Deep learning has shown excellent performance in image recognition, speech recognition, natural language processing and other fields over the recent decades. Cryptography is a technical science that studies the preparation and decoding of ciphers. With the development of artificial intelligence, people pay more and more attention to whether artificial intelligence can be applied to cryptography. A Google team designed a multiagent system a few years ago, which includes encrypting neural network, cracking network and eavesdropping network. Based on symmetric encryption, through deep learning training, the system achieves that the cracker can crack the encrypted text with minimal error and prevent the eavesdropper from cracking the plaintext. This research has aroused the interest of many scholars. Based on the research of the system, this thesis discusses the basic principle and related experiments of the system, as well as the design based on asymmetric encryption and the application in multiparty systems. / Djupinlärning har visat utmärkta resultat inom bildigenkännande, taligenkänning, naturligt språkbehandling och andra områden under de senaste årtiondena. Kryptografi är en teknisk vetenskap som studerar beredning och avkodning av chiffer. I och med utvecklingen av artificiell intelligens lägger människor allt större vikt vid huruvida artificiell intelligens kan användas för kryptografi. Ett Googleteam designade ett multiagent system för några år sedan, vilket inkluderar kryptering av neuralt nätverk, sprickbildning av nätverk och avlyssning. På grundval av symmetrisk kryptering, genom djup inlärning, uppnår systemet att dekrypteraren kan avkoda den krypterade texten med minimala fel och förhindra att tjuvlyssnaren gör detsamma. Denna forskning har väckt intresse hos många forskare. På grundval av systemets forskning diskuteras i denna tes den grundläggande principen och relaterade experiment med systemet, liksom den konstruktion som bygger på asymmetrisk kryptering och tillämpningen i flerpartssystem.

The 2006 Swedish parliamentary election was a historic election with the largest bloc transfer of voters in Swedish history. The 2002-2006 incumbent Social Democratic Party (S) received its lowest voter support since 1914 as roughly 150,000, or 8%, of the 2002 S voters went to the main opposition, the conservative Moderate Party (M). This became the most decisive factor in ousting S from power after 12 years of rule. As a result, the M-led Alliance (A) with the People's Party (FP), the Center Party (C), and the Christian Democrats (KD) won the election. Natural Disasters and National Election makes the novel contribution of proposing two natural disasters, the Indian Ocean’s 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami and 2005 Storm Gudrun (Erwin), which struck only two weeks following the tsunami, as major events that impacted government popularity in the 2006 election and contributed to the redistribution of voter support, within and across party-blocs. The core findings from this thesis show that the S government’s poor crisis response to Gudrun, which is the hitherto most costly natural disaster in Swedish history, alone has an estimated effect of a magnitude that likely contributed to the 2006 historic regime shift, while the tsunami also seems to have mattered. The tsunami is particularly interesting, as S’s poor international crisis response to the event constitutes the first natural disaster situation to knowingly have affected an election on the other side of the planet. Moreover, to some degree voters recognized the active opposition by C as effective representation and rewarded the party for its strong stance on the poor handling of both events by S. In fact, the active voice of C concerning these disasters likely helped move the party from the periphery of party politics to becoming the third-largest party in Swedish politics. In sum, this research investigates accountability and effective party representation via retrospective voting, which is an essential mechanism for the legitimacy of democracy. Findings suggest that the average Swedish voter indeed may be voting retrospectively to hold publically elected officials accountable, which suggest a healthy status of the retrospective voting mechanism and Swedish democracy.

