Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés aux émulsions stabilisées par une famille de copolymères diblocs biocompatibles polydiméthylsiloxane-b-poly(méthacrylate de diméthylaminoéthyle) (PDMS-b-PDMAEMA). Le bloc PDMAEMA, porteur de fonctions amines, est sensible au pH et à la force ionique. En faisant varier ces deux paramètres, des émulsions directes, inverses et multiples E/H/E ont pu être obtenues en une seule étape d’émulsification, par cisaillement d’une phase aqueuse et d’une phase huile biocompatible (Miglyol® 812 ou myristate d’isopropyle). Pour un copolymère présentant des longueurs de blocs hydrophile et hydrophobe similaires, le PDMS60-b-PDMAEMA50, des émulsions multiples stables sur plus de deux ans sont obtenues avec les deux huiles, pour des pH proches du pKa du PDMAEMA et dans une vaste gamme de sel ajouté. Il a en outre été établi sur des cellules intestinales humaines que les émulsions formées à partir de ces copolymères ne présentent pas de cytotoxicité et peuvent être utilisées pour développer des applications pour l’homme.La diminution du pH de la phase aqueuse conduit à la déstabilisation des émulsions doubles en émulsions directes, permettant d’obtenir la libération contrôlée des espèces encapsulées dans les gouttelettes d’eau internes. Des essais d’encapsulation ont été réalisés avec une molécule modèle, le saccharose, et un antioxydant naturellement présent dans le thé vert, la catéchine, molécule fragile facilement dégradée. Ces molécules peuvent être libérées à loisir par diminution du pH et déstabilisation de l’émulsion multiple, la formation de liaisons hydrogènes entre les molécules encapsulées et le copolymère limitant cependant le relargage. Il a également été démontré que les émulsions ont un effet protecteur sur la catéchine lors du stockage et permettent d’exalter son pouvoir antioxydant.Enfin, nous avons étudié la formation d’émulsions stabilisées par le PDMS-b-PDMAEMA par voie microfluidique. Une méthode originale a été développée pour permettre de former de façon simple des émulsions doubles sur des puces en PDMS. Des émulsions E/H/E ont été obtenues dans des conditions de pH et de force ionique bien précises, et la catéchine a pu également être encapsulée au cœur des gouttelettes internes par cette méthode. / In this work, we studied different kinds of emulsions stabilized by biocompatible diblock copolymers polydimethylsiloxane-b-poly(dimethylaminoethyle methacrylate) (PDMS-b-PDMAEMA). PDMAEMA is sensitive to pH and ionic strength thanks to the amine groups carried by the chain. Varying the latter parameters, we obtained direct, inverse and W/O/W double emulsions in only one emulsification step, by shearing an aqueous phase and a biocompatible oil (Miglyol® 812 or isopropyle myristate). For a copolymer having hydrophilic and hydrophobic blocks of similar lengths, PDMS60-b-PDMAEMA50, very stable multiple emulsions (more than two years) were obtained, for pH close to pKa of PDMAMEA and in a large range of salt concentrations. Cytotoxicity measurements were performed on intestinal human cells, proving the possibility of using the emulsions stabilized with these copolymers to develop applications for health care.pH lowering allows to turn direct emulsions to multiple ones, leading to the controlled release of encapsulated species in the inner water drops. Encapsulation tests have been carried out with a model molecule, sucrose, and with an antioxidant extracted from green tea, catechin. Both molecules could be released from our emulsions by reducing the pH, despite the formation of hydrogen bonds between the encapsulated compounds and the copolymer which prevented complete deliverance. We demonstrated the ability of our multiple emulsions to protect the fragile catechin molecule during storage and preserve its antioxidant capacity.Additionally, we achieved the formation of PDMS-b-PDMAEMA stabilized emulsions by microfluidics. An innovative method was developed to allow the formation of double emulsions on PDMS microchips in an easy way. W/O/W emulsions were obtained for precise pH and salt concentrations, and catechin could also be successfully encapsulated in the internal water droplets by this method.

