The synthetic aromatic substances are present in the products of personal hygiene, detergents and cosmetics. After the application these compounds are drained away into the waste water. But the technological process used in sewage works is not able to eliminate these substances and these ones influence the particular items of the environment. The aim of the degree work is the determination of four selected items of the linear musk compounds (2-cyclohexylethanole, Fresco Menthe, Citronellol and Isobornyl acetate) in the wastewater. The real patterns were taken on the place of affluent of the sewage discharge and on the place of the draining off in the sewage plant in VFU Brno. On the basis of measurements and subsequent evaluation on of obtaining data it was possible to express the measurement of efficiency of the elimination of the present musk compounds. Firstly it was necessary to adapt the selected analytical method to the physical and chemical qualities of the prescribed analytes. The analytes were extracted from the patterns by the method of the micro extraction for the consistent phase so called solid phase microextraction (SPME). The gas chromatography in the tandem connection with the mass spectrometry makes the identification and quantification possible.

Synthetic fragrances are artificially synthetised organic compounds which are used as fragrant substances in assorted personal care products, perfumes, cosmetics, soaps, detergents, cleansing articles, etc. So-called musk compounds creates significant group of synthetic fragrances which are distinguished by specific fragrance reminiscent of musk. Recently great attention is devoted to musk compounds because they were proved in different units of environment. The aim of diploma thesis was determination of selected linear musk compounds (arocet, aroflorone, linalool 925, lilial, isoamyl salicylate) in real samples of waste water in the influent and effluent from the sewage treatment plant Brno-Modřice. At first optimization of selected method was performed and then this method was used for own determination. Analytes were extracted by solid phase microextraction (SPME) from sample. Method of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was used for own analysis. The results were used for evaluation of efficiency of removing linear musk compounds from waste water.

Musk thistle (Carduus nutans) seed production from early developing (terminal and first lateral) heads was reduced by 10% in 1973 and 75% in 1974 due to larval feeding of Rhinocyllus conicus. This was caused by heavy infestation of the early heads (45% in 1973, 70% in 1974) with a subsequent 5-fold increase in the number of weevil pupation chambers in these heads. Total seed production was reduced by 35-36% in both years despite increased plant vigor due to better growing conditions in 1974. Larval feeding reduced viability of mature musk thistle seeds. Plumeless thistle (C. acanthoides) seed production from early heads decreased only 5% in 1973 and 4% in 1974 due to low rates of infestation (9% in 1973, 5% in 1974). Total seed production was reduced 0.2% in 1973 and 0.1% in 1974. Weevil larvae developing in plumeless thistle heads were more heavily parasitized than those in musk thistles. Parasitoids suffered high mortality due to entrapment in weevil pupation chambers (Aliolus curculionis, 837; Bracon mellitor, 10%), and did not inhibit weevil population buildup. These combined factors resulted in successful control of musk thistle at 1 Virginia site. R. conicus showed ovipositional preference for C. nutans over C. acanthoides heads both in the laboratory and under field conditions. Oviposition of an established weevil colony was better synchronized with musk than with plumeless thistles at a site where both thistles were present. Sequentially released, overwintered R. conicus were better synchronized with Carduus thistle development because of an extended ovipositional period, but the weevils suffered reduced fecundity. Ovipositional preference was for the earlier stages of musk thistle heads. Intermediate stages of plumeless thistle heads were preferred, and larval survival was reduced because of insufficient time for weevil development and subsequent depletion of food supply. Musk thistles subjected to mechanical and R. conicus-induced damage to terminal heads were shorter than control plants and suffered reduced seed production from terminal heads. Total head and seed production per thistle were not significantly reduced. Emerging adult weevils decreased in weight relative to crowding; no difference was detected between sexes (female, 13.4mg; male, 13.8mg). / Ph. D.

