Si dans son aspect physique l’arc musical est simple, à l’issu de notre étude, nous nous rendons compte qu’il n’est plus indiqué de le qualifier comme tel. Car dans sa forme fondamentale (branche arquée maintenue dans cette position par une lanière), il renferme une complexité qui se dévoile à nous par les liens qui existent entre les différents éléments qui composent l’arc. Sa complexité est également apparente dans la variété des arcs musicaux, dans le jeu propre à chaque arc et dans la divergence des techniques et circonstances de jeu. L’analyse acoustique des sons de cet instrument en révèle d’avantage sa complexité à travers la variété de la nature des sons puis leur fluctuation que nous avons eu le temps de constater. Enfin, dans la signification que les populations donnent à cet instrument, la complexité de l’arc musical se fait plus flagrante car elle laisse se dévoiler un aspect de l’identité sociale des peuples aussi bien ceux qui l’observent dans les musées que ceux chez qui sont collectionnés ces instruments. Car si pour les uns il est instrument de divertissement, pour les autres, il est objet de rituel, instrument parleur et médiateur, objet chargé d’une profonde et riche histoire des peuples d’Afrique. Nous espérons enfin que notre étude permettra une bonne collaboration entre le nord et le sud, pour une connaissance plus juste de l’autre, une connaissance fondée sur des valeurs et non des préjugés. / If the mouthbow appears simple in its physical aspect, the research we have undertaken proves the opposite. In its basic form (a hooked branch held together by a strip), it contains a complex reality which could only be understood by considering the links which exist between the different elements which make up the bow. Its complexity can equally be perceived in the variety of musical bows, the uniqueness of each bow as well as the divergent techniques and circumstances under which they are played. The acoustic analysis of the sounds of this instrument reveals even more its complexity through the variety of the nature of the sounds, as well as their fluctuation that we have been able to observe through our study. Finally, through the meaning that the people give to this instrument, the complexity of the musical bow is even more blatant in the sense that it brings to bare an aspect of the social identity of the people to those who observe this instrument in the museums as well as those who keep them as private objects. If for some it is a simple instrument for entertainment, for others, it is a ritual object, a talking and mediatory instrument which encloses a deep and rich history of the people of Africa. It is our hope that our research will call for a deeper collaboration between the North and the South in such matters, a real desire to know the other based on values and not on prejudices.

The aim of this research is to provide a theoretical framework of the Alexander Technique for organists. Frederick Matthias Alexander was an Australian actor who developed a technique to enable and enhance his own performance. This innovative technique is now used across the world, including South Africa. In this study the researcher provides a Literature Study of the Alexander Technique. Furthermore, he investigates and reports on the practises of a number of organists. A multiple case study approach was adapted and data was collected by means of questionnaires, personal observations and informal interviews. The data gathered in this study is described and analysed. The study culminates with a description of a theoretical framework for the application of the Alexander Technique for organists.

The lecture recital was given July 22, 1974. A discussion of the tientos of Cabezon, Aguilera de Heredia, Coelho, Correa de Arauxo, and Cabanilles included an analysis of eight specific works, a comparison of styles, and information about performance practices. The eight works were then performed. In addition to the lecture recital three other public recitals were performed, consisting entirely of solo literature for the organ. The first solo recital, on July 2, 1971, included works of Titelouze, deGrigny, Franck, and Alain. The second solo recital, on June 18, 1973, consisted of works by Bach, Klebe, Bruhns, Reger, Heiller, and Liszt. The final solo program, on June 7, 1974, included works by Boyvin, Buxtehude, Mozart, Alain, and Reger. All four programs, recorded on magnetic tape, are filed, along with the written version of the lecture material, in the North Texas State University library.

This paper deals with development and construction of an electronic drum module. The purpose of the device is to capture signals from an electronic drumkit and to produce sound accordingly. Firstly, a protoype with no sound output is constructed to demonstrate an ability to capture input signals. Based on its function, parameters for a final device are determined. Then, electronic component selection and design of printed circuit boards is described with an aim to maximalize polyphony and minimize latency of the sound generator. After that, firmware with software mixing algorithm is designed. Lastly, testing and measurement of real device parameters is performed.

