Fisheries in African reservoirs are typically multi -species and in most cases the fish resource is harvested with a number of gears. These characteristics complicate their management and the development of management procedures. Typically, long time series of data on catch and effort and length- or age-based catch are not available for these fisheries. This precludes the use of data intensive methods such as multi-species virtual population analysis. The principal aim of this thesis was to develop a management procedure for African reservoir fisheries that takes into account the pertinent biological characteristics of the target species and accounts for the multi-species and multi-gear irIteractions in such fisheries. An opportunity availed itself to undertake this work on Lake ChicaIllba (19°08'S 33°08'E) a man-made hydroelectric dam in subtropical Mozambique (Manica province). The specific objectives of this study were: to obtain locality specific biological parameters for the target species in Lake ChicaIllba; to assess gear utilisation trends in the fishery through the determination of gear-selectivity, catch rate and effort for each of the principal gears used in the fishery; to assess the fishery using traditional per-recruit models and to test existing and new per-recruit models that account for the multi-species and multi-gear nature of the fishery and to determine the adequacy of each of these approaches in the determination of suitable target reference point (TRP) exploitation rates. The three principal specIes in Lake Chicamba are the introduced largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, and two cichlids the Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus and the redbreast tilapia, Tilapia rendalli. Sectioned otoliths were used for age and growth determination. Marginal zone analysis showed that annulus formation in all three species occurred during winter. The maximum-recorded age was 5 years for M. salmoides, 16 years for T. rendalli and 10 years for O. mossambicus. Growth of the three species was best described by the 3 parameter von Bertalanffy growth model as ℓa = 465.51 (1 - e⁻ₑ·ₑ⁷⁵⁽a⁺⁰·⁰⁰⁹⁾ mm FL for M salmoides; ℓa = 238.74 (1 - e⁻⁰⁶³⁶⁽a⁺⁰·⁹⁰⁵⁾) mm TL for T. rendalli; and ℓa = 266.06 (1 - e⁻⁰⁷⁹⁰⁴⁽a⁺⁰·²⁶⁹⁾) mm TL for 0. mossambicus. Female T. rendalli attained 50%-maturity at 2.89 years, while O. mossambicus matured at 2.83 years and M. salmoides at 0.9 years. Both cichlid species spawned throughout summer while M. salmoides had a very short spawning season from August to September. The total annual mortality rate (Z) for M. salmoides in Lake Chicamba was 1.27 yr⁻¹, the mean empirical estimate of natural mortality (M) was 0.73 yr⁻¹, and fishing mortality (F) was calculated at 0.54 yr⁻¹. For T. rendalli Z = 0.31 yr⁻¹, M = 0.20 yr⁻¹, F = 0.11 yr⁻¹ and for 0. mossambicus Z= 0.62 yr⁻¹, M= 0.38 yr⁻¹, F= 0.24 yr⁻¹. The three species exhibited reproductive traits, which implied a high reliance of recruitment on spawner stock (nest guarding in T. rendalli and M. salmoides and mouthbrooding in O. mossambicus). For this reason it was decided that the cichlid fisheries should be managed using TRPs which maintained the spawner biomass-per-recruit at 50% (FSB50) of pristine levels. However, based on good evidence it was hypothesised that the high rate of fishing mortality helped to maintain the fast growth rate of M. salmoides. It was, therefore, decided to manage this species at a TRP of F SB40. The three most important fishing sectors were the gill-net, seine-net and hook-and-line fisheries. The total catch for 1996 was 223 t. The gill nets selected all three species at a size/age approximating 50%-maturity while the seine-net and hook-and-line fisheries selected mainly juvenile fishes. There was strong evidence to suggest that seine net fishing also disrupted spawning. It was shown that the 'traditional' single-species per-recruit models were unsuitable to assess multi-species and multi-gear reservoir fisheries. Since existing multi-species/multifishery yield-per-recruit models were not capable of defining FsB(x) TRPs, a new multispecies/ multi-fishery spawner-biomass-per-recruit approach was developed. This approach allowed for the simulation of the response of spawner biomass-per-recruit to changes in effort in the three fishery sectors, simultaneously. The models showed that the spawner biomass-per-recruit, at current effort levels, was higher than the suggested TRP for the three species. However, it was shown that an increase of 10% in current total effort would reduce spawner biomass-per-recruit to below the recommended TRP levels. With the closure of the seine-net fishery, gill-net effort could be increased to 338 fishers (340 for management purposes) and effort in the hook-and-line fishery could be increased by 30% before the TRP was reached. To maintain the fish stocks above TRP levels, effort control was considered to be the most effective management method. The main recommendations for Lake Chicamba were to close the seine-net fishery, to limit the gill-net fishery to 340 fishers (using 137-m long x 3-m deep gill nets) and to maintain the open access nature of the hook-and-line fishery. The multi-species/multi-fishery per-recruit approach allows for the meaningful simulation of various scenarios and provides relatively robust management options. In the absence of long time series of effort and age- or length-based catch data, this approach was considered as the most suitable assessment method for multi-species/multi-gear African reservoir fisheries.