Sponge population partly depends on larval recruitment. Environmental factors, e.g. light, salinity, pH and temperature, chemical factors and pollution may influence larval settlement and metamorphosis. In this study, the effects of galaxolide¡]HHCB¡^¡Btonalide¡]AHTN¡^and bisphenol A¡]BPA¡^on the settlement and metamorphosis of an intertidal sponge ¡]Spongia ceylonensis¡^ were examined. The experiments included LC50 test, effects of solvent, HHCB, AHTN and BPA on sponge settlement and metamorphosis. In the LC50 tests, the 96 hr¡VLC50 value of HHCB and AHTN all greater than 1.00 mg/L, and the 96 hr¡VLC50 of BPA was 0.58 mg/L. Acetone concentration (1.00 mg/L ) in this study didn¡¦t affect sponge settlement and metamorphosis. Effect of HHCB and AHTN on sponge settlement and metamorphosis concentrations of 0.13, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 mg/L was insignificant. In contrast, the settlement rate was decrease by 20 % at treatment of 1.00 mg/L BPA. The metamorphosis rates were also decrease by 20 % and 80 % at concentrations of 0.50 mg/L and 1.00 mg/L BPA. In conclusion, the toxicity of AHTN was greater than that of HHCB to sponge settlement and metamorphosis.

Η βαριά μυασθένεια (MG) αποτελεί μια αυτοάνοση νόσο η οποία χαρακτηρίζεται από μυϊκή αδυναμία. Η παθολογία της νόσου προκαλείται από την παρουσία αυτοαντισωμάτων που στοχεύουν πρωτεΐνες της νευρομυϊκής σύναψης (NMJ). Πιο συγκεκριμένα, αντιγονικούς στόχους αποτελούν ο AChR, σε ποσοστό 80-85% των ασθενών, η MuSK σε ποσοστό 5-7% και η LRP4 σε ποσοστό 2-3%. Παρά την εκτεταμένη έρευνα, το ποσοστό των οροαρνητικών μυασθενών (SN-MG), δηλαδή ασθενών που δεν φέρουν αντισώματα για κανένα από τα ήδη γνωστά αντιγόνα, αποτελεί ένα σοβαρό κενό για την πλήρη κατανόηση της νόσου. Το γεγονός αυτό πιθανώς οφείλεται στην ύπαρξη άγνωστων μέχρι σήμερα αντιγόνων ή/και στη χαμηλή ευαισθησία των τεχνικών ανίχνευσης που είναι διαθέσιμες. Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή έχει ως στόχο την ανάπτυξη ευαίσθητων διαγνωστικών τεχνικών για την ανίχνευση αυτοαντισωμάτων έναντι των αντιγόνων LRP4 και MuSK συνεισφέροντας στη μείωση των SN-MG. Η ανίχνευση των αντι-LRP4 αντισωμάτων πραγματοποιείται από την ευαίσθητη αλλά μόνο ποιοτική CBA τεχνική. Η ανάπτυξη μιας τεχνικής (RIPA, ELISA) για την ποσοτικοποίηση αυτών των αντισωμάτων είναι απαραίτητη για την παρακολούθηση της νόσου. Αντιθέτως, σε ότι αφορά στην MuSK-MG, πολύτιμη είναι η ανάπτυξη μιας ευαίσθητης τεχνικής όπου η MuSK θα βρίσκεται στην φυσική της διαμόρφωση (όπως στο CBA), σε αντίθεση με τις μέχρι σήμερα χρησιμοποιούμενες τεχνικές (RIPA). Με αυτό τον τρόπο θα είναι δυνατός ο εντοπισμός χαμηλής συγκέντρωσης αντι-MuSK αντισωμάτων ή αντισωμάτων που απαιτούν τη σωστά δομημένη πρωτεΐνη για να ανιχνευθούν. Η ανάπτυξη μιας ποσοτικής και ευαίσθητης διαγνωστικής μεθόδου ανίχνευσης αντισωμάτων προϋποθέτει την παραγωγή, απομόνωση και καθαρισμό ενός πολύ καλά δομημένου και ακέραιου αντιγόνου. Η ανθρώπινη LRP4 είναι μια μεγάλη διαμεμβρανική πρωτεΐνη (212 kDa) με πολύπλοκες μεταμεταφραστικές τροποποιήσεις. Η πολυπλοκότητα της συγκεκριμένη πρωτεΐνης καθιστά ιδιαίτερα δύσκολη την παραγωγή της σε ετερόλογα συστήματα έκφρασης. Συνεπώς, επιπλέον από την μοριακή κατασκευή για την έκφραση της διαμεμβρανικής LRP4, πραγματοποιήθηκαν προσπάθειες έκφρασης της εξωκυττάριας περιοχής (ΕΚΠ) της, καθώς και λειτουργικών τμημάτων αυτής. Τα συστήματα έκφρασης που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν επιλέχθηκαν με γνώμονα τους μεταμεταφραστικούς μηχανισμούς που διαθέτουν, καθώς και με την ικανότητα τους να εκφράσουν μεγάλες ποσότητες των επιθυμητών πρωτεϊνών. