Män har under lång tid inte ansetts kunna lida av ätstörningar eller kroppsuppfattningsstörningar då forskning negligerat dem. Detta har lett till att det råder brist på kunskaper om ätstörningar och kroppsuppfattningsstörningar bland män. En av de vanligaste kroppsuppfattningsstörningar bland män har visat sig vara muskeldysmorfi. Det finns begränsade kunskaper kring det och syftet med denna studie har varit att få en ökad kunskap om och beskriva vad det är samt hur det kan påverka de män som lider av problematiken. Studien är en litteraturstudie med en kvalitativ forskningsansats där både artiklar och böcker använts som underlag. Resultatet visade att muskeldysmorfi är en störning där personen blir besatt kring den egna kroppens muskulatur och som främst drabbar unga män som bodybuildar. Man vet ännu inte huruvida den ska klassas som ätstörning, dysmorfofobi eller tvångssyndrom då forskning saknas och den anses ha samband med alla dessa. Orsaker till utvecklande av muskeldysmorfi anses vara en kombination av samhällets och medias påverkan och genetiska och psykologiska faktorer. För behandling anses i dagsläget kognitiv beteendeterapi vara det mest verksamma. Konsekvenser av muskeldysmorfi kan vara skamkänslor över den egna kroppen och tvångsbeteenden och tvångstankar. Intima - och vänskapsrelationer samt den egna ekonomin och arbetslivet kan påverkas negativt och i en del fall kan muskeldysmorfi det leda till att personer börjar använda anabola steroider eller andra farliga preparat för att kunna öka i muskelmassa.

Over the past decade, the study of male body image has increased considerably and substantial levels of body discontent among males have been reported. Accompanying this dissatisfaction is a rise in the documentation of the Drive for Muscularity (DFM), or the desire for increased lean muscle mass, in men. The current study had three objectives. The first was to identify theoretical variables associated with the DFM. The second was to examine body image evaluation and investment in relation to the DFM. The third was to explore the DFM and psychological well-being. Two-hundred fourteen men completed the study and multiple regressions were carried out to examine the various relations. Awareness and internalization of the male body ideal and universalistic social comparison accounted for 35% of the variance in the DFM. Body image investment, but not evaluation, accounted for 26% of the variance in the DFM. Regarding psychological well-being, the DFM accounted for an additional 23% of the variance in muscle pathology after controlling for levels of depression and self-esteem. Other notable findings included mens self-reported intentions to use potentially unhealthy body change strategies to increase size and musculature in the future, and statistically significant associations between the DFM and self-esteem, social physique anxiety, and general worry. These results contribute to the growing literature on male body image and the implications for clinical practice with men presenting with body dissatisfaction are discussed.

Muscle dysmorphia is a relatively new psychological disorder primarily affecting males who engage in weightlifting or bodybuilding. Individuals with this disorder are obsessed with the idea that their body is not sufficiently lean or muscular when compared to others and engage in several, risky behaviors (i.e., frequent exercise sessions, anabolic steroid use, structured diets) to increase muscularity. As obtaining and maintaining a muscular physique is so important to his or her self-worth, an individual may have little insight to how their behaviors are affecting their social and occupational lives and are reluctant to seek out psychological treatment. The purpose of this study was to assess obligation to exercise, motivation and reason to exercise, athletic identity, and behaviors of muscle dysmorphia and examine their relationship to insight and recognition of criteria for muscle dysmorphia through correlation and regression tests. Participants (N = 85) completed a series of questionnaires to assess the independent variables and were then administered two questionnaires designed for the study to assess insight to any criteria participants might be experiencing and recognition of criteria in a case vignette also designed for the study. Analyses of results showed that participants with a higher athletic identity and more behaviors of muscle dysmorphia had a higher level of insight than participants with low athletic identity and fewer behaviors of muscle dysmorphia; on the other hand, individuals with more behaviors of muscle dysmorphia had a lower recognition of criteria of muscle dysmorphia than those with fewer behaviors. These findings support the notion that individuals participating in athletics and exercises to enhance muscularity have varying levels of insight to their preoccupation with improving their body shape.

The current study examined the relations among internalization of sociocultural attitudes towards appearance, magical thinking, muscle dysmorphia, and eating disorder symptoms in models of obligatory exercise for males and females. The results indicated that several different developmental trajectories exist that vary from person to person. Several of the models proposed were supported or partially supported. The first model demonstrated mediation and moderation; at low levels of magical thinking, eating disorder attitudes and behaviors fully mediated the relation between internalization of societal standards of appearance and obligatory exercise. The second model was supported for the female sample, and indicated that obligatory exercise partially mediated the relation between internalization of societal standards of appearance and eating disorder attitudes and behaviors. The second model assessing eating disorder attitudes and behaviors for the male sample was not supported. A third model evaluated a mediational effect of muscle dysmorphia, but was not evident. However, when magical thinking was high, muscle dysmorphia significantly predicted obligatory exercise. The fourth model evaluated obligatory exercise as a mediator of the relation between internalization of societal standards of appearance and muscle dysmorphia, and partial mediation was demonstrated for the males. The fourth model was not supported for the females; instead, it appears that both internalization of societal standards of appearance and obligatory exercise contribute to muscle dysmorphia. Collectively, the results of this study support the use of a transdiagnostic perspective when designing intervention and treatment programs for individuals who may suffer from eating disorders, obligatory exercise and/or muscle dysmorphia.