No description available.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Managing the diverse production and support teams on mining operations in Southern Africa is proving to be problematic and challenging. Many mines are facing strikes, “go-slows” and destructive conflict related to diversity issues. The objective of this case study was to evaluate the apparent successful diversity management practices employed at Benga Mine (an MCC Group mine) in Mozambique. The study aimed to determine the success of the tactics employed by the management team and whether successful tactics can be utilised at other mines operating within the MCC Group. The case study evaluated seven practical diversity management tactics employed by the management of the mine as conceptual method. The seven tactics were verified through a literature review and an eighth “other” category was provided for additional tactics that the research may reveal. The research revealed that the diversity management tactics at Benga Mine have some strengths and some weaknesses. The management team focused on translation of communication to the primary spoken languages on the mine. This enabled good communication flow, but further improvements can be made. Most employees identify with the Benga Mine and feel a sense of common purpose. The management team identified nutrition as a critical diversity management issue. This was an accurate observation as the research revealed that the availability and quality of food is of fundamental importance to them. Further improvement, such as catering for vegetarians, can be made to the food offerings. Strong relationships exist on the mine and this is the area where the Benga Mine management team excel. Employees feel that issues on importance can be addressed through various communication platforms and that their concerns are being taken seriously. Employees believe that all groups have the opportunity to raise issues and that the management team evaluate their concerns with compassion and care. The sound communication system employed at Benga Mine builds relationships and promotes a culture where employees can engage with management. The management of employment equity policies poses a significant challenge to the mine. The expats manage and pose the bulk of technical and operational expertise, resulting in significant risk to the sustainability of the business since the work permit quota system requires knowledge transfer to Mozambique citizens. Additionally, the work environment is not conducive to gender equality and female employees feel marginalised. An organisational culture conducive to managing and valuing the contribution and presence of all groups has been created at the mine. Further improvement can be made by terminating tokens of separations such as different uniforms for managers and operational employees. No significant new or additional diversity management factors were identified during the research. Benga Mine’s diversity management tactics are effective, but improvements can easily be achieved by focusing on the recommendations of this case study. The recommendations include improvements to translation of management instructions, clarification of employment equity obligations and a higher degree of sensitivity to the needs of female employees.

Thesis (MComm (Economics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / The aim of this study was to analyse educational performance in Mozambique by 1) comparing the determinants of education in developing countries with the situation in country, 2) understanding the supply factors that influence enrolments and education attainment, 3) evaluating the efficiency of the current education system, 4) analysing the importance to education of each of the demand determinants and of school quality on education attainment, and 5) contributing information to assist policy makers with decisions regarding education. Mozambique is one of the poorest countries in the world. More than half of the population lives below the poverty line and the general adult literacy is only 54%. The education system is mainly characterized by weak performance as a whole, high grade repetition, high dropout rates, low survival rates, high pupil-teacher ratios and a low percentage of qualified teachers. In addition to this, there is a great deal of inequality in education achievement by province, place of residence, income group and gender. After this preliminary analysis, chapter II (literature review) highlighted critical inputs and served as a guideline for the following chapters of this study. The dimensions analysed in the followed chapters were: 1) Supply Factors, 2) Demand determinants and 3) School Quality. Chapter III therefore consisted of a descriptive analysis of the most important supply ...

Sustainable tourism development strategies are regarded as suitable for developed countries, while pro-poor tourism strategies are seen as suitable approaches for underdeveloped countries. Both approaches stress the importance of local community-based or collaborative tourism management. The goal of these strategies is for local communities to achieve a more equitable share of benefits accruing from tourism development. This study dealt with the problem of which policy changes need to be brought about to ensure sustainable tourism development on Bazaruto Island. From an economic perspective, one would wish to examine the economic returns to tourism, ensuring that as many of the benefits as possible stay within Mozambique while some accrue to local community members. In addition, from an ecological perspective, it would be necessary to ensure that much of the pristine environment is retained. The local community would wish to ensure significant participation in preserving and promoting its culture as part of the development of tourism.