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, για την έκφραση ολόκληρης της LRP4 (1905aa) καθώς και της LRP4-ΕΚΠ (21-1725aa) πρωτεΐνης, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τα ευκαρυωτικά συστήματα έκφρασης των κυττάρων εντόμων (Sf9) επιμολυσμένα με βακιλοϊό και των θηλαστικών κυττάρων (HEK293), αντίστοιχα. Τα παραπάνω συστήματα έκφρασης είναι ικανά να εκφράσουν σωστά δομημένες πρωτεΐνες, με πλήρως λειτουργική δομή, αλλά συνήθως σε μικρές ποσότητες. Για την έκφραση των μικρότερων αλλά λειτουργικών τμημάτων της LRP4 χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τα συστήματα έκφρασης του ζυμομύκητα P. pastoris και των βακτηρίων E.Coli (BL21). Χαρακτηριστικό των συγκεκριμένων συστημάτων έκφρασης είναι οι μεγάλες ποσότητες πρωτεΐνης που μπορούν να παράξουν. Υπολείπονται όμως στο επίπεδο μεταμεταφραστικών μηχανισμών καθιστώντας δυσκολότερη την έκφραση πολύπλοκων πρωτεϊνικών μορίων. Τα τμήματα της LRP4 όπου τα επίπεδα έκφρασης και καθαρότητας επέτρεπαν την ανάπτυξη διαγνωστικών εργαλείων, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν με στόχο την ανίχνευση αντι-LRP4 αντισωμάτων. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, το LRP4-ΕΚΠ χρησιμοποιήθηκε ως καθηλωμένο αντιγόνο για την ανάπτυξη έμμεσης ELISA, εφαρμογή της οποίας επιβεβαίωσε μόνο το 14% των θετικών για LRP4 αντισώματα MG ασθενών (προηγουμένως ελεγμένοι με CBA). Επιπρόσθετα, πραγματοποιήθηκε ανάπτυξη μιας ακόμα έμμεσης ELISA με τα τμήματα της LRP4 (785-1093aa, 1093-1439aa και 1004-1306aa) που εκφράστηκαν στο σύστημα έκφρασης των βακτηρίων ως καθηλωμένα αντιγόνα. Με την τεχνική αυτή επιβεβαιώθηκε πάλι περίπου το 10% των LRP4-MG. Ωστόσο, έπειτα από ιωδίωση του τμήματος 21-737aa της LRP4 που εκφράστηκε στον ζυμομύκητα P. pastoris αναπτύχθηκε μια τεχνική RIPA, η εφαρμογή της οποίας ανίχνευσε το 41,2% των θετικών MG για LRP4 αντισώματα. Συνεπώς η RIPA είναι η περισσότερο ευαίσθητη από τις διαγνωστικές τεχνικές που αναπτύχθηκαν. Οι προσπάθειες για την αύξηση της ευαισθησίας των διαγνωστικών εργαλείων που έχουν κατασκευασθεί συνεχίζονται, με στόχο τον ποσοτικό προσδιορισμό των LRP4 αντισωμάτων σε όλους τους LRP4-MG ασθενείς. Στο δεύτερο μέρος της διδακτορικής διατριβής πραγματοποιήθηκε έλεγχος τριπλά αρνητικών ορών μυασθενών με την MuSK-CBA τεχνική που αναπτύχθηκε. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, ελέγχθηκαν 633 SN-MG από 13 χώρες. Από τα αποτελέσματα βρέθηκε πως το 13% των SN-MG φέρει αντισώματα έναντι της πρωτεΐνης MuSK. Η ειδικότητα της μεθόδου επιβεβαιώθηκε έπειτα από έλεγχο ορών υγιών δοτών και ασθενών με άλλες νευρολογικές νόσους εκ των οποίων βρέθηκαν θετικοί σε ποσοστό 1,9% και 5,1% αντίστοιχα. Επιπρόσθετα, ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον παρουσιάζει το γεγονός ότι με τη συγκεκριμένη τεχνική ανιχνεύθηκε σημαντικός αριθμός διπλά θετικών ορών (AChR/MuSK και LRP4/MuSK) υποδηλώνοντας πως το συνολικό ποσοστό των πααραπάνω είναι τελικά μεγαλύτερο από αυτό που θεωρείται μέχρι σήμερα. Επιπλέον, πραγματοποιήθηκε συλλογή και εκτίμηση των κλινικών χαρακτηριστικών των MuSK-CBA θετικών ασθενών. Συνοπτικά, το 27% των SN-MG με οφθαλμική MG (i.e. αποκλειστική εμφάνιση οφθαλμικών συμπτωμάτων) φέρουν αντισώματα έναντι της MuSK. Επιπρόσθετα, το 23% των προσφάτως ανιχνευμένων MuSK-MG εμφανίζει υπερπλασία του θύμου. Τα ποσοστά αυτά είναι πολύ υψηλότερα από εκείνα που έχουν περιγραφεί για τους RIPA θετικούς MuSK-MG ασθενείς. Η φαρμακευτική αγωγή που λαμβάνουν οι μυασθενείς εξαρτάται από το είδος των αντισωμάτων που φέρουν. Επιπρόσθετα, η πορεία της MG φαίνεται να σχετίζεται σε πολλές περιπτώσεις