<p>Abstract</p><p>GPS telemetry is a method with good accuracy to determine animal movements in the terrain. It is necessary to determine locations of free-ranging animals in order to understand movement patterns and habitat use, and to understand the consequences of human impacts like highways. This study aims to describe moose movement patterns and to evaluate the effect of highway traffic intensity on moose movements across a highway.</p><p>Moose in Southwestern Sweden have different movement rates throughout the year. Increased movement rate for females was observed during spring and summer. The breeding season (15 September -15 October) is the most important season for bulls. Our result shows that bulls significantly increase their movement rate during the rut, compared to other times during the fall. Movement rate increased twice compared with female movement rate during this period. No difference was observed during the rutting period for females (15 September- 15 October) compared with no rutting period during fall. During winter time, both sexes retain low movements, mainly caused by energy saving actions. A distinct crepuscular rhythm was exhibited during the summer and fall season, movements were more intense during dawn and dusk hours. No distinct crepuscular rhythm was noticed during winter and spring seasons.</p><p>The traffic intensity at highway E6 in Southwestern Sweden increases during the morning hours and reaches its maximum during midday. Moose in southwestern Sweden crossed highway E6 more often at night time than day time. Thus highway crossings by moose occurred at times of peak moose movements, and traffic volume had lower importance.</p>

Abstract GPS telemetry is a method with good accuracy to determine animal movements in the terrain. It is necessary to determine locations of free-ranging animals in order to understand movement patterns and habitat use, and to understand the consequences of human impacts like highways. This study aims to describe moose movement patterns and to evaluate the effect of highway traffic intensity on moose movements across a highway. Moose in Southwestern Sweden have different movement rates throughout the year. Increased movement rate for females was observed during spring and summer. The breeding season (15 September -15 October) is the most important season for bulls. Our result shows that bulls significantly increase their movement rate during the rut, compared to other times during the fall. Movement rate increased twice compared with female movement rate during this period. No difference was observed during the rutting period for females (15 September- 15 October) compared with no rutting period during fall. During winter time, both sexes retain low movements, mainly caused by energy saving actions. A distinct crepuscular rhythm was exhibited during the summer and fall season, movements were more intense during dawn and dusk hours. No distinct crepuscular rhythm was noticed during winter and spring seasons. The traffic intensity at highway E6 in Southwestern Sweden increases during the morning hours and reaches its maximum during midday. Moose in southwestern Sweden crossed highway E6 more often at night time than day time. Thus highway crossings by moose occurred at times of peak moose movements, and traffic volume had lower importance.

This report is about how accessibility in Eskilstuna's central trade street Kungsgatan can be improved, based on my background as spatial configuration designer, and by Eskilstuna's residents' opinions. In this report I explain what methods I have used, and how I attained my results. The goal of this project was to create ideal accessibility in the central part of Kungsgatan in Eskilstuna. Since Fristadstorget was rebuilt, and since the city is growing in terms of housing and residents, accessibility will in the near future be even more limited for visitors than it is today. My design proposal is designed based on street conditions, residents' opinions and Eskilstuna's existing ideas. / Denna rapport handlar om hur framkomligheten på Eskilstunas centrala handelsgata Kungsgatan kan förbättras utifrån min bakgrund som rumslig gestaltare samt efter Eskilstunas invånares åsikter. I rapporten redovisar jag vilka metoder jag använt mig av och hur jag kommit fram till mitt resultat. Syftet med arbetet var att skapa den ultimata framkomligheten på den centrala delen av Kungsgatan i Eskilstuna. Genom att Fristadstorget byggs om och innerstaden växer i form av bostäder och invånare så kommer framkomligheten bli än mer begränsad för besökarna än vad den är idag. Designförslaget är utformat utifrån gatans förutsättningar, invånarnas åsikter samt Eskilstuna kommuns befintliga idéer.