Nos últimos anos intensificou-se o estudo sobre sistemas criados para veicular princípios ativos, como nanoemulsões, dispersões contendo cristais líquidos e emulsões múltiplas, bem como o emprego de matérias-primas da biodiversidade brasileira na produção destes sistemas, a exemplo dos óleos de andiroba, copaíba, urucum e buriti, cuja fruta amazônica é rica em micro-nutrientes com propriedades anti-oxidante, hidratante e fotoprotetora. Durante o desenvolvimento de novas formulações cosméticas, o potencial de irritação dérmica deve ser investigado antes que o produto seja disponibilizado ao consumidor, a fim de identificar compostos que possam causar reações adversas na pele. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar cientificamente o emprego do óleo de buriti na obtenção de emulsões contendo cristais líquidos, nanoemulsões e emulsões múltiplas estáveis e estudar o possível potencial citotóxico e fotoprotetor destas formulações em culturas de células epidérmicas (fibroblastos e queratinócitos), bem como o potencial irritante em modelo organotípico (HET-CAM). Foi estabelecido como valor de EHL crítico igual a 7,25 e selecionados dois pares de tensoativos (Steareth-2 associado aos Ceteareth- 5 e Ceteareth-20) para produção das macroemulsões contendo cristal líquido pela técnica do diagrama ternário. Os testes preliminares em centrifuga, estresse térmico, microscopia, potencial zeta e o estudo do comportamento reológico permitiram a seleção de uma emulsão de cada diagrama para continuar o estudo, as quais foram submetidas aos testes de estabilidade acelerada. As formulações F29D1 e F51D2 com e sem vitamina E não apresentaram modificações no comportamento reológico, pH e estabilidade física, após serem submetidas às condições de estresse. O método de emulsificação em etapa única se mostrou eficiente na produção de emulsões múltiplas estáveis à centrifugação e estresse térmico, com óleo de buriti e monooleato de sorbitano e PEG-40 castor oil como sistema tensoativo. O estudo de EHL crítico da emulsão múltipla mostrou maior estabilidade do sistema no valor de EHL=9,0. Uma modificação no processo de emulsificação da emulsão múltipla permitiu a obtenção de nanoemulsões estáveis por PIT, cujas temperaturas de inversão de fases foram de 89, 91 e 93°C, para os valores de EHL 9,0; 9,5 e 10,0 respectivamente. Os resultados dos ensaios de citotoxicidade mostraram que as emulsões formuladas com óleo de buriti e tensoativos comerciais se mostraram não irritantes à pele devido aos escassos efeitos citotóxicos que provocaram às monocamadas de fibroblastos 3T3 e queratinócitos HaCat, sendo que a adição de vitamina E chegou a aumentar a viabilidade celular em alguns casos. As emulsões contendo álcoois graxos etoxilados como sistema tensoativo, se mostraram mais fototóxicas às células quando comparadas as que continham outra classe de tensoativos não iônicos, sendo que todas se mostraram mais fototóxicas quando foram aplicadas em condições de pré-tratamento. Os ensaios também demonstraram que os fibroblastos 3T3 foram mais sensíveis que os queratinócitos HaCat ao efeito da radiação quando tratados com os produtos. O ensaio em membrana corioalantóide auxiliou na identificação dos compostos irritantes e confirmou os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de citotoxicidade e associados podem ser considerados uma ferramenta importante na substituição de animais para avaliação do potencial irritante de produtos cosméticos e farmacêuticos. / In the past few years, more attention has been given to delivery systems, like nanoemulsions, emulsions containing liquid crystals and multiple emulsions, as well as the employment of new raw materials from the Brazilians biodiversity in their production, such as Andiroba, Copaíba, Urucum and Buriti oils. The Buriti is an Amazonian fruit rich in micro nutrients, with antioxidants and photoprotector properties. During the development of new cosmetic formulations, the skin irritation potential must be investigated in order to identify chemicals which might induce adverse skin reactions, previously to human exposition to such substances. The aim of this work was to evaluate the employment of Buriti oil in the production of stable nanoemulsions, emulsions containing liquid crystals and multiple emulsions; and study their cytotoxic and photoprotector potential in epidermal cell culture and irritancy potential in organotypic model (HET-CAM). Two surfactant systems were chosen (Steareth-2 associated to Ceteareth-5 and Ceteareth-20) at