Orientador: Marisa Trench de Oliveira Fonterrada / Banca: Dorotéa Machado Kerr / Banca: Fábio Miguel / Banca: Rosa Simões / Banca: Leila Rosa Vertamatti / Resumo: Das práticas artísticas coletivas, a música ocupa um papel de destaque, pois ela está presente entre os jovens em termos autobiográficos constituindo-se um poderoso instrumento de comunicação. Este estudo parte da necessidade de entender as culturas juvenis e seus modos de representação, principalmente no que se refere à escuta musical, de modo que esta preocupação possa indicar formas mais atrativas da prática do canto coral com jovens. Destacamos a importância desta prática como possibilidade de resgatar valores humanos quanto à sensibilidade, subjetividade e afetividade em contraposição aos problemas enfrentados atualmente pela sociedade quanto à alienação promovida pela mídia e pela indústria cultural, que muitas vezes ressaltam o que é superficial e passageiro em detrimento de relações mais profundas e permanentes da música como lazer ativo, capaz de promover experiências estéticas importantes, desencadear processos criativos e estimular aspectos de fruição. Para tanto nos reportamos à "Sociosofia" do cotidiano, desvelada nas teorias de José Machado Pais, Michel Maffesoli, Giles Deleuze, Félix Guattari e Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Destacamos ainda a prática coral juvenil como instrumento eficaz e acessível à Educação Musical na perspectiva de entender como dar-se-ia a inserção desta atividade em ambiente escolar. Consideramos a importância de centralizar o processo de aprendizagem no conhecimento musical do aluno/cantor para que sejam delineadas estratégias de intervenção que possam expandir essas referências por um processo de ressignificação da memória musical, promovendo diálogo entre as culturas popular e erudita. Nesta perspectiva foi imprescindível caracterizar o trabalho do regente coral transitando em ambientes formais (na escola), não formais ou informais (fora da escola) para identificar particularidades e condutas profissionais ajustadas ... / Abstract: Among the collective artistic practices, music plays an important role because it is present among youth in autobiographical terms constituting a powerful communication tool. This study stems from the need to understand youth cultures and their modes of representation, especially in regard to music listening, so this concern may indicate more attractive forms of the choral singing practice with young people. We stress the importance of this activity as a mean to retrieve human values in what regards the sensibility, subjectivity and affectivity in contrast to the current problems faced by society such as the alienation promoted by media and the cultural industry, which often emphasize what is superficial and the fleeting rather than the deeper and permanent relations of music as a active leisure able to promote relevant ethic-aesthetic experiences, start creative processes and stimulating aspects of fruition. Therefore, we refer to the everyday "Sociosophy" unveiled in the theories of José Machado Pais, Michel Maffesoli, Giles Deleuze, Félix Guattari e Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. We also highlight the youth choir practice as an effective and accessible tool to music education from the perspective of understanding how to include this activity in the school environment. We consider the importance of centralizing the learning process in the student/singer's musical knowledge in order to outline strategies for intervention that can expand these references by a process of re-signification of the musical memory, promoting a dialogue between the scholarly and popular cultures. In this perspective it was essential to characterize the work of the choir conductor both in formal settings (in school), non-formal or informal (outside of school) to identify characteristics and professional behaviors adjusted to the Brazilian reality, noting that, in most cases, the choir is the only possible access to music literacy / Doutor