Modern motion capturing technologies are capable of collecting quantitative, biomechanical data on golf swings that can help to improve our understanding of golf theory and facilitate the establishing of new, optimized swing paradigms.This study explored the possibility of utilizing Microsoft’s Kinect sensor to analyse the biomechanics of golf swings. Following design-science research principles, it presents a software prototype capable of capturing, recording, analysing and comparing movement patterns using three-dimensional vector angles. The tracking accuracy and data validity of the software were then evaluated in a set of experiments in optimal and real-world conditions using actual golf swing recordings.The results indicate that the software is providing accurate data on joint vector angles with a clear profile view, while visually occluded and frontal angles are more difficult to determine precisely. The employed position detection algorithm demonstrated good results in both optimal and real-world environments. Overall, the presented software and its approach to position analysis and detection show great potential for use in further research efforts. / Program: Magisterutbildning i informatik

Denna studie presenterar en artefakt som med hjälp av Microsoft Kinect, samlar in och beräknar biomekanisk data från golfsvingar för att identifiera nyckelpositioner på ett automatiserat sätt. Den övergripande metoden som används är design-science research. Kinect sensorn är egentligen gjord för tv-spel, men kan även användas allmänt för att fånga och samla in kvantitativ biomekanisk data. Sensorn är inte specifikt utformad för golfsvingar, och saknar dessutom förmågan att spåra externa objekt som golfklubbor. Dessa problem var grunden för denna studies övergripande syfte, nämligen att utveckla en mjukvara med förmågan att identifiera de fem viktigaste nyckelpositionerna i golfsvingen. Nyckelpositionerna definieras utifrån mätbara egenskaper vilket för nyckelpositionen impact, krävde att man utnyttjade sensorns förmåga att spela in ljud. I empirin som genomfördes på en driving range samlades data från sammanlagt 20 svingar in. Varje identifierad nyckelposition analyserades på ett kvalitativt sätt utifrån ett antal sammanställda kriterier. Kinectsensorn hade problem att identifiera vissa positioner, men sammantaget bedömdes 87 % av de insamlade nyckelpositionerna som korrekt identifierade. För nyckelpositionen impact, där insamlad ljuddata användes för identifiering, bedömdes 85 % av de insamlade nyckelpositionerna som korrekt identifierade. Studien begränsar sig till utvalda nyckelpositioner men visar potential för automatiserad insamling av kvalitativ golfsvingdata, och ger uppenbara möjligheter för vidare forskning. / This study presents an artifact that is using Microsoft Kinect for motion capturing of golf swings, in order to identify key positions in an automatic fashion. The main method used is design science research. The Kinect sensor, which is developed for the Xbox video game console, can be used for general motion capture. It is, however, not tailored for golf swings and it also lacks the ability to track external objects such as the golf club. These problems were the main motivation for the purpose of this study, i.e. to develop an application to identify the five most important positions in the golf swing. The key positions were defined based on measurable traits, making it necessary to use the audio recording ability of the sensor for the impact position. The empirical investigation was performed at a driving range, and data from a total of 20 golf swings were gathered. In the next step, every key position was analyzed in a quantitative manner based on a number of criteria. The results show that the Kinect sensor may have some troubles recognizing certain positions, but still 87 % of the key positions captured were considered to be successfully identified. Specifically, 85 % of all impact positions were successfully identified. The study was limited to the chosen key positions, but shows good potential for automatic capturing of quantitative golf swing data, thus suggesting several possible directions for future research.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23739号 / 理博第4829号 / 新制||理||1690(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 森 哲, 教授 中川 尚史, 教授 中務 真人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Evidenční list Souhlasím se zapůjčením své diplomové práce ke studijním účelům. Uživatel svým podpisem stvrzuje, že tuto diplomovou práci použil ke studiu a prohlašuje, že ji uvede mezi použitými prameny. Jméno a příjmení: Fakulta / katedra: Datum vypůjčení: Podpis: ______________________________________________________________________ ABSTRAKT Název: Zhodnocení vlivu sportovního lezení na pohybový aparát se zaměřením na bederní páteř Cíle práce: Cílem práce je zhodnotit vliv sportovního lezení na pohybový aparát člověka s užším zaměřením na oblast bederní páteře pomocí předem stanovených testů a vyšetření orientujících se na bederní část axiálního systému u skupiny lezců a nelezců. Dílčím cílem je teoretické zpracování problematiky sportovního lezení, bederní páteře a shrnutí vlivu sportovního lezení na pohybový aparát. Metoda řešení: Nejprve byla provedena rešerše literatury týkající se problematiky sportovního lezení a bederní páteře. Poté byla na skupině dvaceti lezců a kontrolní skupině dvaceti nelezců provedena komparativní studie, během které bylo provedeno funkční vyšetření bederní páteře pomocí PBU ("pressure biofeedback unit") dle konceptu Spinální segmentální stabilizace a vyšetření pohybových stereotypů a zkrácených svalů dle Jandy. Výsledky byly statisticky zhodnoceny pomocí programu Microsoft...