The work presented in this thesis comes in pursuit of the ultimate goal of building spoken and embodied human-like interfaces that are able to interact with humans under human terms. Such interfaces need to employ the subtle, rich and multidimensional signals of communicative and social value that complement the stream of words – signals humans typically use when interacting with each other. The studies presented in the thesis concern facial signals used in spoken communication, and can be divided into two connected groups. The first is targeted towards exploring and verifying models of facial signals that come in synchrony with speech and its intonation. We refer to this as visual-prosody, and as part of visual-prosody, we take prominence as a case study. We show that the use of prosodically relevant gestures in animated faces results in a more expressive and human-like behaviour. We also show that animated faces supported with these gestures result in more intelligible speech which in turn can be used to aid communication, for example in noisy environments. The other group of studies targets facial signals that complement speech. As spoken language is a relatively poor system for the communication of spatial information; since such information is visual in nature. Hence, the use of visual movements of spatial value, such as gaze and head movements, is important for an efficient interaction. The use of such signals is especially important when the interaction between the human and the embodied agent is situated – that is when they share the same physical space, and while this space is taken into account in the interaction. We study the perception, the modelling, and the interaction effects of gaze and head pose in regulating situated and multiparty spoken dialogues in two conditions. The first is the typical case where the animated face is displayed on flat surfaces, and the second where they are displayed on a physical three-dimensional model of a face. The results from the studies show that projecting the animated face onto a face-shaped mask results in an accurate perception of the direction of gaze that is generated by the avatar, and hence can allow for the use of these movements in multiparty spoken dialogue. Driven by these findings, the Furhat back-projected robot head is developed. Furhat employs state-of-the-art facial animation that is projected on a 3D printout of that face, and a neck to allow for head movements. Although the mask in Furhat is static, the fact that the animated face matches the design of the mask results in a physical face that is perceived to “move”. We present studies that show how this technique renders a more intelligible, human-like and expressive face. We further present experiments in which Furhat is used as a tool to investigate properties of facial signals in situated interaction. Furhat is built to study, implement, and verify models of situated and multiparty, multimodal Human-Machine spoken dialogue, a study that requires that the face is physically situated in the interaction environment rather than in a two-dimensional screen. It also has received much interest from several communities, and been showcased at several venues, including a robot exhibition at the London Science Museum. We present an evaluation study of Furhat at the exhibition where it interacted with several thousand persons in a multiparty conversation. The analysis of the data from the setup further shows that Furhat can accurately regulate multiparty interaction using gaze and head movements. / <p>QC 20121123</p>

This paper examines the function of narrative discourse in television talk shows. Basing our analysis on five episodes of the Swedish talk show Skavlan, we illustrate how narratives are initiated and elaborated by the participants of the show. The analysis shows that the institutional roles are challanged and that the roles vary between the host ant the guests. The analysis also shows that when guests introduce and elaborate stories they use the same discursive actions and resources as the host. When participants enter an actvie role in their storytelling the hos takes a more restrained role in which he lets the the conversation evolve spontaneously. The analysis identifies yet another participant role which was not included in the studies of Ochs &amp; Taylor and Thornborrow. The role appears when the host uses indirect form of address to both the studio audience and the overhearing audience. This role is relevant in the study of broadcast talk because of the very nature of television.

This dissertation examines classroom conversations involving refugee and immigrant youth in a second language (L2) introduction program, exploring how L2 Swedish emerges as a multiparty accomplishment by both the teacher and the students. Drawing on forty hours of video-recorded Swedish L2 classroom conversations, as well as on observations and informal interviews, it focuses on talk as a form of social action. Theoretically and methodologically, the dissertation primarily combines insights from language socialization and social constructionist frameworks and detailed transcriptions informed by conversation analysis. Study I documents how schooled Swedish as a second language (SSL) student identities emerged as performative effects of how the students in school activities were addressed as “ethnic” students, and how they managed to handle, adopt, and contest being positioned as the Other. Study II records classroom performances and the formation of a community of practice. The analyses cover how students’ verbal improvisations (repetitions, stylizations, and laughter) and alignments to local registers authenticate SSL identities. The findings show how stylizations were important resources for metalinguistic reflections on correctness, and for the establishment of a local language ideology. Study III documents the interactional nature of classroom repair work. Detailed analyses of correction sequences and trajectories show that both the teacher and the students produced ambiguous other-corrections, illuminating the intricate multiparty work in correction trajectories. In brief, this dissertation illuminates multiparty aspects of classroom L2 socialization. The analyses of classroom talk show how both teacher and student investments in language competencies and local ideologies of correct Swedish or style, as well as participation and identity work, are co-constructed through participants’ tailoring of talk. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 3: Accepted.</p>

Magister Scientiae - MSc / Text communication is often perceived as lacking some components of communication that are essential in sustaining interaction or conversation. This interaction incoherency tends to make text communication plastic. It is traditionally devoid of intonation, pitch, gesture, facial expression and visual or auditory cues. Nevertheless, Instant Messaging (IM), a form of text communication is on the upward uptake both on PCs and on mobile handhelds. There is a need to rubberise this plastic text messaging to improve co-presence for text communications thereby improving synchronous textual discussion, especially on handheld devices. One element of interaction is gesture, seen as a natural way of conversing. Attaining some level of interaction naturalism requires improving synchronous communication spontaneity, partly achieved by enhancing input mechanisms. To enhance input mechanisms for interactive text-based chat on mobile devices, there is a need to facilitate gesture input. Enhancement is achievable in a number of ways, such as input mechanism redesigning and input offering adaptation. This thesis explores affective gesture mode on interface redesign as an input offering adaptation. This is done without a major physical reconstruction of handheld devices. This thesis presents a text only IM system built on Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and SIP for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE). It was developed with a novel user-defined hotkey implemented as a one-click context menu to "fast-track" text-gestures and emoticons. A hybrid quantitative and qualitative approach was taken to enable data triangulation. Results from experimental trials show that an Affective Gesture (AG) approach improved IM chat spontaneity/response. Feedback from the user trials affirms that AG hotkey improves chat responsiveness, thus enhancing chat spontaneity.

