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Shiitake (Lentinula edodes (Berkeley) Pegler) produces an edible mushroom that has been cultivated for centuries in China, Korea, Japan, Singapore, Thailand and other Asian countries. Shiitake mushrooms grow naturally on decaying wood of hardwood trees and have traditionally been grown on short lengths of freshly-cut logs. Until now, there has been no serious exploration of the potential for Australian forest owners to utilise small logs of native or plantation forest species for shiitake mushroom production, such as eucalypt (Eucalyptus spp.). / Logs of six tree species were harvested from farm forestry plantations in Victoria and inoculated with shiitake infected dowels imported from the United States. Over the course of the next 18 months the logs were soaked four times to initiate fruiting. The fresh mushrooms were harvested and weighed to allow a comparison between log species and size. A sample of the mushrooms from each log species produced in the 2nd and 3rd fruiting were tested for their protein and fibre content. / Quercus robur was the most productive species. Over the course of the trial (four frutings) the oak logs produced almost 1 kilogram of fresh mushrooms per log which was significantly more than E. cladocalyx (527 g/log) and Alnus glutinosa (465 g/log) and Eucalyptus nitens (389 g/log) which were all, in turn, significantly more productive than Populus sp. (140 g/log) and Acacia melanoxyon (98 g/log). Larger logs produced more fruit although this may have been related to the greater number of inoculations. The protein and fibre content of mushrooms produced from shining gum logs was slightly lower than that from the oak logs but greater than that from alder. Sugar gum mushrooms had the lowest protein content. / The research suggests that there is potential to use eucalypt logs thinned from young fast-grown farm plantations as the basis for a log-based shiitake industry although more work is required to test the marketability of eucalypt grown shiitake and the economic viability of small scale production units.

Shiitake (Lentinula edodes (Berkeley) Pegler) produces an edible mushroom that has been cultivated for centuries in China, Korea, Japan, Singapore, Thailand and other Asian countries. Shiitake mushrooms grow naturally on decaying wood of hardwood trees and have traditionally been grown on short lengths of freshly-cut logs. Until now, there has been no serious exploration of the potential for Australian forest owners to utilise small logs of native or plantation forest species for shiitake mushroom production, such as eucalypt (Eucalyptus spp.). / Logs of six tree species were harvested from farm forestry plantations in Victoria and inoculated with shiitake infected dowels imported from the United States. Over the course of the next 18 months the logs were soaked four times to initiate fruiting. The fresh mushrooms were harvested and weighed to allow a comparison between log species and size. A sample of the mushrooms from each log species produced in the 2nd and 3rd fruiting were tested for their protein and fibre content. / Quercus robur was the most productive species. Over the course of the trial (four frutings) the oak logs produced almost 1 kilogram of fresh mushrooms per log which was significantly more than E. cladocalyx (527 g/log) and Alnus glutinosa (465 g/log) and Eucalyptus nitens (389 g/log) which were all, in turn, significantly more productive than Populus sp. (140 g/log) and Acacia melanoxyon (98 g/log). Larger logs produced more fruit although this may have been related to the greater number of inoculations. The protein and fibre content of mushrooms produced from shining gum logs was slightly lower than that from the oak logs but greater than that from alder. Sugar gum mushrooms had the lowest protein content. / The research suggests that there is potential to use eucalypt logs thinned from young fast-grown farm plantations as the basis for a log-based shiitake industry although more work is required to test the marketability of eucalypt grown shiitake and the economic viability of small scale production units.

Organics recycling is increasing in New England as multiple states have enacted laws to divert organic materials, including food scraps and food processing residuals, away from landfills. Anaerobic digesters on dairy farms represent an attractive approach to food waste recycling because existing infrastructure is in place and co-digestion of dairy manure with food waste can increase renewable biogas production. In addition, anaerobic digestion results in effluents that can be separated into solid and liquid residual materials, or 'digestates'. Screw-press separated solids consist of lignocellulosic biomass resistant to microbial degradation during anaerobic digestion. These separated solids are typically recycled on farms as animal bedding before returning to the digester, whereas remaining liquid digestates are typically spread as fertilizer for nearby feed crops or pasture fields. Within this model, anaerobic digestion is not a nutrient management solution and repeated land application of digestate nutrients can create eutrophication risk over time. Alternative models are needed where digestate materials are converted into valuable products to be sold off-farm, enabling the removal of nutrients to help meet nutrient management goals. In this thesis, I address two research questions related to the pursuit of such alternative models. First, how do physicochemical characteristics of digestate materials vary across full-scale systems in the region, including systems with and without food waste as a substantial proportion of feedstock, and how do these variations affect the potential for conversion of digestates into