synonyme d’une plus grande valeur ajoutée à ce pays en développement, grâce aux qualités propres à cette tranche. La problématique a, en effet, pour population cible : les diplômés et étudiants originaires du Maroc qui préparent ou qui ont fait des études supérieures et/ou disposent d’une qualification professionnelle acquise en France, et dont l’éventuel projet de retour serait associé ou pas à une création d’entreprise. L'objectif recherché est donc l'étude du retour, lié à la probable intention d’entreprendre, et delà celle des variables explicatives pouvant affecter cette décision et/ou ce choix positivement ou négativement, en en repérant les incitations et les freins par l’examen d’un échantillon représentatif qui nous permettra de faire ressortir les motivations et contraintes mais aussi les opportunités qui se présentent à un candidat au retour au pays et qui serait éventuellement porteur d’un projet de création d’entreprise innovante ou non au Maroc. / This thesis addresses the issue of return migration, in the unusual terms of knowledge transfer through business creation, which may have the potential to drive innovation from the host to the home country, in the event that the expatriation of skilled migrant, for the purpose of achieving higher qualification in a comparatively more developed country, may be an opportunity for this migrant to master knowledge or know-how beneficial to value added businesses development in its country of origin. Our work also aims to provide guidance on formulating appropriate approach for mobilizing diaspora entrepreneurship to promote economic growth and development (that could, for example, be in harmony with the Moroccan national plan for industrial emergence) through recommendations, based on critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature, supported by an original field study and its formal analysis results, using an hypothetico-deductive approach, associated with econometric modeling for predictive purposes by simulations. In an attempt to contribute to fill the lack of studies, like ours, that take the challenge of making use of (open-ended) qualitative variables richer –for a deeper understanding of the subject– but also more complex to treat and interpret than quantitative variables. So, we study a portion of the Moroccan diaspora of France and its degree of contribution to the socio-economic development of Morocco, through its entrepreneurial potential, that may be synonymous with greater added value in this “developing” country thanks to the unique qualities of this portion. The problem statement, or thesis, has indeed as target population: graduates & students originating from Morocco who prepare or have completed graduate studies and /or have a professional qualification acquired in France, and whose return project may or may not be associated with starting a business in Morocco. The aim is the study of return linked to the probable intention to undertake a business project, and therefore the examination of explanatory variables that could affect, positively or negatively, this decision and/or choice, by identifying its incentives and brakes through the analysis of a representative sample that will allow us to highlight motivations and constraints, but also the opportunities that present themselves to a candidate for return who is possibly bearer or not of an innovative business creation project in Morocco.

In this thesis, the three hypotheses on the nature of early L2 acquisition (the Full Transfer/Full Access view of Schwartz and Sprouse (e.g., 1996), the Minimal Trees view of Vainikka and Young-Scholten (e.g., 1996), and the Valueless Features view of Eubank (e.g., 1996)), are discussed. Analysis of the early French production by two native speakers of Moroccan Arabic is done to determine if the L1 grammar is transferred onto the L2 grammar. In particular, the phenomena of verb-raising (as determined by the verb's position vis-a-vis negation) and finiteness are examined. The results of this study indicate that the relevant structures of Moroccan Arabic do not transfer onto the emerging French grammar.