the critical HLB value of 7.25 to produce the macroemulsions containing liquid crystals using the ternary diagram technique. Preliminary stability tests such as centrifugation, thermal stress, microscopic analysis, zeta potential and rheological behavior were used to choose one emulsion from each diagram. Subsequently, those emulsions were submitted to accelerated stability tests. The formulations F29D1 and F51D2, containing or not Vitamin E, did not present modifications in their physical stability, pH and rheological behavior after being exposed to the stress conditions. The emulsification method by one step demonstrated to be an efficient methodology to attain multiple emulsions containing Buriti oil, Sorbitan monooleato and PEG-40 castor oil as surfactant system. This system remained stable even after centrifugation and thermal stress. At a critical HBL of 9.0, the multiple emulsions showed major stability. A single modification performed on the emulsification method of the multiple emulsion allowed the production of stable nanoemulsions by PIT method. The phase inversion temperatures were identified as 89, 91 e 93°C, for the emulsions at HLB values equal to 9.0, 9.5 and 10.0, respectively. The results of the cytotoxicity assays showed that the emulsions containing Buriti oil and commercial surfactants are non-irritant to skin due to their low cytotoxic effects in the 3T3 and HaCat cell monolayers. The addition of vitamin E not only decreased the toxicity of the products, but also increased the cellular viability. The emulsions containing ethoxylated fatty alcohol as surfactant systems showed to be more phototoxic to the cells than those prepared with another class of non ionic surfactant. All the emulsions demonstrated to be more phototoxic when applied on the cells during pre-treatment condition, moreover the 3T3 fibroblasts demonstrated to be more sensitive to the majority of products than the HaCat, after exposed to UV radiation. The hens egg test-chorioallantoic membrane has collaborated the identification of irritant chemicals and confirmed the results obtained on the cytotoxicity assays. Those assays associated should be considered a valuable tool to evaluate irritancy potential of cosmetics and pharmaceutical products.

Nos últimos anos intensificou-se o estudo sobre sistemas criados para veicular princípios ativos, como nanoemulsões, dispersões contendo cristais líquidos e emulsões múltiplas, bem como o emprego de matérias-primas da biodiversidade brasileira na produção destes sistemas, a exemplo dos óleos de andiroba, copaíba, urucum e buriti, cuja fruta amazônica é rica em micro-nutrientes com propriedades anti-oxidante, hidratante e fotoprotetora. Durante o desenvolvimento de novas formulações cosméticas, o potencial de irritação dérmica deve ser investigado antes que o produto seja disponibilizado ao consumidor, a fim de identificar compostos que possam causar reações adversas na pele. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar cientificamente o emprego do óleo de buriti na obtenção de emulsões contendo cristais líquidos, nanoemulsões e emulsões múltiplas estáveis e estudar o possível potencial citotóxico e fotoprotetor destas formulações em culturas de células epidérmicas (fibroblastos e queratinócitos), bem como o potencial irritante em modelo organotípico (HET-CAM). Foi estabelecido como valor de EHL crítico igual a 7,25 e selecionados dois pares de tensoativos (Steareth-2 associado aos Ceteareth- 5 e Ceteareth-20) para produção das macroemulsões contendo cristal líquido pela técnica do diagrama ternário. Os testes preliminares em centrifuga, estresse térmico, microscopia, potencial zeta e o estudo do comportamento reológico permitiram a seleção de uma emulsão de cada diagrama para continuar o estudo, as quais foram submetidas aos testes de estabilidade acelerada. As formulações F29D1 e F51D2 com e sem vitamina E não apresentaram modificações no comportamento reológico, pH e estabilidade física, após serem submetidas às condições de estresse. O método de emulsificação em etapa única se mostrou eficiente na produção de emulsões múltiplas estáveis à centrifugação e estresse térmico, com óleo de buriti e monooleato de sorbitano e PEG-40 castor oil como sistema tensoativo. O estudo de EHL crítico da emulsão múltipla mostrou maior estabilidade do sistema no valor de EHL=9,0. Uma modificação no processo de emulsificação da emulsão múltipla permitiu a obtenção de nanoemulsões estáveis por PIT, cujas temperaturas de inversão de fases