με την συγκέντρωση των αντισωμάτων αυτών. Συνεπώς η ανάπτυξη διαγνωστικών εργαλείων όπως αυτών που παρουσιάζονται στην παρούσα διατριβή μπορεί να οδηγήσουν σε καλύτερη και γρηγορότερη αντιμετώπιση της νόσου, βελτιώνοντας την ποιότητα ζωής των MG ασθενών. / Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of antibodies against the muscle components of the neuromuscular junction. The main antigen targets are the AChR, MuSK and LRP4. Antibodies against these three antigens are detected in 80-85%, 5-7% and ~2-3% of the MG patients, respectively. Despite the extensive research that has been done in the field of MG, there is a significant number of patients that do not have any detectable antibodies against the known antigens. These patients are known as seronegative MG patients (SN-MG). SN-MG presents a serious gap in the understanding of the etiology and pathogenic mechanisms of the disease. This is likely due to the presence of unknown antigens and / or the lack of sensitivity of the commercially available diagnostic assays, unable to detect antibodies at low concentrations. The aim of this thesis was to develop very sensitive diagnostic assays for the detection of anti-LRP4 and anti-MuSK antibodies among the previously SN-MG patients, for the minimization of SN-MG. The detection of anti-LRP4 antibodies is currently undertaken only by the sensitive but qualitative CBA technique. The development of a quantitative technique (RIPA, ELISA) for the quantification of these antibodies is essential for disease monitoring. Regarding the detection of anti-MuSK antibodies, the development of a more sensitive technique, from those used until now (RIPA), is necessary. Α diagnostic assay in which MuSK will be in native form (as in CBA), will give us the opportunity to detect not only low concentration anti-MuSK antibodies but also antibodies which require the native structured protein. The development of a quantitative and sensitive diagnostic method detecting anti-LRP4 antibodies requires the expression, isolation and purification of an intact antigen (LRP4 in our case). Human LRP4 is a large protein (212 kDa) with many post-transcriptional modifications. Because of the complexity of LRP4, the over-expression of this protein in heterologous expression systems is particularly difficult. For this reason, in addition to the intact LRP4, constructs of the whole extracellular domain (ECD) as well as of functional domains of LRP4-ECD were designed to be expressed in different expression systems. In order to improve the quantity and quality of the expressed recombinant proteins we used various expression systems the selection of which was based on the post-transcription mechanisms available as well as the ability to express large amount of recombinant proteins. More specifically, for the expression of the high complexity intact LRP4 (1905aa) and LRP4-ECD (21-1725aa) proteins, the eukaryotic baculovirus expression system and HEK293 mammalian cells were used, respectively. These expression systems are capable of expressing functional and properly structured proteins but usually in poor yields. On the other hand, for the expression of the smaller and less complex functional domains of LRP4-ECD, the P. pastoris and E. Coli expression systems were used. The latter are able to express large amounts of target proteins but lacking the complicated post-transcription mechanisms. Only few of the designed constructs were expressed at an acceptable level of yield in order to be used for the development of a diagnostic assay. More specifically, efforts were made to develop