<div>Multiparty computation refers to a scenario in which multiple distinct yet connected parties aim to jointly compute a functionality. Over recent decades, with the rapid spread of the internet and digital technologies, multiparty computation has become an increasingly important topic. In addition to the integrity of computation in such scenarios, it is essential to ensure that the privacy of sensitive information is not violated. Thus, secure multiparty computation aims to provide sound approaches for the joint computation of desired functionalities in a secure manner: Not only must the integrity of computation be guaranteed, but also each party must not learn anything about the other parties' private data. In other words, each party learns no more than what can be inferred from its own input and its prescribed output.</div><div><br></div><div> This thesis considers secure two-party computation over arithmetic circuits based on additive secret sharing. In particular, we focus on efficient and secure solutions for fundamental functionalities that depend on the equality of private comparands. The first direction we take is providing efficient protocols for two major problems of interest. Specifically, we give novel and efficient solutions for <i>private equality testing</i> and multiple variants of <i>secure wildcard pattern matching</i> over any arbitrary finite alphabet. These problems are of vital importance: Private equality testing is a basic building block in many secure multiparty protocols; and, secure pattern matching is frequently used in various data-sensitive domains, including (but not limited to) private information retrieval and healthcare-related data analysis. The second direction we take towards a performance improvement in equality-based secure two-party computation is via introducing a generic functionality-independent secure preprocessing that results in an overall computation and communication cost reduction for any subsequent protocol. We achieve this by providing the first precise functionality formulation and secure protocols for replacing original inputs with much smaller inputs such that this replacement neither changes the outcome of subsequent computations nor violates the privacy of sensitive inputs. Moreover, our input-size reduction opens the door to a new approach for efficiently solving Private Set Intersection. The protocols we give in this thesis are typically secure in the semi-honest adversarial threat model.</div>

<p dir="ltr">Protecting personal information is growing increasingly important to the general public, to the point that major tech companies now advertise the privacy features of their products. Despite this, it remains challenging to implement applications that do not leak private information either directly or indirectly, through timing behavior, memory access patterns, or control flow side channels. Existing security and cryptographic techniques such as secure multiparty computation (MPC) provide solutions to privacy-preserving computation, but they can be difficult to use for non-experts and even experts.</p><p dir="ltr">This dissertation develops the design, theory and implementation of various language-based techniques that help programmers write privacy-critical applications under a strong threat model. The proposed languages support private structured data, such as trees, that may hide their structural information and complex policies that go beyond whether a particular field of a record is private. More crucially, the approaches described in this dissertation decouple privacy and programmatic concerns, allowing programmers to implement privacy-preserving applications modularly, i.e., to independently develop application logic and independently update and audit privacy policies. Secure-by-construction applications are derived automatically by combining a standard program with a separately specified security policy.</p><p><br></p>