foram de 89, 91 e 93°C, para os valores de EHL 9,0; 9,5 e 10,0 respectivamente. Os resultados dos ensaios de citotoxicidade mostraram que as emulsões formuladas com óleo de buriti e tensoativos comerciais se mostraram não irritantes à pele devido aos escassos efeitos citotóxicos que provocaram às monocamadas de fibroblastos 3T3 e queratinócitos HaCat, sendo que a adição de vitamina E chegou a aumentar a viabilidade celular em alguns casos. As emulsões contendo álcoois graxos etoxilados como sistema tensoativo, se mostraram mais fototóxicas às células quando comparadas as que continham outra classe de tensoativos não iônicos, sendo que todas se mostraram mais fototóxicas quando foram aplicadas em condições de pré-tratamento. Os ensaios também demonstraram que os fibroblastos 3T3 foram mais sensíveis que os queratinócitos HaCat ao efeito da radiação quando tratados com os produtos. O ensaio em membrana corioalantóide auxiliou na identificação dos compostos irritantes e confirmou os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de citotoxicidade e associados podem ser considerados uma ferramenta importante na substituição de animais para avaliação do potencial irritante de produtos cosméticos e farmacêuticos. / In the past few years, more attention has been given to delivery systems, like nanoemulsions, emulsions containing liquid crystals and multiple emulsions, as well as the employment of new raw materials from the Brazilians biodiversity in their production, such as Andiroba, Copaíba, Urucum and Buriti oils. The Buriti is an Amazonian fruit rich in micro nutrients, with antioxidants and photoprotector properties. During the development of new cosmetic formulations, the skin irritation potential must be investigated in order to identify chemicals which might induce adverse skin reactions, previously to human exposition to such substances. The aim of this work was to evaluate the employment of Buriti oil in the production of stable nanoemulsions, emulsions containing liquid crystals and multiple emulsions; and study their cytotoxic and photoprotector potential in epidermal cell culture and irritancy potential in organotypic model (HET-CAM). Two surfactant systems were chosen (Steareth-2 associated to Ceteareth-5 and Ceteareth-20) at the critical HLB value of 7.25 to produce the macroemulsions containing liquid crystals using the ternary diagram technique. Preliminary stability tests such as centrifugation, thermal stress, microscopic analysis, zeta potential and rheological behavior were used to choose one emulsion from each diagram. Subsequently, those emulsions were submitted to accelerated stability tests. The formulations F29D1 and F51D2, containing or not Vitamin E, did not present modifications in their physical stability, pH and rheological behavior after being exposed to the stress conditions. The emulsification method by one step demonstrated to be an efficient methodology to attain multiple emulsions containing Buriti oil, Sorbitan monooleato and PEG-40 castor oil as surfactant system. This system remained stable even after centrifugation and thermal stress. At a critical HBL of 9.0, the multiple emulsions showed major stability. A single modification performed on the emulsification method of the multiple emulsion allowed the production of stable nanoemulsions by PIT method. The phase inversion temperatures were identified as 89, 91 e 93°C, for the emulsions at HLB values equal to 9.0, 9.5 and 10.0, respectively. The results of the cytotoxicity assays showed that the emulsions containing Buriti oil and commercial surfactants are non-irritant to skin due to their low cytotoxic effects in the 3T3 and HaCat cell monolayers. The addition of vitamin E not only decreased the toxicity of the products, but also increased the cellular viability. The emulsions containing ethoxylated fatty alcohol as surfactant systems showed to be more phototoxic to the cells than those prepared with another class of non ionic surfactant. All the emulsions demonstrated to be more phototoxic when applied on the cells during pre-treatment condition, moreover the 3T3 fibroblasts demonstrated to be more sensitive to the majority of products than the HaCat, after exposed to UV radiation. The hens egg test-chorioallantoic membrane has collaborated the identification of irritant chemicals and confirmed the results obtained on the cytotoxicity assays. Those assays associated should be considered a valuable tool to evaluate irritancy potential of cosmetics and pharmaceutical products.

