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With increased immigration into western democracies, how to establish generalised trust in society has received new attention. Are minorities and immigrants low trust levels best remediated through Putnam’s theory of civil organisation engagement or Rothstein’s theory of impartial institutions? Simultaneously, people are hired based on their cultural identity to work with minorities and immigrants in Swedish public administration, which is thought to increase the target group’s trust. This resembles the ideas of representative bureaucracy and conflicts with traditional merit recruitment and Rothstein’s theory. This thesis uses an inductive ideal type method based on an assumption of thin rationality to study the phenomena of hiring based on cultural identity, which it names cultural professionalism. It askes firstly, what does cultural professionalism contribute with that makes it desirable for actors in public administration and how is this related to trust? Secondly, what are the trade-offs when using cultural professionalism in public administration? Through studying the rational of the phenomena for actors directly affected by it, the findings indicate that cultural professionalism is a way to communicate information and legitimise implementation towards minority groups. The cultural professionals use their trustworthiness within the group to link implementation and information from public administration towards the group, and information from the group towards public administration. This information also has a socialising potential. The trust is however particularised, i.e. not bridged to public administration. Problematic logics discovered in the material are evaluated towards the three values of public administration: democracy, rule of law and efficiency. In sum, cultural professionals imply trade-offs for democracy and rule of law, and appears to favour efficiency. Lastly, cultural professionalism is described and defined as a “new” ideal type legitimacy model in policy implementation.

The materials in this OER collection are designed to complement the course, Social Studies Education in a Multicultural Society. This course, designed for senior-level students in an elementary education teacher preparation program, explores the foundations, themes, content, and pedagogies of elementary social studies education in a multicultural society. Presented as a series of video episodes, each episode focuses on a foundational element of social studies teaching and learning. From curriculum frameworks to national social studies publications to historical thinking to geographic awareness, each episode is meant to support the development of the elementary social studies teacher. / https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-oer/1006/thumbnail.jpg

In this episode, we explore the five themes of geography: location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, and regions and consider how they are connected to the development of young geographers in the K-5 classroom. / https://dc.etsu.edu/social-studies-education-oer/1005/thumbnail.jpg

Many families with children in Sweden have roots in different countries where childhood and upbringing differ from other cultures. In this study, we want to examine the problems and the opportunities that parents encounter in raising their children in Sweden and see how the cultural differences are distinguished when one culture meets the other. How differences in value within cultures affect parents' upbringing of their children and what happens when two cultures meet. Unlike their children, parents often find it more difficult to adapt to the new cultural differences. What are the inherited characteristics of the subconscious management of parental upbringing and how do parents manage these without losing aspects of their parenting as a result? At the same time, it is interesting from the parents perspective to compare their own childhood with how they later educate their children.

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Samhället blir mer och mer globaliserat. Som studie- och yrkesvägledare kommer man varje dag i kontakt med människor med olika bakgrunder. I vårt examensarbete var vårt syfte att få ökad kunskap om vad individer med utländsk bakgrund har för upplevelse av studie- och yrkesvägledning på vuxenutbildningen. Det centrala i vårt arbete var att få ta del av respondenternas upplevelser för att vi och även andra skulle få ökad kunskap om hur studie- och vägledning kan upplevas då man inte är född och uppvuxen i ett svenskt skolsystem. Detta har vi gjort med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod. Vi har intervjuat fyra individer. Vår förhoppning var inte att skapa en generell bild utan att få ta del av individernas upplevelser. Resultatet visade att individerna inte har full förståelse om innebörden av studie- och yrkesvägledning och att de inte heller helt förstår syftet med studie- och yrkesvägledningen. Ingen av våra respondenter har blivit erbjuden studie – och yrkesvägledning utan samtliga har sökt upp vägledningen på egen hand. Sammanfattningsvis efterfrågar våra respondenter en mer rådgivande och stöttande studie- och yrkesvägledning än vad de upplever sig ha fått idag. Faktorer som påverkar detta har visat sig vara t.ex. brist på information, språk, typ av vägledningssamtal, tid och studie- och yrkesvägledarens nyfikenhet och intresse. Vi har i vår studie jämfört respondenternas upplevelser med forskning och styrdokument som berör området. / The society is becoming more and more globalized. As a guidance counselor you will have daily contact with people who have different backgrounds and conditions. In our study our aim was to enhance the understanding of what kind of experience people with different ethnic background than Swedish have of guidance and counseling in adult education. The essence of our work was to take part of our respondent’s experiences. We wanted to understand how the study and career guidance can be experienced when one is not born and raised in a Swedish school system. We have done this by using a qualitative approach. We have interviewed four individuals. Our aim was not to create a general picture but more to get the benefit of the individuals' experiences. The results show that individuals do not have a full understanding of the meaning of study and career guidance, and they do not fully understand the purpose of it either. None of our respondents have been offered guidance. In conclusion, our respondents want a more consultative and supportive guidance than what they feel they have received. Factors that influence this has proved to be such as lack of information, language, type of counseling, time and the career guidance counselor’s curiosity and interest. We have in our study compared our respondents' experiences with relevant research and policy documents.