Given the centrality of body dissatisfaction in the manifestation of health risk behaviors (e.g., eating disorders, muscle dysmorphia) and psychological distress in men, the ability to measure it accurately is essential. Across two studies, the psychometric properties and factor structure of a new measure of male body satisfaction were established. The Body Parts Satisfaction Scale for Men (BPSS-M) was found to have three scores: full body muscularity and leanness (18 items), upper body (12 items), and legs (4 items). All three scores were internally and temporally reliable, and support was found for the convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity of the scores. The BPSS-M represents an advance in the measurement of male body image, providing researchers and clinicians with a versatile and valid way to assess this important construct.

No description available.

Muscle dysmorphia is an obsessive-compulsive disorder subcategorized as a body dysmorphic disorder. Studies in Latin America have assessed the prevalence of muscle dysmorphia in bodybuilders and gym users. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of muscle dysmorphia symptomatology (MDS) and associated factors in university male students in Lima, Peru. The participants (N = 618) had an average age of 21.0 years (DS = 2.3). We assessed MDS through the Muscular Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS) and obsessive-compulsive disorders through the Yale-Brown Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorders (BDD-YBOCS). We also tested participants on their food consumption and physical activity (PA) frequency. The prevalence of MDS was 1.3% (IC 95% = 0.4-2.2%) . associated with factors such as intense PA defined as more than five hours per week (PRa = 9.5; 95% CI = 1.1-84.4) and a hyperproteic diet (PRa = 1.3; 95% CI = 1.1-1.6). Thirty-two percent of participants consumed protein supplements. Muscle dysmorphia is a disorder present in the general population. However, more research must be done to understand how this is an emerging problem in Latin America. Therefore, to influence its prevention and early identification among the university population, it is necessary to deepen the understanding. / Muscle dysmorphia is an obsessive-compulsive disorder subcategorized as a body dysmorphic disorder. Studies in Latin America have assessed the prevalence of muscle dysmorphia in bodybuilders and gym users. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of muscle dysmorphia symptomatology (MDS) and associated factors in university male students in Lima, Peru. The participants (N = 618) had an average age of 21.0 years (DS = 2.3). We assessed MDS through the Muscular Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS) and obsessive-compulsive disorders through the Yale-Brown Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorders (BDD-YBOCS). We also tested participants on their food consumption and physical activity (PA) frequency. The prevalence of MDS was 1.3% (IC 95% = 0.4-2.2%) . associated with factors such as intense PA defined as more than five hours per week (PRa = 9.5; 95% CI = 1.1-84.4) and a hyperproteic diet (PRa = 1.3; 95% CI = 1.1-1.6). Thirty-two percent of participants consumed protein supplements. Muscle dysmorphia is a disorder present in the general population. However, more research must be done to understand how this is an emerging problem in Latin America. Therefore, to influence its prevention and early identification among the university population, it is necessary to deepen the understanding.

Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Sylvania Ann Jones has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Anthony Perry, Committee Chairperson, Psychology Faculty Dr. Stephen Burgess, Committee Member, Psychology Faculty Dr. James Carroll, University Reviewer, Psychology Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2017 Factors Related to Muscle Dysmorphia Symptomology in Adolescent Males by Sylvania Ann Jones BS, Wayland Baptist University 1999 MA, Wayland Baptist University 2009 MA, Webster University 2006 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Psychology Walden University December 2016 The prevalence of muscle dysmorphia symptomology in adolescent males continues to increase, and yet remains under diagnosed in adolescents, supporting the need for a study to increase the understanding of the factors related to muscle dysmorphia symptomology. The purpose of this quantitative survey research study was to determine variables that predict the muscle dysmorphia symptomology in a nonclinical sample of high school adolescent males. The psycho-behavioral model of muscle dysmorphia was used as the conceptual model to explain the psychological factors such as self-esteem and body dissatisfaction and behavioral factors such as bodybuilding dependence that were hypothesized to be related to muscle dysmorphia. Quantitative surveys included the Body Dysmorphic Examination Self Report, Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Body Building Dependence Scale and a researcher-developed demographic survey. The study participants included a sample of 97 high school males. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the relative strength of the variables in predicting muscle dysmorphia. The results showed that there were several significant predictors of muscle dysmorphia symptomology including race/ethnicity, level of body dissatisfaction, and body building dependence. Sexual orientation and self-esteem were not significant predictors of muscle symptomology. The current study filled the gap in the literature regarding factors that predict muscle dysmorphia among adolescent males. This information supports the development of professional practice and psychoeducational programs designed to assist adolescent males with muscle dysmorphia. This study benefits this cohort by presenting awareness of muscle dysmorphia.