A pesquisa que deu origem a esta dissertação tem como objetivo central investigar estratégias para a aprendizagem de percepção musical na disciplina de Teoria e Percepção Musical, tendo como recurso o programa EarMaster. Como aporte teórico, a pesquisa valeu-se da abordagem sociointeracionista proposta pelos estudos de Vigotski, considerados os seguintes conceitos: mediação, sociointeração e a ZDP, articulados com o conceito de percepção musical no contexto do programa EarMaster. O estudo foi realizado em uma universidade particular da região nordeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com alunos do curso superior de Música, Licenciatura Plena, na disciplina de Teoria e Percepção Musical II. O delineamento metodológico foi baseado na pesquisa de cunho qualitativo. Para a geração de dados, optou-se pela observação e pela videogravação simultâneas, realizadas na sala de informática da universidade, no horário da aula, no turno vespertino. As observações e videogravações geraram o corpus que foi analisado a partir de um processo de análise das imagens e do registro das observações, inspirada nos estudos de Bauer e Gaskell e nos estudos de Moraes e Galiazzi, mais especificamente na análise textual discursiva, com o intuito de responder a pergunta norteadora: Que aspectos considerar na criação de estratégias de aprendizagem para a disciplina de Teoria e Percepção Musical utilizando o software EarMaster, no contexto do Ensino Superior? Para o tratamento dos dados, foram considerados os norteadores teóricos: mediação, sociointeração, ZDP e percepção musical. Dessa forma, foram constituídas as categorias emergentes: Sociointeração, mediação, ZDP, EarMaster e as tecnologias. Na articulação entre as categorias, buscando estratégias para aprendizagem de percepção musical, encontrou-se a potencialidade do EarMaster como elemento mediador importante, transformando as interações entre o aluno e o professor em relação aos conceitos da percepção musical, bem como novas possibilidades na dinâmica de aula entre professor e aluno em relação a uma sala de aula sem a presença do programa. Nesse sentido, as interações mediadas pelo EarMaster pode ser um dos elementos relacionados às estratégias para aprendizagem de percepção musical no sentido de promover modificações na sala de aula e na forma como o aluno manuseia o programa em relação aos conteúdos musicais, e nas interações que realiza junto ao professor e aos colegas a partir dos elementos que o programa apresenta na tela do computador em sua plataforma. Foram ainda encontrados traços e autonomia no sentido de um estudo individual onde o aluno trabalha a sua própria ZDP com mediações realizadas junto ao EarMaster. A possibilidade de o programa funcionar como ativador da ZDP, transformando o potencial em real, e a interação/sociointeração e mediação destacaram-se, pois, ao interagir, a possibilidade do aluno construir novos elementos cognitivos se amplia. Assim, teceram-se algumas recomendações e desdobramentos sobre aprendizagem de percepção musical no contexto do ensino superior, de modo que professores e alunos reavaliem suas concepções acerca da percepção musical e da disciplina de Teoria e Percepção Musical, favorecendo a ampliação do potencial de aprendizagem do aluno. / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. / The research that led to this thesis is mainly aimed to investigate strategies for musical perception learning in the discipline of Theory and Musical Perception, with the feature EarMaster program. As a theoretical framework, the research used the sociointeractionist approach proposed by Vygotsky studies. The main concepts considered were: mediation, sociointeraction and ZPD, connected to the concept of music perception in the context of EarMaster program. The study was carried out in a private university in the northeastern region of Rio Grande do Sul state, with undergraduate students of Music, Full Degree in Theory and Musical Perception II. The methodological design was based on qualitative research. For generating data, it was chosen the observation and simultaneous video recording, made in the computer room of the university, at class time in the afternoon shift. The observations and video recordings generated the corpus that was analyzed from a process of analysis of the images and record observations, inspired by studies of Bauer and Gaskell And Moraes and Galiazzi (2007) and their studies, more specifically the discursive textual analysis, in order to answer the central question: What aspects to consider in creating strategies for learning Theory and Musical Perception using EarMaster software in the context of Higher Education? For the processing of data, the theoretical guiding were considered: mediation, sociointeraction, ZPD and musical perception. Thus, the following emerging categories were established: Sociointeraction, mediation, ZPD, EarMaster and technologies. On the relationship between the categories, seeking strategies for learning musical perception, the potential of EarMaster was found as an important mediating element, transforming the interactions between the student and the teacher in relation to the concepts of musical perception, as well as new possibilities for classroom dynamics between teacher and student in relation to a classroom without the use of the program. In this sense, the interactions mediated by EarMaster can be one of the elements related to the strategies for learning musical perception in order to promote changes in the classroom and how the student handles the program in relation to the musical contents and to the interactions he performs with the teacher and colleagues starting from the elements that the program displays on the computer screen in its platform. It was also found traces and autonomy in the sense of an individual study where the student works their own ZPD with mediations conducted using EarMaster. The possibility for the program to work as an activator of the ZPD, transforming the potential in reality, and interaction / sociointeraction and mediation stood out because, by interacting, the possibility that the student build new cognitive elements increases. Thus, some recommendations and developments about musical perception learning in the higher education context were elaborated, so that teachers and students reassess their conceptions of musical perception and of Theory and Musical Perception, favoring the expansion of the learning potential of the student.

This project will provide classroom teachers with examples of how music can be taught on a daily basis through the integration of disciplines. After completing an extensive review of literature, the writer evaluated teaching standards of both music and curriculum subject areas found similar learning goals and designed a series of twelve lesson plans that integrated these standards.