Movement pattern mining involves the processing of movement data to understand the mobility behaviour of humans/animals. Movement pattern mining has numerous applications, e.g. traffic optimization, event planning, optimization of public transport and carpooling. The recent digital revolution has caused a wide-spread use of smartphones and other devices equipped with GPS. These devices produce a tremendous amount of movement data which contains valuable mobility information. Many interesting mobility patterns and algorithms to mine them have been proposed in recent years to mine different types of mobility behaviours, e.g. convoy, flock, group, swarm or platoon, etc. The drastic increase in the volumes of data being generated limits the use of these algorithms in the mining of movement patterns on real-world data sizes because of their lack of scalability.This thesis deals with three aspects of movement pattern mining, i.e. scalability, efficiency, and real-timeliness with a focus on convoy pattern mining. A convoy pattern is a group of objects moving together for a certain period. Mining of convoy pattern involves clustering of the movement dataset at each timestamp and then merging the clusters to form convoys. Clustering the whole dataset is a limiting factor in the scalability of existing algorithms. One way to solve the scalability problem is to mine convoys in parallel. Parallel mining can be done either using the existing distributed spatiotemporal data processing system like Parallel Secondo or by using a general distributed data processing system. We first test the scalability behaviour of Parallel Secondo for mining movement patterns and conclude that it is not an industrial grade system and its scalability is limited. An essential part of designing distributed data processing algorithms is the data partitioning strategy. We study three different data partitioning strategies, i.e. Object-based, spatial and temporal. We analyze their suitability to convoy pattern mining based on 5 properties, i.e. data exchange, data redundancy, partitioning cost, disk seeks and data ordering. Our study shows that the temporal partitioning strategy is best suited for convoy mining as it is easily parallelizable and less complicated. The observations in our study also apply to other movement pattern mining algorithms, e.g. flock, group or platoon, etc.Based on the temporal partitioning strategy, we propose a generic distributed shared nothing convoy mining algorithm called DCM which is linearly scalable concerning the data size, data density and the number of nodes. DCM can be implemented using any distributed data processing framework. For our experiments, we implemented the algorithm using the Hadoop MapReduce framework. It performs better than the existing sequential algorithms, i.e. CuTs family of algorithms by an order of magnitude on different computing architectures, e.g. single x86 machine, multi-core cluster with NUMA architecture and multi-node SMP clusters. Although DCM is a scalable distributed algorithm which can process huge datasets, the cost of maintaining the cluster is high. Also, the heavy computation it incurs because of the requirement of clustering the whole dataset is not resource-efficient.To solve the efficiency problem of DCM, we propose a new sequential algorithm called k/2-hop which even being a sequential algorithm can perform orders of magnitude faster than the existing state-of-the-art sequential as well as distributed algorithms. The main strength of the algorithm is its pruning capability. Our experiments show that it can prune up to 99% of the data. k/2-hop uses a notion of benchmark points which are timestamps separated by k/2 timestamps where k is the minimum length of the convoys to be mined. We prove that to be able to mine maximal convoys; we need to cluster the data belonging to the benchmark points only. For the timestamps between two consecutive benchmark points, we propose an efficient mining algorithm called the Hop Window Mining Tree (HWMT). HWMT clusters the data corresponding to only those objects that are part of a cluster in the benchmark points. k/2-hop is a batch algorithm that can mine convoys very fast, but we only get the result when the complete dataset has been processed. Also, it requires the data to be indexed for better performance and thus cannot be used in real-time scenarios. We propose a streaming variant of the k/2-hop algorithm which does not require the input dataset to be indexed and can process a stream of data. It outputs the mined convoys as and when they are discovered. The streaming k/2-hop algorithm is very memory efficient and can process data that is many times bigger than the memory made available to the algorithm. We show through experiments that if we include the data loading and indexing time in the runtime of the k/2-hop algorithm, streaming k/2-hop is the fastest convoy mining algorithm to date. Convoy pattern is part of a bigger category of co-movement patterns, and most of the observations (if not all) made in this thesis about convoy pattern mining also apply to other patterns of the category such as flock, group or platoon, etc. This applicability means that a generic batch and streaming distributed co-movement pattern mining framework can be build using the k/2 technique. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The aim of this paper is to examine the layout of public spaces and its effect on human behavior with focus on the relation between pedestrians and cyclists movement patterns in a specific path. The study emanates from the security aspect of pedestrians and cyclists, and builds upon previous theories and empirical studies about perception, security, information design, environmental psychology and behavior. The result shows that individual behavior and movement pattern differs with age, purpose, physical- and other conditions, and layout of the surroundings. A design proposal for improved layout of a path and a node between different oncoming paths has been developed to aid the users’ needs, where a separation of walkways and bike lanes forms zones of security for the purpose of better orientation and a better flow between the users. / Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka det offentliga rummets utformning och dess påverkan på det mänskliga beteendet med fokus på att studera relationen mellan gång-och cykeltrafikanternas rörelsemönster i ett specifikt gång-och cykelstråk. Studien utgår från trygghetsaspekten mellan gång- och cykeltrafikanter och bygger på samtida forskning om trafikanternas beteenden, teorier om perception, informationsdesign, stadsplanering, miljöpsykologi, samt empiriska studier. Resultatet visar att trafikanternas beteende och rörelsemönster skiljer sig beroende på ålder, mål med färden, fysiskt tillstånd och de egna förutsättningarna, samt omgivningen. Ett gestaltningsförslag på en förbättrad utformning av ett gång-och cykelstråk och en knutpunkt mellan olika mötande stråk har tagits fram utifrån trafikanternas behov, där en separering av gång -och cykelbana bildar olika trygghetszoner som ska bidra till en bättre orientering och ett bättre flöde mellan trafikanterna.