The goal of the current study was to examine the relationship between critical comments that men can recall others making about their bodies and their current level of Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) symptomotology. Participants (N = 118) were recruited via study board from a mid-Western university with a population of 20,674 students. The hypothesis of the current study was that men who can recall critical comments about their bodies will report more MD symptomotology than those who remembered no such comments. In addition, it was expected that out of those who recall critical comments, the more severe or threatening they remember the comment being, the more MD symptomotology they will report. In this study it was also expected that men who associate more negative emotions with the comment will have higher levels of reported MD symptomotology. To evaluate the first hypothesis, an independent samples (-test was used. Results did not support this hypothesis, and no significant differences were found on MD symptoms between participants who recalled comments about their bodies and those who did not recall such comments. These results are not consistent with previous research that was conducted on women with eating disorders which found that female athletes with disordered eating habits were more likely to recall critical comments made about their bodies than women without disordered eating habits. Results supported the second and third hypotheses. Correlational analyses were conducted to determine if there was a relationship between how threatened a participant reported being from the critical comment made about his body and his current level of MD symptomotology. A significant correlation was found. A correlational analysis revealed that there was a significant relationship between associating negative emotions with the critical comment and having higher levels of MD symptomotology. The participants in the study were asked to name who made the comment about their bodies. The most commonly named person was a friend, followed by a coach, and then a girlfriend. Additional tests showed that there was no significant correlation between how long ago the comment occurred and participants' levels of MD symptoms. However, there was a significant relationship between how well a person remembered the comment and his current level of MD symptomotology. Results from this study extend on what is known about MD and the effects of criticism. Although there was no significant relationship between one's ability to recall critical comments made about his body and his current level of MD symptomotology, there was a significant relationship between finding the comment threatening and associating negative emotions with the comment, if one was reported, and one's current level of MD symptomotology. One limitation of the study is that all of the data was gathered via self-report measures. Data may have been affected by poor recall by the participants as well as denial of symptoms. Also, all of the participants attended Western Kentucky University. There was little diversity in regards to age and race.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:20:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 THIAGO CAMARGO IWAMOTO.pdf: 1672237 bytes, checksum: a42791a8d72c63bfcd6d5e91ab949930 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-14 / The present study aims to investigate the dependence of physical exercise and musculardysmorphia symptoms in individuals practicing physical activity in the gym environment,analyzing the topography of behaviors during physical activity. The data were obtained byapplying the Dependency Scale Physical Exercises, Muscle dysmorphia inventory, and directobservation of behavior during physical activity. The sample included nine participants, allteachers of Physical Education, separated into two groups defined as PréQuest and PósQuest.Despite this separation, found through analysis of the scale and inventory, there is nosignificant difference between groups. A relationship between the responses of forms andtopography of behaviors during practice was found, indicating that the higher the level ofexercise dependence and symptomatic level of muscular dysmorphia, the greater theoccurrence of behaviors with aesthetic purpose. The media, in this context, has beenmediating, creative, reinforcing and normalizing a body ideal. Those who do not fit the bodysaid " perfect," and collected feel dissatisfied. With the changes in the media, economic andother social fields instances, the cult of the body has gained more space, so it has never beenhandled, used, and disposed of as set in the twenty-first century, leading people to relentlessand endless worry and search for the "perfect" stereotype that society has built. Thus, it hasbeen common practice too much physical exercise , drastic changes in diet and use of variousmedia immediacy of body modification, enabling the development of psychological disorderssuch as muscle dysmorphia. / O presente estudo pretende investigar a dependência de exercícios físicos e sintomas de Dismorfia Muscular em indivíduos praticantes de atividade física no ambiente de academia, analisando a topografia de comportamentos durante a prática de atividade física. Os dados foram obtidos através da aplicação da Escala de Dependência de Exercícios Físicos, Inventário de Dismorfia Muscular, e observação direta dos comportamentos durante a prática de atividade física. A amostra contemplou nove participantes, todos são professores de Educação Física, separados em dois grupos definidos como PréQuest e PósQuest. Apesar desta separação, não se verificou, através das análises da escala e inventário, nenhuma diferença significativa entre os grupos. Foi encontrada uma relação entre as respostas dos formulários e a topografia dos comportamentos durante a prática, indicando que quanto mais alto o nível dedependência de exercícios e nível sintomático de Dismorfia Muscular, maiores serão a ocorrências de comportamentos com finalidade estética. A mídia, nesse âmbito, tem sido mediadora, criadora, reforçadora e padronizadora de um ideal de corpo. Aqueles que não se encaixam no corpo dito perfeito , sentem-se cobrados e insatisfeitos. Com as mudanças nos campos midiático, econômico e outras instâncias sociais, o culto ao corpo tem ganhado cada vez mais espaço, desta forma o mesmo nunca foi tão tratado, usado, ajustado e descartado como no século XXI, levando as pessoas a uma incansável e infindável preocupação e busca pelo estereótipo perfeito que a sociedade tem construído. Desta forma, tem sido comum a prática demasiada de exercício físico, modificações drásticas na dieta alimentar e utilização de diversos meios imediatistas de alteração corporal, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de transtornos psicológicos, tal como a Dismorfia Muscular.