Submitted in fulfilment or partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education in Music in the Faculty of Education at the University of Zululand, 1993. / A big question for the researcher is whether the current school choir competitions have positive or negative effects on the choristers and the rest of the community. Therefore the aim of this study is to look for the possibilities of enriching this choral practice or drawing everyone's realisation to the effects that exist in choral competitions. The procedure of interviews and questionnaires has been employed because not much information about this study has been investigated and preserved. The habit of competitions is retraced back from the Zulu culture, where there exists a non-musical competition. Speech and melody, harmony and rhythm is cited with the nature and African tendencies in mind. The NATAL AFRICAN TEACHERS' UNION is an organisation that has made and kept school competitions going. Four regions of NATAL have been used as a field of study. This is because each of these regions has a college, and colleges also serve as a source of information. Questions used during research have been justified with an intention of making it possible for the researcher to get information related to attitude, experience, amount of participation and the level of literacy.

I present strategies and methods for teaching fundamentals of music theory in the context of the private music studio through a variety of techniques and research. Beginning with a background in educational psychology, examples of behaviorist and cognitive teaching models are presented, and how each applies to teaching music is explained. Two detailed examples of actual lessons are presented, coupled with musical examples, to describe both the process and the concepts that can be presented. A qualitative experiment based upon the learning styles of three music students and the effect of different teaching styles when teaching the same concept is presented and discussed in detail.

The purpose of this study was to determine changes necessary to cause Texas public school band programs to conform to a recommended standard.

The problem and purpose of this study is to attempt to establish a reasonably accurate basis for planning a program of educating prospective public school instrumental music teachers that meets the demands of present-day educational practices in the public schools. This present study may provide a simplification of the methods of teaching instrumental classes at the college level through a criticism of the preparation of instrumental teachers in an effort to discover specific contributing elements that assist the instrumental teacher to teach economically and effectively by making an investigation into the factors involved in teaching techniques that depend upon the acquisition of instrumental performance skills and upon practical principles of procedure in organizing and teaching instrumental music in the public schools.

The subsequent study is an outgrowth of observations made during a year spent in secondary voice teaching on the college level. For the purpose of working toward a more effective and efficient secondary voice program, the following material is presented. The first part of the study is a critical analysis and comparison of six methods of voice teaching designed for, or adaptable to, class voice teaching. The second part of the study is a suggested plan for teaching secondary voice in classes, including an outline of material which could be used.

The purpose of the study was to investigate teacher attitudes toward following the Taiwanese arts and humanities curriculum and the relationship of teacher attitudes to four selected curriculum integration factors. These include (1) The quantity of content areas taught in music class, (2) Teachers' satisfaction of their students' learning outcomes, (3) Teachers' confidence in planning lessons, and (4) The number of years spent in curriculum integration. Questionnaires were distributed to 85 stratified random selected junior high schools throughout Taiwan. The school responses rate was 74%. Content validity was checked. The internal consistency reliability ranged from 0.74 to 0.92. Recorder playing, group singing, and music appreciation were found to be the most frequently taught musical skills, the most satisfied students' learning outcomes, the most confident lesson planning areas, and the most important to be included in the music instruction. Writing-by-ear and playing-by-ear were found to be the least frequently taught musical skills, the least satisfied students' learning outcome, the least confident lesson planning area, and the least importance. The two most frequently encountered barriers were insufficient administrative leadership and shallow student learning. The results of the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient showed a low positive significant relationship between teachers' overall attitudes and the quantity of musical content areas taught (n = 83, r = 0.29, p = 0.007*, r2 = 0.09). Based on prior research, if attitudes that are formed from personal histories are difficult to change, and in order to change attitudes, multiple strategies must be used. The majority of teachers did not strongly support or reject this new curriculum, and strong support would be needed for the curriculum to be successfully implemented. One of the most important things that the Taiwan MOE could do is to provide music teachers with on-going in-service teacher development programs and monitoring mentor systems, in addition to the exploration and development of additional strategies that might possibly impact teachers' neutral beliefs about this new curriculum.

Examined in this hermeneutic phenomenological study is a transformation in the researcher's choral music teaching in which students' abilities to construct self emerged organically from interactions, or dialogues, that took place among and between the students, the teacher, and the music being studied. To allow for such interaction to emerge organically and meaningfully, students and teacher both shared in the power needed to construct a classroom environment in which the localized issues of the classroom and the specific contexts of students' lived histories were maintained and encouraged. This process of interaction, based upon dialogue among and between equal agents in the classroom, is described in the study as dialogic interactionism. In order to examine the concept of dialogic interactionism, three constructs upon which dialogic interactionism is based were developed and philosophically analyzed. They include the construction of self through the construction of self-knowledge; the localized reference system of the classroom, and the issue of power. Each construct is considered within the context of extant writings both in general education and music education philosophy. Following the analysis, a theoretical description of the dialogic interactive choral classroom is given as well a description of how such ideas might be realized in practice. The study concludes with issues for further study.