In Mozambique, rural poverty is visible in the statistics and in real life. According to UNDP (2005), the index of Mozambique’s human development ranked 172 out of 177 countries and was far below the averages of the sub-Saharan Africa and Least Developed Countries, despite considerable improvement in the indicator over the previous five years. It had been determined that 54% of the population lived below the poverty level of $1/day surviving on as little as US$0.40 per day in 2003 (UNDP, 2005). The population distribution in Mozambique remained predominantly rural; with 64% of the 21.4 million people living in the countryside. The development prospects of rural areas remained a key concern (UNDP, 2005). Development was also a key problem for me. For this study it was decided to select a specific problem, the role of the traditional leaders in development, and a special case, a traditional chief - João Mapanguelana Mondlane, nominated in 1949. Between 1960 and 1974 Mapanguelana inaugurated a settlement scheme and a cooperative in the Aldeia das Laranjeiras north of Mandlakazi in Gaza province. I selected this case because several approaches assume that the nature of the relationship between key local development actors and communities has an impact on the development conditions observed at any point in time of the rural areas. From this case study, I can conclude that the involvement of the local leaders with legitimacy and credibility in the community and modern social and administrative networks was the key point that made it possible for the Aldeia das Laranjeiras to be different from her neighbouring villages. During the colonial period the government in Mozambique recognized the significance of traditional leadership as a way to reach the people and make their rule effective and legitimate, specifically in the rural areas. After independence, the new Frelimo government banned traditional leadership and accused it of having collaborated with colonialists and of practicing exploitative actions. In 2000, the Mozambican government reversed the earlier approach, particularly in line with policies that aim at carrying out developmental projects in the districts, and established legal procedures for the nomination of community representatives. The review of the literature and the findings suggest that Mozambique followed the new trends of incorporating the traditional leadership in the rural local governance as a way to reach rural economic development. The aim of this study is to assist policy makers in developing countries especially in Africa, and more specifically in Mozambique, in focusing on the problem of involving the local leaders in the struggle to reduce poverty in the rural areas where most of the population is located. / Thesis (M.Dev.Studies)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.

M.Sc. (Botany) / Global efforts to protect the world’s forests from unsustainable and inequitable exploitation have been undermined in recent years by rampant illegal logging in many timber-producing countries. A prerequisite for efficient control and seizure of illegally harvested forest product is a rapid, accurate and tamper proof method of species identification. DNA barcoding is one such a tool, relatively simple to apply. It is acknowledged to bring about accuracy and efficiency in species identification. In this study a DNA barcode reference library for traded and protected tree species of southern Africa was developed comprising of 81 species and 48 genera. Four primary analyses were conducted to assess the suitability of the core barcodes as a species identification tool using the R package Spider 1.2-0. Lastly, to evaluate this identification tool, query specimens independently sampled at a Mozambican logging concession were identified using DNA barcoding techniques. The nearest neighbour (k-NN) and best close match (BCM) distance based parameter yielded 90% and 85% identification success rate using the core plant barcodes respectively. DNA barcoding identification of query specimens maintained a constant 83% accuracy over the single marker dataset and the combined dataset. This database can serve as a backbone to a control mechanism based on DNA techniques for species identification and also advance the ability of relevant authorities to rapidly identify species of timber at entry and exit points between countries with simple, fast, and accurate DNA techniques.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts / This study is an analysis of the social integration of demobilised soldiers in Mozambique, in the context of post-war social reconstruction. De-constructing the concept of "reintegration" that informed the top-down programmes designed for the social integration of ex-combatants, that dichotomize society into the military sphere and the civilian one, so that the process into which ex-combatants are involved after leaving the Army is one of "returning home", as society remaining the same or in a moving equilibrium, one saw society- marked by social differentiations, even amongst the demobilised ex-combatants. The ideal of "sameness" between "civilians" and ex-combatants involved in the concept of reintegration seems more an utopia. This research used previous studies of my colleagues. In criticizing them, I do not wish to create the impression that these works are of little value. Their analysis stand from very different disciplinary approaches, and with others aims. The major weakness I often saw was the indefinition of the terms they use and the mix of concepts like social integration and reintegration as having the same meaning. Other documentary research was carried out, and as the study included the understanding of meanings, values, individual actions and social interactions, in order to capture the meaningfulness of such life other qualitative methods were employed as the informal interviews, the use of key informants, participation in and observation of events in the setting. Looking society in a dynamic change, social integration is regarded as the process of negotiation of a common social order between actors in interaction (demobilised soldiers, other social groupings, and institutions like the state). It is better approached using the concept of integration. As an interactive process it is marked by a tension between the affirmation of the individuality of actors and the will to the sense of community. In its course different actors mobilise and use different identities according to the situations. avoiding or erasing specificities of previous socializations and identities and highlighting others. This study is an analysis of the social integration of demobilised soldiers in Mozambique, in the context of post-war social reconstruction. De-constructing the concept of "reintegration" that informed the top-down programmes designed for the social integration of ex-combatants, that dichotomize society into the military sphere and the civil one, so that the process into which ex-combatants is one of "returning home", as society remaining the same or in a moving equilibrium, one saw society full of differentiations, even within the groups social defined as "demobilised soldiers". The ideal of "sameness" involved in the concept of reintegration seems more an utopia. Society is full of social differentiation, and the group of demobiIised soldiers also inmarked by differences of gender, age, marital status, previous military affiliation and rank, control of resources and social status in the living/working place, marital status. This study used previous studies of my colleagues. In criticizing them, I do not wish to create the impression that these works are of little value. Their analysis stand from very different disciplinary approaches, and with others aims. The major weakness I often saw was the indefinition of the terms they use and the mix of concepts like social integration and reintegration as having the same meaning. Other documentary research was carried out, and as the study included the understanding of meanings, values, individual actions and social interactions, to capture the meaningfulness of such life other qualitative methods were employed: informal interviews, the use of key informants, participation in and observation of events in the setting. Looking society in a dynamic change, the process of negotiation of a social order between actors in interaction (demobilised soldiers, other social groupings, and institutions like the state) is better approached using the concept of social integration. As an interactive process, in its course different actors mobilise and use different identities, the most convenient for each occasion, in a way that sometimes involves the attempt to erase specificities of previous socializations and identities. / Andrew Chakane 2019