valuable products (e.g., soil amendments)? Second, can separated digestate solids be used for commercial cultivation of gourmet oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) to produce food for human consumption, providing synchronous nutrient recovery and food production? Results from my first research chapter indicate that increasing food waste inputs (and thus diversification of feedstock recipes) will likely increase the variability of some solid and liquid digestate characteristics and can result in greater contamination with synthetic particles, with implications for nutrient recovery efforts and associated products. My second research chapter shows that screw-press separated digestate solids can offset non-local substrate ingredients to a degree while achieving oyster mushroom yields comparable to commercial recipes. Furthermore, this strategy could divert nutrients away from land adjacent to digesters and directly into safe, nutritious, protein-rich food for humans, while also producing a useful spent mushroom substrate product.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-20T12:31:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ceci Sales-Campos.pdf: 2811573 bytes, checksum: 7be484fbb01156c4d85c71184e7aedc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / There is in the Amazon region a great amount of residues (wood, agro-forest and agroindustrial), which has been underestimated, and constitutes potential sources for the cultivation of edible fungi in the region. The biodiversity of the Amazon draws the worldwide interest about its resources, specially for the microorganisms with potential for commercial use. Amongst these organisms there are the edible and medicinal mushrooms. In this way, the cultivation of edible mushrooms in the state of Amazon could represent an alternative source for the regional development. Thus, this research had the objective to test the development of different wild edible mushroom species, as well as testing the use of different regional residues in the substrate composition for their cultivation. Preliminary tests were carried out with the species Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinus strigosus, Polyporus arcularius and with five wood residues (marupá, pau de balsa, amapá doce, muiratinga and breu) and two of agro-industrial origin (sugar cane bagasse and the stem of pupunheira palm tree). In this experimental phase the micelial growth of the fungi in substrates made from the above residues was evaluated. In the subsequent tests, based on the results obtained in these preliminary tests, Pleurotus ostreatus, two wood residues (marupá and pau de balsa sawdust) and two agro-industrial ones (sugar cane bagasse and stem of pupunheira palm tree) were chosen. All the substrates were supplemented with a mixture of cereal brans (rice, wheat and corn), were evaluated for: 1- production of basidioma (yield), productivity, through the biological efficiency of formulated substrates, loss of the organic matter, biological behavior of the strain (period of colonization, primordia formation and production of basidioma) referred in Chapter 2; 2- Mineral composition of: the raw material, the initial and spent substrates (post-harvest), and of the mushroom (Chapter 3); 3 - Nutritional composition of: the mushroom, the raw material and substrates (Chapter 4). In general, it can be concluded that the strain of P. ostreatus has developed in a satisfactory way in all tested substrates, making it possible to use these residues (with low or no commercial value) in the mushroom cultivation. Moreover, it is an ecologically correct use of the residues, since it prevents the discard of these residues in the environment, promoting the bioconversion into added-value product edible mushroom and of high nutritional value, and that could become a source of regional sustainable development / Há na região amazônica uma grande quantidade de resíduos (madeireiros, agroflorestais e agroindustriais), cujo quantitativo tem sido subestimado, os quais constituem fontes potenciais para utilização no cultivo de fungos comestíveis na região. A riqueza promovida pela biodiversidade da Amazônia começa a despertar interesse mundial a cerca de seus recursos, com acentuada atenção para os microrganismos com potencial de utilização comercial. Dentre estes organismos encontram-se os fungos comestíveis e medicinais. Desta forma, o cultivo de cogumelos comestíveis no estado do Amazonas, poderá representar uma fonte alternativa para o desenvolvimento regional. Assim, esta pesquisa teve por meta testar o desenvolvimento de diferentes espécies de cogumelos comestíveis nativos, bem como testar o uso de diferentes resíduos regionais na composição de substratos para o cultivo dos mesmos. Foram feitos inicialmente testes preliminares com as espécies Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinus strigosus e Polyporus arcularius e com cinco resíduos madeireiros (marupá, pau de balsa, amapá doce, muiratinga e breu) e dois de origem agroindustrial (bagaço cana-de-açúcar e estipe de pupunheira). Nesta fase experimental avaliou-se o crescimento micelial das espécies fúngicas em substratos à base dos resíduos anteriormente citados. Nos testes subseqüentes, com base nos resultados obtidos nestes testes preliminares, escolheu-se o P. ostreatus, dois resíduos madeireiros (marupá e pau de balsa) e dois agroindustriais (bagaço de cana-deaçúcar e estipe de pupunheira). Todos os substratos foram também suplementados com uma mistura de farelo de cereais (arroz, trigo e milho), sendo avaliados: 1- produção de basidiomas (rendimento), produtividade, através da eficiência biológica dos substratos formulados, perda da matéria orgânica, comportamento biológico da linhagem (período de colonização, de formação dos primórdios e de produção dos basidiomas) abordados no Capítulo 2; 2- Composição mineral da matéria-prima, dos substratos iniciais, residuais (pós-colheita) e do cogumelo (Capítulo 3); 3- Composição nutricional do cogumelo, da matéria-prima e dos substratos de cultivo (Capítulo 4). De uma forma geral, conclui-se que a linhagem de P. ostreatus desenvolveu-se de uma forma satisfatória em todos os substratos testados, o que viabiliza o uso destes resíduos (com baixo ou nenhum valor comercial) para a fungicultura. Além disso, é uma aplicação ecologicamente correta, uma vez que evita que estes resíduos sejam descartados na natureza, permitindo-lhes a bioconversão em um produto de valor agregado cogumelo comestível e de elevado valor nutricional e que poderá vir a tornar-se uma fonte de desenvolvimento sustentável regional