En 1993, alors qu’Internet faisait ses premiers pas, le New York Times publie un dessin de presse désormais célèbre avec la légende "Sur Internet, personne ne sait que tu es un chien". C’était une façon amusante de montrer qu’Internet offre à ses usagers un espace sûr à l’abri de tout préjugé, sarcasme, ou poursuites judiciaires. C’était aussi une annonce aux internautes qu’ils sont libres de ne montrer de leurs vies privées que ce qu’ils veulent laisser voir. Les années se succèdent pour faire de cette légende une promesse caduque qui n’a pu survivre aux attraits irrésistibles d’aller en ligne. Les principales tentations sont l’anonymat et la possibilité de se créer une identité imaginée, distincte de celle de la réalité. Hélas, la propagation exponentielle des réseaux sociaux a fait chevaucher les identités réelles et fictives des gens. Les usagers ressentent un besoin d’engagement de plus en plus compulsif. L’auto-divulgation bat alors son plein à cause de l’ignorance du public des conséquences de certains comportements. Pour s’attirer l’attention, les gens recourent au partage d’informations personnelles, d’appartenance de tous genres, de vœux, de désirs, etc. Par ailleurs, l’espoir et l’angoisse les incitent aussi à communiquer leurs inquiétudes concernant leurs états de santé et leurs expériences parfois traumatisantes au détriment de la confidentialité de leurs vies privées. L’ambition et l’envie de se distinguer incitent les gens à rendre publics leurs rituels, pratiques ou évènements festifs engageant souvent d’autres individus qui n’ont pas consenti explicitement à la publication du contenu. Des adolescents qui ont grandi à l’ère numérique ont exprimé leurs désapprobations quant à la façon dont leurs parents géraient leurs vies privées lorsqu’ils étaient enfants. Leurs réactions allaient d’une légère gêne à une action de poursuite en justice. La divulgation multipartite pose problème. Les professionnels, les artistes ainsi que les activistes de tout horizon ont trouvé aux réseaux sociaux un outil incontournable et efficace pour promouvoir leurs secteurs. Le télétravail qui se propage très rapidement ces dernières années a offert aux employés le confort de travailler dans un environnement familier, ils ont alors tendance à négliger la vigilance "du bureau" exposant ainsi les intérêts de leurs employeurs au danger. Ils peuvent aussi exprimer des opinions personnelles parfois inappropriées leur causant des répercussions néfastes. L’accroissement de l’insécurité liée au manque de vigilance en ligne et à l’ignorance des usagers a mené les chercheurs a puiser dans les domaines de sociologie, des sciences de comportement et de l’économie de la vie privée pour étudier les raisons et les motivations de la divulgation. Le "nudge", comme approche d’intervention pour améliorer le bien-être d’un individu ou d’un groupe de personnes, fût une solution largement adoptée pour la préservation de la vie privée. Deux concepts ont émergé. Le premier a adopté une solution "one-sizefits-all" qui est commune à tous les utilisateurs. Quoique relativement simple à mettre en œuvre et d’une protection satisfaisante de la vie privée, elle était rigide et peu attentive aux conditions individuelles des utilisateurs. Le second a plutôt privilégié les préférences des usagers pour résoudre, même en partie, la question de personnalisation des "nudges". Ce qui a été motivant pour les utilisateurs mais nuisible à leurs confidentialités. Dans cette thèse, l’idée principale est de profiter des mérites des deux concepts en les fusionnant. J’ai procédé à l’exploration de l’économie de la vie privée. Les acteurs de ce secteur sont, autres que le propriétaire de données lui-même, le courtier qui sert d’intermédiaire et l’utilisateur de ces données. Le mécanisme d’interaction entre eux est constitué par les échanges de données comme actifs et les compensations monétaires en retour. L’équilibre de cette relation est atteint par la satisfaction de ses parties prenantes. Pour faire de bons choix, l’équitabilité exige que le propriétaire de données ait les connaissances minimales nécessaires dans le domaine et qu’il soit conscient des contraintes qu’il subit éventuellement lors de la prise de décision. A la recherche d’un utilisateur éclairé, j’ai conçu un cadre que j’ai nommé Multipriv. Il englobe les facteurs d’influence sur la perception des gens de la vie privée. J’ai ensuite proposé un système multi-agents basé sur le "nudge" pour l’atténuation de la divulgation en ligne. Son principal composant comprend trois agents. Le premier est l’agent objectif Aegis qui se réfère aux solutions généralisées axées sur la protection des données personnelles. Le second est un agent personnel qui considère le contexte dans lequel se trouve le propriétaire de données. Le dernier est un agent multipartite qui représente les personnes impliquées dans le contenu en copropriété. Pour évaluer le système, une plateforme appelée Cognicy est implémentée et déployée. Elle imite de véritables plateformes de réseaux sociaux par l’offre de la possibilité de créer un profil, publier des statuts, joindre des photos, établir des liens avec d’autres, etc. Sur une population de 150 utilisateurs, ma proposition s’est classée meilleure que l’approche de base non spécifique au contexte en termes de taux d’acceptation des "nudges". Les retours des participants à la fin de leurs sessions expriment une appréciation des explications fournies dans les "nudges" et des outils mis à leur disposition sur la plateforme. / When the internet was in its infancy in 1993, the New York Times published a now-famous cartoon with the caption “On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog.”. It was an amusing way to denote that the internet offers a safe space and a shelter for people to be free of assumptions and to only disclose what they want to be shown of their personal lives. The major appeal to go online was anonymity and the ability to create a whole new persona separate from real life. However, the rising popularity of social media made people’s digital and physical existences collide. Social Networking Sites (SNS) feed the need for compulsive engagement and attention-seeking behaviour. This results in self-disclosure, which is the act of sharing personal information such as hopes, aspirations, fears, thoughts, etc. These platforms are fertile grounds for oversharing health information, traumatic experiences, casual partying habits, and co-owned posts that show or mention individuals other than the sharer. The latter practice is called multiparty disclosure and it is an issue especially when the other people involved do not explicitly consent to the shared content. Adolescents who grew up in the digital age expressed disapproval of how their parents handled their privacy as children. Their reactions ranged from slight embarrassment to pursuing legal action to regain a sense of control. The repercussions of privacy disclosure extend to professional lives since many people work from home nowadays and tend to be more complacent about privacy in their familiar environment. This can be damaging to employees who lose the trust of their employers, which can result in the termination of their contracts. Even when individuals do not disclose information related to their company, their professional lives can suffer the consequences of sharing unseemly posts that should have remained private. For the purpose of addressing the issue of oversharing, many researchers have studied and investigated the reasons and motivations behind it using multiple perspectives such as economics, behavioural science, and sociology. After the popularization of nudging as an intervention approach to improve the well-being of an individual or a group of people, there was an emerging interest in applying the concept to privacy preservation. After the initial wave of non-user-specific one-size-fits-all propositions, the scope of research extended to personalized solutions that consider individual preferences. The former are privacy-focused and more straightforward to implement than their personalized counterparts but they tend to be more rigid and less considerate of individual situations. On the other hand, the latter has the potential to understand users but can end up reinforcing biases and underperforming in their privacy protection objective. The main idea of my proposition is to merge the concepts introduced by the two waves to benefit from the merits of each. Because people exist within a larger ecosystem that governs their personal information, I start by exploring the economics of privacy in which the actors are presented as the data owner (individual), broker, and data user. I explain how they interact with one another through exchanges of data as assets and monetary compensation, in return. An equilibrium can be achieved where the user is satisfied with the level of anonymity they are afforded. However, in order to achieve this, the person whose information is used as a commodity needs to be aware and make the best choices for themselves. This is not always the case because users can lack knowledge to do so or they can be susceptible to contextual biases that warp their decision-making faculty. For this reason, my next objective was to design a framework called Multipriv, which encompasses the factors that influence people’s perception of privacy. Then, I propose a multi-agent nudge-based approach for disclosure mitigation online. Its core component includes an objective agent Aegis that is inspired by privacy-focused onesize-fits-all solutions. Furthermore, a personal agent represents the user’s context-specific perception, which is different from simply relying on preferences. Finally, a multiparty agent serves to give the other people involved in the co-owned content a voice. To evaluate the system, a platform called Cognicy is implemented and deployed. It mimics real social media platforms by offering the option of creating a profile, posting status updates, attaching photos, making connections with others, etc. Based on an evaluation using 150 users, my proposition proved superior to the baseline non-context-specific approach in terms of the nudge acceptance rate. Moreover, the feedback submitted by the participants at the end of their session expressed an appreciation of the explanations provided in the nudges, the visual charts, and the tools at their disposition on the platform.