This paper presents the possibility to transfer Musical Instrument Digital Interface messages overBluetooth Low Energy. The main problem was to transmit the messages between two computers inless than 10 milliseconds. Anything above 10 milliseconds could be noticed as a delay by the personplaying or listening to the music. A prototype was written which could transfer Musical InstrumentDigital Interface messages over Bluetooth Low Energy between two Linux-computers together with atesting framework which was used to make measurements. The prototype was written in the languageC++ with the BlueZ library. The time it took for one packet to travel back and forth from the computerswas clocked to get an estimation of the time it took for a packet to travel from one computer to theother. The measured results showed that it was possible to reach the desired time of 10 milliseconds.The results can also be used when considering development of other kind of equipment and/or applicationsthat implements the use of Bluetooth Low Energy. / Denna rapport presenterar möjligheterna att överföra Musical Instrument Digital Interfacemeddelanden över Bluetooth Low Energy. Huvudproblemet var att överföra meddelandena mellantvå datorer under en tid av 10 millisekunder. Allt över 10 milliskunder skulle kunna uppfattas somen fördröjning av den som spelade eller lystnade på musiken. En prototyp skapades som kundeöverföra denna typ meddelanden över Bluetooth Low Energy mellan två Linux-datorer tillsammansmed ett test-ramverk som kunde utföra prestandamätningar. Prototypen skrevs i språket C++tillsammans med biblioteket BlueZ. Den tid det tog för ett paket att färdas fram och tillbaka mellande båda datorerna klockades för att få en uppskattning på hur lång tid det tog för ett paket att färdasfrån en dator till en annan. De uppmätta resultaten visar att det är möjligt att uppnå deneftersträvade tiden på 10 millisekunder. Resultatet kan också användas då det övervägs att utvecklaett annat typ av program eller applikation som ska nyttja Bluetooth Low Energy.

No description available.

Thesis (MMus) – Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis considers the creative process involved in the composition and performance of new music for the horn. It sets out to describe the challenges and opportunities for composers and performers in this process and the value of collaboration between the two parties. There is a limited body of chamber music that includes the horn in South Africa, possibly because composers are not sufficiently acquainted with the complexities of this instrument and are hesitant to embark on a journey into the ‘unknown’. With few South African horn players devoting themselves to the performance of chamber music and particularly new music, little engagement has taken place between horn players and composers in the pursuit of new, idiomatic works for this instrument. This precipitated the researcher’s investigation into the composer-performer collaborative process, resulting in three commissions for chamber music including horn by South African composers Antoni Schonken, Keith Moss and Allan Stephenson. The collaborative process was central to these commissions in order to promote the concept of idiomatic horn writing. This research comprised three case studies, each documenting the creative process surrounding each commissioned work from inception of the work through the compositional process and rehearsals leading up to a performance. In order to generate a detailed report on each case study, data were collected throughout by means of reflective journaling and audio recordings, supplemented by interviews with participant composers and performers. The research revealed numerous technical intricacies composers need to be familiar with when writing for horn, and which may not be addressed in orchestration texts or other literature. Horn players may also be confronted with unconventional writing with new musical and technical challenges. Collaboration was shown to be of immense value in guiding the composer towards appropriate and effective writing for the horn, with the expertise of the performer being a source of knowledge for the composer. One of the main benefits that accrued to the performer through the collaborative process with the composer was the acquisition of valuable interpretative insights into the work to be performed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis stel ondersoek in na die kreatiewe proses rakende die samestelling en uitvoering van nuwe horingmusiek. Daar word gesoek na ‘n beskrywing van die uitdagings en geleenthede waarmee komponiste en kunstenaars in so ‘n proses te make het en die waarde van samewerking tussen bogenoemde twee partye. In Suid-Afrika is daar ‘n beperkte hoeveelheid kamermusiek waarby die horing ingesluit word. Die rede wat hiervoor aangevoer kan word, is dat komponiste waarskynlik nie oor genoegsame kennis beskik rakende die fynere tegniese aspekte van horingspel nie. Hul is gevolglik huiwerig om met die onbekende te eksperimenteer. Aangesien weinig Suid-Afrikaanse horingspelers belangstel in die uitvoering van kamer- en veral nuwe musiek, bestaan daar min betrekkinge tussen horingspelers en komponiste in die soeke na nuwe, eiesoortige werke vir hierdie instrument. Bogenoemde het die navorser aangespoor tot ‘n ondersoek na ‘n komponis-kunstenaars medewerkingsproses. Die eindproduk was drie kamermusiek-opdragwerke (horing ingesluit) deur die volgende Suid-Afrikaanse komponiste: Antoni Schonken, Keith Moss en Allan Stephenson. Die medewerkingsproses was van kardinale belang tydens die skep van hierdie opdragwerke met die oog op die bevordering van eiesoortige horingkomposisies. Die navorsing het uit drie gevallestudies bestaan: die eerste studie het die kreatiewe proses van elke opdragwerk gedokumenteer vanaf die eerste pogings regdeur die komposisieproses en vooraf-repetisies tot die uitvoering van die werk. Data is deurgaans deur middel van reflektiewe joernaalinskrywings en oudio-opnames versamel ten einde’n gedetailleerde verslag van elke gevallestudie daar te stel. Bogenoemde is aangevul deur onderhoude met die betrokke komponiste en kunstenaars. Die navorsing het verskeie tegniese ingewikkeldhede uitgewys waarvan komponiste bewus moet wees wanneer daar vir die horing gekomponeer word. Hierdie fynere aspekte word dikwels nie in orkestrasietekste of ander literatuur behandel en bespreek nie. Horingspelers kan ook gekonfonteer word met onkonvensionele komposisies met nuwe musikale en tegniese uitdagings. Die samewerkingsproses tussen komponiste en kunstenaars was uiters waardevol; aangesien dit die komponis gehelp het om toepaslike en sinvolle werke vir die horing te komponeer met behulp van die kunstenaar se kundigheid en kennis. Deur die loop van die samewerkingsproses kon die kunstenaar veral baat by die waardevolle wenke van die komponis rakende van die uivoering van die betrokke werk.