This thesis investigates the opportunities and challenges regarding urban oyster mushroomproduction (Pleurotus Ostreatus) employing urban-based materials in Stockholm Stad as agrowing medium. Additionally, the availability of the five most suitable substrates has beenfurther explored with the indicator’s availability in Stockholm Stad, and the Biologicalefficiency (BE%) for a suitable growing medium and the quantity of the substrates have beenmapped out. In response to climate change and an uncertain future, cities need to be resilientto disasters and meet essential needs like water, food, and energy. Due to the COVID-19pandemic, the Swedish government plans to increase self-sufficiency by developing the lawof public procurement to prioritize buying locally produced goods. However, imported foodis cheaper than Swedish goods, making it difficult for domestic products to compete.Moreover, a major part of Sweden’s waste management consists of the combustion of variouswaste, which is being on a lower priority on the Waste hierarchy. Therefore, assessing thepossible areas of use such as oyster mushroom cultivation could likely add further value tothe residual waste streams investigated. Using Material Flow Analysis (MFA), interviews,and literature review, relevant data and information was collected to locate the five mostsuitable substrates: (1) wood waste from arborists and wood workers, (2) paper waste, (3)cardboard waste, (4) Spent Coffee Grounds (SCG) from five of the biggest chains coffeeshops in Stockholm Stad, (5) garden waste collected from a collection company. Theestimated availability of each residual waste stream has been mapped out with paper wastebeing 15’805’567 kg, 20’560’580 kg (cardboard), 64’166’500 kg wood waste, 3’939’664,2kg garden waste, and 152’121,7 kg (SCG). The BE% is ranging from 18,61% for SCG, woodwaste to 64,69%, garden waste to 95,3%, paper to 112,4%, and cardboard with a BE% of117,5%. Moreover, the BE% will vary depending on the preparation of the substrate and thegrowing conditions of the mushrooms. The oyster mushroom's estimated kilo price is 245SEK/kg, with a potential yearly value of the oyster mushroom is estimated to beapproximately 128’333’000 SEK. This thesis highlights the potential of oyster mushroomcultivation potential where Stockholm Stad has the capacity to be locally self-sufficient whenlooking at the quantity of substrate available. Additionally, the results display the value ofusing residual waste streams as a resource in other ways than energy recovery. / Detta examensarbete undersöker möjligheterna och utmaningarna när det gäller urbanostronsvampproduktion (Pleurotus ostreatus) med stadsbaserade material i Stockholm Stad somodlingsmedium. Dessutom har tillgången på de fem mest lämpliga substraten undersökts ytterligaremed indikatorns tillgänglighet i Stockholm Stad och den biologiska effektiviteten (BE%) för ettlämpligt odlingsmedium och mängden av substraten har kartlagts. Som svar på klimatförändringaroch osäker framtid är det viktigt för städer att vara motståndskraftiga mot katastrofer och tillgodoseväsentliga behov som vatten, mat och energi. På grund av COVID-19 pandemin planerar den svenskaregeringen att öka självförsörjningen genom att utveckla lagen om offentlig upphandling för attprioritera köp av lokalt producerade varor. Den importerade maten är billigare än svenska varor, vilketgör det svårt för inhemska produkter att konkurrera. En stor del av Sveriges avfallshantering bestårdessutom av förbränning av olika avfall, vilket är lägre prioriterat i Avfallshierarkin. Därför kan enbedömning av möjliga användningsområden, såsom ostronsvampodling, sannolikt tillföra ytterligarevärde till de undersökta restavfallsströmmarna. Med hjälp av MFA, intervjuer och litteraturstudiersamlades relevant data och information in för att lokalisera de fem mest lämpliga substraten: (1)träavfall från arborister och träarbetare, (2) pappersavfall, (3) kartongavfall, (4) SCG från fem av destörsta kafékedjorna i Stockholm Stad, (5) Trädgårdsavfall som hämtas från ett insamlingsföretag.Den uppskattade tillgängligheten för varje restavfallsström har kartlagts med pappersavfall på15,805,567 kg, 20,560,580 kg (kartong), 64’166’500 kg träavfall, 3’939’664,2 kg trädgårdsavfall och152’121,7 kg (SCG). BE% varierar från 18,61% för SCG, träavfall till 64,69%, trädgårdsavfall95,3%, papper 112,4% och kartong med en BE% på 117,5%. Dessutom kommer BE procenttalet attvariera beroende på preparationen av substraten och svampens odlingsförhållanden. Ostronsvampensestimerade kilopris är 245 SEK/kg, med ett potentiellt årligt värde på ostronsvampen uppskattas tillcirka 128’333’000 SEK. Detta arbete belyser potentialen för ostronsvampsodlingspotential därStockholm Stad har kapacitet att vara lokalt självförsörjande när man tittar på mängden tillgängligtsubstrat. Dessutom visar resultaten värdet av att använda restavfallsströmmar som en resurs på andrasätt än energiåtervinning.