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, 1997. / After Mozambique became independent from Portugal, the main aim of the government policy towards education was to create equity of opportunity to enter the formal education system for different social, gender and age groups. However, females are still under-represented in higher education particularly in courses which require an extensive mathematical background. Thus, the purpose of this study was, to explore possible gender differences in performance and attitudes toward mathematics among 1996 BUSCEP students at Universidade Eduardo Mondlane. Those students were tested on several affective and cognitive variables, using a questionnaire and tests. The results suggested that gender performance and attitudes towards mathematics tend to be similar, and the inequalities found, were more evident in the participation in mathematics related careers. These findings emphasise the need to further examine the interrelationships between gender and career choices which should be conducted with students from the secondary school. / AC2017

Memoria (arquitecto) / No autorizado por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo / Entre los países de África Austral, Mozambique históricamente ha sido el más afectado por desastres causados por eventos naturales. En los últimos 20 años4 más de 8 millones de Mozambiqueños han soportado de forma recurrente situaciones de emergencia y crisis de desplazados internos. A fines de 1999, el adelanto de la temporada de lluvias elevó el nivel de varios ríos sobre sus caudales normales, cuando en febrero del año 2000 los ciclones Eline y Gloria, con una trayectoria poco usual, tocaron tierra en la zona centro sur del país. Las nuevas lluvias afectaron la cuenca del río Limpopo y sus afluentes, causando las mayores inundaciones en los últimos 50 años. El resultado: gran destrucción de infraestructuras publica, viviendas y cultivos. Alrededor de 700 muertes a causa de las inundaciones y otro número no contabilizado a causas del cólera y la malaria. Más de 650 mil refugiados medio-ambientales5 fueron desplazados a través de rescates y evacuaciones masivas. El gobierno, sobrepasado por el estado de emergencia, apeló por el apoyo de la comunidad internacional. En la fase de reconstrucción, 43.400 familias, cerca de 200.000 personas, fueron reasentadas en zonas elevadas lejos del peligro de las subidas del rio, sin embargo esta solución generó una nueva amenaza: las sequías. Los planes centralizados de reasentamiento se tornan insustentables por los altos costos generados al Estado y la baja adhesión por parte de los campesinos, que atraídos por las tierras fértiles de las zonas bajas, regresan a sus antiguos asentamientos, quedando nuevamente expuestos a las inundaciones.