We are currently experiencing a rapid development of quantum information, a new branch of science, being an interdisciplinary of quantum physics, information theory, telecommunications, computer science, and many others. This new science branch was born in the middle of the eighties, developed rapidly during the nineties, and in the current decade has brought a technological breakthrough in creating secure quantum key distribution (QKD), quantum secret sharing, and exciting promises in diverse technological fields. Recent QKD experiments have achieved high rate QKD at 200 km distance in optical fiber. Significant QKD results have also been achieved in free-space. Due to the rapid broadband access deployment in many industrialized countries and the standing increasing transmission security treats, the natural development awaiting quantum communications, being a part of quantum information, is its migration into commercial switched telecom networks. Such a migration concerns both multiuser quantum key distribution and multiparty quantum secret sharing that have been the main goal of my PhD studies. They are also the main concern of the thesis. Our research efforts in multiuser QKD has led to a development of the five-user setup for transmissions over switched fiber networks in a star and in a tree configuration. We have achieved longer secure quantum information distances and implemented more nodes than other multi-user QKD experiments. The measurements have shown feasibility of multiuser QKD over switched fiber networks, using standard fiber telecom components. Since circular architecture networks are important parts of both intranets and the Internet, Sagnac QKD has also been a subject of our research efforts. The published experiments in this area have been very few and results were not encouraging, mainly due to the single mode fiber (SMF) birefringence. Our research has led to a development of a computer controlled birefringence compensation in Sagnac that open the door to both classical and quantum Sagnac applications. On the quantum secret sharing side, we have achieved the first quantum secret sharing experiment over telecom fiber in a five-party implementation using the "plug &amp; play" setup and in a four-party implementation using Sagnac configuration. The setup measurements have shown feasibility and scalability of multiparty quantum communication over commercial telecom fiber networks.