an indirect ELISA using the LRP4-ECD as an immobilized antigen. Using this technique was achieved the identification of only 14% of the anti-LRP4 positive MG sera (identified by CBA). In addition, the expressed in E. Coli domains of LRP4 (785-1093aa, 1093-1439aa, 1004-1306aa) used for the development of another indirect ELISA, identified the ~10% of LRP4-MG. However, using the expressed in P. pastoris LRP4 domain (21-737aa), a RIPA technique was developed identifying the 41.2% of LRP4-CBA positive MG sera. From the developed assays, RIPA seems to be the most sensitive one. Nevertheless efforts focused on the sensitivity improvements of the developed quantitative assays continue, aiming the quantification of the anti-LRP4 antibodies in LRP4-MG sera. In the second part of this thesis we applied a CBA for the detection of MuSK antibodies undetectable by RIPA. We tested 633 triple-SN-MG patients' sera from 13 countries, and detected 13% of these sera as MuSK-positive. MuSK antibodies were found, at significantly lower frequencies, in 1.9% of healthy controls and 5.1% of patients with other neuroimmune diseases. Interestingly, we also detected a significant number of double positives (AChR/MuSK-MG, LRP4/MuSK-MG), suggesting their overall rate is more frequent than previously described. Moreover, the clinical data of the newly diagnosed MuSK-MG patients were collected and evaluated. Importantly, we found that 27% of SN-MG patients with ocular MG (i.e. MG with only ocular symptoms present) were MuSK antibody positive, whereas 23% of the newly identified MuSK-MG patients had thymic hyperplasia suggesting thymic abnormalities; these percentages are much higher than those described earlier for classical MuSK-MG. The treatment of MG depends on the type of the circulating autoantibodies. Moreover, the course of the disease is associated with the antibody titer. Therefore, the development of diagnostic tools like these mentioned above can lead to a faster and better disease treatment, improving the quality of MG patients’ life.

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Problemformulering och syfte Den här studien är relevant då den handlar om sådant som, via media, kan påverka konsumenters åsikter och därav också samhället på olika vis. Syftet med undersökningen är att studera och jämföra hur svensk nyhetsmedia har rapporterat om Elon Musk och Twitter/X. Uppsatsen redovisar resultaten av jämförelser mellan fyra olika svenska mediatypers gestaltningar och artikelmängder. Detta efter två uppmärksammade händelser som innefattar multimiljardären Elon Musk och den sociala medieplattformen Twitter/X. Händelserna är affärsmannens köp av Twitter (år 2022) samt logotyp- och namnbytet från Twitter till X (år2023). Metod och material Studien innefattar en kvantitativ innehållsanalys och resultaten kodades fram med hjälp av ett kodschema och en kodbok. Programmet Retriever användes för att söka efter samtliga artiklar under två väsentliga tidsperioder. Huvudresultat Uppsatsens huvudresultat är att samtliga fyra nyhetsmedier generellt sett hade gestaltat både Elon Musk och Twitter/X negativt i en övervägande majoritet av sina publicerade nyhetsartiklar under de två undersökta tidsperioderna. Det var totalt betydligt fler artiklar som publicerades efter Twitter-affären under 2022 än efter logotyp- och namnbytet under 2023. Kvällstidningen Aftonbladet hade totalt publicerat mest om Elon Musk och Twitter/X efter de två händelserna, men generellt sett så var det morgontidningen Dagens Nyheter som var mest negativ i sin gestaltning av affärsmannen och företaget.