L'encapsulation de protéines pose de nombreuses difficultés liées à leurs propriétés physicochimiques, leur sensibilité aux conditions environnementales et opératoires. La structure 3D spécifique de chaque protéine étant directement liée à son activité biologique, un contrôle de l'intégrité protéique est indispensable pour assurer l'efficacité et la sécurité des systèmes formulés. Dans cet optique, l'encapsulation par émulsion multiple a été appliquée à une protéine modèle : la myoglobine (Mb). Le but de cette thèse a été l'étude du procédé d'encapsulation à travers 3 objectifs. Le premier fut d'étudier l'influence de paramètres de formulation sur les propriétés des particules obtenues et sur la conformation de la Mb. Les mesures en spectrométrie UV/Vis. et le calcul des principaux rapports d'absorbance ont constitué une méthode de contrôle fiable et rapide. Le second fut de valider la pertinence et de montrer les limites de cette méthode en la comparant à une seconde méthode utilisant des mesures conductimétriques. Enfin, l'étape de solidification des particules par élimination du solvant ainsi que le changement de solvant ont été étudiés.. Des microsphères creuses de 15μm avec un rendement d'encapsulation de 36% ont pu être obtenues tout en maintenant la conformation native de la Mb. L'emploi de polymère de masse moléculaire élevée et un taux d'élimination de solvant trop rapide sont 2 paramètres altérants significativement la protéine. Ces travaux ouvrent la voie au développement de transporteurs d'O2 utilisables par exemple dans le cas de pathologies musculaires / Protein encapsulation results in several problems related to their physicochemical properties, their sensitivity to environmental conditions and operating procedures. The specific 3D structure being directly linked to their biological activity, monitoring of protein integrity is crucial to ensure the efficacy and security of formulations. In this context, the multiple emulsion method was applied to a model protein: myoglobin (Mb). The aim of this thesis was to study the encapsulation process through 3 objectives. The first was to study the influence of formulation parameters on the particle properties and the conformation of Mb. Measurements by UV/Vis. spectrometry and calculation of key absorbance ratios established a reliable and rapid method for protein monitoring. The second was to validate the pertinence and show the limits of this method by comparing it to a second one using conductimetry measurements. Finally, the particle solidification by solvent removal and the solvent exchange were studied. The process maintains the Mb native conformation in Hollow microspheres of 15μm in diameter and an encapsulation efficiency of 36% were obtained, while keeping intact the Mb native conformation. The use of high molecular weight polymer and a fast solvent removal rate are 2 parameters inducing significant protein alteration. This work paves the way for the development of O2 carriers for muscular diseases for example

Ce travail a été mené afin d’étudier l’effet du FGF 2 et du TGF-β1 sur les étapes précoces de la régénération dentinaire en utilisant la micro-encapsulation de ces facteurs dans une matrice pour les protéger et contrôler leur libération et ensuite l’application des microparticules obtenues en coiffage pulpaire direct dans un modèle de culture de dents entières. Ce travail consiste d’abord à l’optimisation des moyens techniques mis en oeuvre pour réaliser l'encapsulation du TGFβ1, FGF-2 à l'aide de l'acide poly (lactique-glycolique) PLGA. Les études de la caractérisation colloïdal et physico chimique des microparticules montre que les microparticules gardent leurs caractéristiques physicochimiques après séchage et resuspension dans l’eau. La procèdes optimisé a été ensuite utilisé pour encapsuler les facteurs de croissance. L’encapsulation de FGF-2 et TGF-β1 a été obtenue avec une taille, une efficacité d’encapsulation et une profile de libération adaptés au type d’application choisi. Les études biologiques ne montrent aucun effet toxique des particules sur les fibroblastes pulpaires. Les facteurs de croissance ont gardé leur activité biologique spécifique. Un modèle de culture de dent entier humain a été utilisé pour réaliser l’application de nos microparticules comme un matériau de coiffage dentaire pour confirmer leurs activités biologiques ex-vivo. Ces microparticules peuvent être utiles dans les études des étapes précoces de la régénération dentinaire, l'activation et la migration des cellules progénitrices de la pulpe dentaire / The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of FGF 2 and TGF-β1 on the early steps of dentin regeneration using microencapsulation of theses factors into a microparticles matrix to ensure growth factors protection and to provide bioactive sustained release in contact with dental pulp cells and then the application of the obtained microparticles in direct pulp capping using a culture model of entire tooth. This work involves the optimization of technical means used to achieve encapsulation of TGFβ1, FGF-2 using the poly (lactic-glycolic acid) PLGA. Physicochemical and colloidal characterization of microspheres shows that the microparticles retain their physicochemical characteristics after drying and re-suspended in water. The double emulsion method was used to separately encapsulate (FGF-2) and (TGFβ1). Microparticles morphology, loading, shelf life, potential toxicity and release kinetics were studied. Then the proliferation of dental pulp cells was examined in contact with microparticles. Biological studies show no toxic effect of particles on pulp fibroblasts. Growth factors have kept their specific biological activity. A culture model of human entire tooth was used to achieve the application of microparticles as a dental direct capping material to confirm their biological activities ex vivo. These microparticles can be useful in studies of early steps of dentin regeneration, activation and migration of progenitor cells in dental pulp