Due to the rapid urbanization and globalization, urban social life is getting more complex thanever. Stockholm, the capital city of Sweden, is the residence of about 180 nationalities thatmakes it one of the prominent multicultural cities in Europe. Moreover, sustainable developmentis one of the main goals of the Swedish government. In this circumstance, it is the challenge tomake a socially cohesive society to ensure its social and economic development. This study isaimed to have an inner look at social cohesiveness between Bangladeshi community and otherethnic groups including native Swedish in Stockholm from a qualitative research approach. Asocial cohesion framework has been formulated by analyzing various literatures for the purposeof this study. This social cohesion framework comprises of social, cultural, political andeconomic indicators to understand the different dimensions of social cohesion in Stockholm.This framework is used during preparation of the questionnaire for conducting the qualitativesurvey that includes twelve in-depth interviews. Empirical result reveals that Bangladeshicommunity has a weak sense of belonging and a lack of common identity to the mainstreamsociety, rather they have stronger attachment to other Bangladeshi immigrants in Stockholm.Although lack of social cohesiveness has been found between Bangladeshi immigrants and otherresidents in Stockholm, but many threats to social cohesion (for example; racial conflict) areabsent in Stockholm. Therefore, it is a reachable challenge to make this society cohesive for thebetterment of the country by initiating proper measures.

Independent schools are a central issue in the school world, the perception of independent schools varies and many people express opinions about them in the media. An independent school is according to the National Agency a school that has a different principal than the county or municipality. Independent schools may not charge fees but their revenue comes from municipal grants from municipalities (Berglund 2007, p. 10). An independent school can be driven by an association, foundation or company and to run an independent school requires a permit from the Education Department. The purpose of this paper is to see how four principals at independent schools with a Muslim profile are working to strengthen their students’ Muslim identity in relation to the society they live in and how schools work with value issues. We also had the intention of studying the schools environment. To help us, we used the following questions: How does the school principal integrate different value issues? What are the principals’ thoughts on their schools work with their students before meeting with the community? What are the principals thoughts on the schools work to enhance their students’ Muslim identity? What is the purpose of the school profile? What is the environment like in and around the school? We have used interviews and observations as a method to find out how principals producing work at an independent school with a Muslim profile, and how they work with students’ identity formation. In this qualitative study, we have interviews with two principals and two assistant principals and observations from three of the schools. Based on our research, we have concluded that there is little to distinguish an independent school with a Muslim profile from a public school. Both are part of the Swedish school system, so they must follow the national curriculum, the time plan, and the Education Act. According to the principals that we interviewed, what distinguishes an independent school with a Muslim profile from a public school is that they serve halal food, girls and boys have separate PE lessons, they have one lesson a week for the school's profile subject (Islam or Arabic), schools have a prayer room that students can access throughout the school day and the school is closed during the Muslim feasts. According to the principals that we interviewed, the main reason for choosing an independent school with a Muslim profile should be because of the work in the schools that is based on building up students’ Muslim identity. They do this for the students meeting with the society they live in, if the schools have built up a solid cultural foundation of the students, the transition to the community much easier. In our social world is the view of knowledge, learning and parenting culture bound. Lahdenperä writes about "learning -through-culture" and with this she means that children learn through their own culture, that shapes them as individuals and through it they learn what is worth to know (Lahdenperä 2003). Our observations revealed various differences between the schools’; the most obvious difference was the religious texts and symbols that were on Sham School. Our observations also showed different connections between the schools’; one was that they were in abandoned buildings, mostly in industrial areas. Another clear connection between the schools was that all had prayer rooms and these floors were covered with a large red carpet. The prayer rooms looked exactly like they do in a mosque. The conclusion of our study is that despite the schools’ public profile, independent schools with Muslim profile, they educate their students in different ways and their priorities are also different. Thus, one can´t assume that all independent schools with Muslim profile works the same way. Just as in public schools, it is about what the staff at the schools believe that the schools purpose and also their efforts to achieve the schools different goals.

The aim of this study is to investigate how a multicultural society can be reflected in the religious education. This essay will compare how teachers in grade 3 reflects about their religious education in relation to the society’s cultural diversity and it will also analyze how the teachers’ pupils think about religion. I have used the following questions: Do the teachers believe that the cultural diversity affects their religious education and if so, how and in what way? How do the teachers describe teaching religion in relation to the multicultural society? What are the pupils’ perceptions of religion in a context of cultural diversity? The investigation is based on qualitative semi-structured interviews with four different teachers and a questionnaire study with 62 pupils that generates both quantitative and qualitative data. The theoretical approach of the study is grounded on different definitions of religion and on a theory called frame factor theory which was produced by Urban Dahllöf. The result of the study shows that the teachers believe that it is important to adapt their religious education to the cultural diversity. When comparing the teachers’ descriptions about their religious education it shows that all of the teachers describe factors that can influence their teaching of religion in a multicultural society. The questionnaire study shows similarities and differences in the way pupils think about religion but the most common thing is that most of the pupils associate God with religion.