A biological and integrated control program for Carduus thistles was developed using the biological control agents Rhinocyllus conicus Froelich and Ceuthorhynchidius horridus (Panzer) and the herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Field studies on the development of Ceuthorhynchidius horridus (Panzer) on Carduus thistles in Virginia between 1975-1978 showed that the weevil has one generation annually. Oviposition occurred from mid-December until early April, and larvae occurred in rosettes from late December through late May. Teneral adults, which appeared in mid-May through June, underwent an aestival diapause during most of July through September. Adult reappearance in late September coincided with an increase in feeding. Although adult feeding marks, teneral adults and first and third instar larvae were easily found in the field, detection of eggs, second instars or overwintering adults was difficult and time consuming. Acute and chronic effects of spring application of 2,4-D (LVA) on adult C. horridus were examined. LC₅₀ values for males (70.2 kg/ha) and females (61.4 kg/ha) corresponded to 41.7 and 36.6 times, respectively, the recommended application rate of 1.68 kg/ha. Treatment with 1.68 kg/ha did not affect adult survival, but increased dosages (16.8-147.8 kg/ha) caused significantly greater mortality. Adult vitality, measured by number of feeding marks/weevil and weight change/time, was unaffected by the herbicide. Field application of herbicides did not prevent survival, reproduction, or population increase of C. horridus. Herbicidal effect on larval R. conicus was studied by examining the mortality, emergence rates and weights of weevils developing from plants treated with 2,4-D (LVA). Infested heads, obtained by caging ovipositing R. conicus on primary heads of musk thistle (Carduus nutans L.) (resembles C. thoermeri Weinmann), were treated with 2,4-D at 1.68 kg/ha 0-3 weeks after oviposition. Blooms treated immediately following oviposition failed to support larval development beyond the second instar. Developmental times and weights of weevils that emerged from blooms sprayed at 1, 2, and 3 weeks were not significantly different from controls. Plants sprayed up to 2 weeks after oviposition (late-bud to early-bloom) did not produce viable seeds. Treatments at 3 weeks after oviposition (full-bloom) allowed 10% germination of seeds not damaged by R. conicus in primary heads, and plants survived to produce additional heads. Acute and chronic effects of the herbicide 2,4-D on adult R. conicus were also examined. LC₅₀ values for adults prior to over-wintering (males 78.6 kg/ha; females 61.0 kg/ha) were lower than those for overwintered weevils (males 117.1 kg/ha; females 126.6 kg/ha), but were still at least 40 times the recommended application rate of 1.68 kg/ha. Survival was not significantly affected by direct application of 2,4-D at 1.68 kg/ha plus sticker or by exposure to herbicide sprays and residue while on musk thistle rosettes. Mean egg production/ovipositing female/3 day period was not significantly different (range = 5.44 - 7.60), regardless of the 2,4-D dosage applied (range = 0.0 - 147.84 kg/ha); all ovipositing weevils produced viable eggs. Field treatment with up to 2.24 kg/ha of 2,4-D resulted in death of host plants, but did not prevent survival or reproduction of R. conicus populations. / Ph. D.

Synthetic musk compounds (MUSK) or synthetic fragrances are organic substances commonly used as fragrant constituents of perfumes, detergents, cosmetics and personal care products. These compounds are discharged after use via domestic wastewater and sewage treatment plants to the aquatic environment. The result is accumulation in the environment and occurrence in a food chain especially of aquatic and marine ecosystems. Synthetic musk compounds are also found in surface water, fish tissues and also in body fluid (blood, urine, milk) and tissues of human body. Quantitative detection and studying properties of these compounds is an important activity because we have low knowledge about their fate in the environment (persistence, bioaccumulation) and toxicity. This diploma thesis is focused on three commonly used synthetic fragrances – tonalide, musk ketone and musk xylene. The base of this study was to perform a method optimisation for the determination of selected compounds in water and water biota (fish). The aim was determination of selected musk compounds in real samples (water, fish) and evaluation of the results. Pressurized solvent extraction (PSE) for fish samples and solid phase microextraction (SPME) for water samples were used for isolation of analytes from samples. The identification and quantification of analytes was carried out by high resolution gas chromatography – mass spectrometry.

Musk compounds (MUSK) or synthetic fragrances are organic substances commonly used as fragrant constituents of detergents, soaps, cosmetics, personal care products, industrial and in-house cleaning agents, industrial plasticizers, chewing tobacco and fresheners. The big attention is pushed ahead studying these compounds, their fate in different parts of ecosystems and studying their characteristics at present, because musks infiltrate many environmental components, particularly aquatic and marine ecosystems, through their large application and their ability to be perzistant. This diploma thesis was focused on four synthetic “classical” fragrances used over the world. The aim of this study was to perform a method optimisation for the determination of selected fragrances in biotic matrix. There was made an evalution of ability of selected water treatment plant to clear away musks from water, these results were used for evaluating contamination measurement of aquatic ecosystem. The identification and quantification of analytes was carried out by high resolution gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (HRGC/MS).