Bakgrund: De senaste åren har intresset för att skapa enkla, validerade, kliniskt orienterade screeningverktyg som mäter biomekaniska parametrar i rörelsemönster växt fram. Bland annat har inriktningen av dessa verktyg varit att förutspå risken att drabbas av skada i det främre korsbandet (ACL) som sitter i knäleden. Det har visat sig att unga kvinnor i idrotter som medför hopp och riktningsförändringar är en högriskgrupp för denna skadetyp och därför har ACL-skadeincidensen ökat sedan allt fler kvinnor engagerar sig i utövning av idrott. Syfte: Att undersöka evidensen för att dessa kliniskt orienterade screeningverktyg förutspår utfallet av främre korsbandsskada hos unga kvinnliga idrottare och se om de kan rekommenderas. Metod: Litteraturstudie med kvalitetsbedömning och grad av evidens i vetenskapliga artiklar enligt validerad checklista och Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Resultat: Alla evaluerade artiklar fick den högsta evidensgraden som var möjligt för kohortstudier, 2++. Kliniskt orienterade screeningverktyg som mäter biomekaniska parametrar i rörelsemönster fick dock det lägsta rekommendationsvärdet ’D’ då motstridiga resultat visades. Detta innebar att ingen specifik rekommendation gick att göra. Diskussion: Utfallet av en ACL-skada påverkas av många faktorer utöver riskfulla rörelsemönster och därför finns flera viktiga confounders att ta hänsyn till för att hitta de avgörande faktorerna. För att kunna påvisa screeningverktygens förutspående värde och hitta överensstämmande resultat kan det krävas större studier än befintligt gjorda. Slutsats: De biomekaniska screeningverktygen som undersöktes i denna studie visade otillräckliga resultat för att kunna göra ett rekommendationsutlåtande för klinisk användning / Background: Simple tools to predict injuries in high risk sport would be an important development to reduce the amount of injuries and to develop preventative protocols. One such method is biomechanical screening tools where several methods have been developed. One type of injury that has been in focus of predicting is an injury in the anterioer cruciate ligament (ACL) which is located in the kneejoint. Studies have found that young female athletes in sports that involve jumps and cutting maneuvers are at increased risk of suffering this type of injury. Since the number of females engaging in sports is increasing, the incidence of ACL-injurys so do. Aim of the study: To grade the evidence for these clinical oriented screening tools in predicting the outcome of anterior cruciate ligament injury in a population of young female athletes, then state a grade of recommendation. Methods: A literature review of grading quality and evidence in scientific articles according to a validated checklist and Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Results: All of the evaluated articles scored the highest grade possible for cohort studies, 2++. However, clinical oriented screening tools which measure biomechanical parameters in movement patterns got the lowest possible grade of recommendation, ’D’, since inconsistent results were shown. This meant that no specific recommendation could be done. Discussion: The outcome of an ACL-injury is affected by multiple factors and not only riskful movement patterns. There are many important confounders that could be adjusted for in finding the concluding factors. To be able to demonstrate the predictive value of the screeningtools and find consistent results it could require larger studies than yet available. Conclusion: The reviewed biomechanical screening tools showed insufficient results to state a grade of recommendation for clinical application.