Le travail de cette thèse porte sur l'étude du contrôle en temps réel de synthèse de voix chantée par une tablette graphique dans le cadre de l'instrument de musique numérique Cantor Digitalis.La pertinence de l'utilisation d'une telle interface pour le contrôle de l'intonation vocale a été traitée en premier lieu, démontrant que la tablette permet un contrôle de la hauteur mélodique plus précis que la voix réelle en situation expérimentale.Pour étendre la justesse du jeu à toutes situations, une méthode de correction dynamique de l'intonation a été développée, permettant de jouer en dessous du seuil de perception de justesse et préservant en même temps l'expressivité du musicien. Des évaluations objective et perceptive ont permis de valider l'efficacité de cette méthode.L'utilisation de nouvelles interfaces pour la musique pose la question des modalités impliquées dans le jeu de l'instrument. Une troisième étude révèle une prépondérance de la perception visuelle sur la perception auditive pour le contrôle de l'intonation, due à l'introduction d'indices visuels sur la surface de la tablette. Néanmoins, celle-ci est compensée par l'important pouvoir expressif de l'interface.En effet, la maîtrise de l'écriture ou du dessin dès l'enfance permet l'acquisition rapide d'un contrôle expert de l'instrument. Pour formaliser ce contrôle, nous proposons une suite de gestes adaptés à différents effets musicaux rencontrés dans la musique vocale. Enfin, une pratique intensive de l'instrument est réalisée au sein de l'ensemble Chorus Digitalis à des fins de test et de diffusion. Un travail de recherche artistique est conduit tant dans la mise en scène que dans le choix du répertoire musical à associer à l'instrument. De plus, un retour visuel dédié au public a été développé, afin d'aider à la compréhension du maniement de l'instrument. / This thesis deals with the real-time control of singing voice synthesis by a graphic tablet, based on the digital musical instrument Cantor Digitalis.The relevance of the graphic tablet for the intonation control is first considered, showing that the tablet provides a more precise pitch control than real voice in experimental conditions.To extend the accuracy of control to any situation, a dynamic pitch warping method for intonation correction is developed. It enables to play under the pitch perception limens preserving at the same time the musician's expressivity. Objective and perceptive evaluations validate the method efficiency.The use of new interfaces for musical expression raises the question of the modalities implied in the playing of the instrument. A third study reveals a preponderance of the visual modality over the auditive perception for the intonation control, due to the introduction of visual clues on the tablet surface. Nevertheless, this is compensated by the expressivity allowed by the interface.The writing or drawing ability acquired since early childhood enables a quick acquisition of an expert control of the instrument. An ensemble of gestures dedicated to the control of different vocal effects is suggested.Finally, an intensive practice of the instrument is made through the Chorus Digitalis ensemble, to test and promote our work. An artistic research has been conducted for the choice of the Cantor Digitalis' musical repertoire. Moreover, a visual feedback dedicated to the audience has been developed, extending the perception of the players' pitch and articulation.

This study examines the development of German pipe organ culture and French classical pipe organ culture from a single common origin in the Duchy of Brabant, during 1450-1850, with respect to select major attributes of organ construction, organ music and organ technique. The respective music of Dieterich Buxtehude (1637-1707), Praeludium in G Minor, BuxWV 149, for the North German contrapuntalists, and of Câesar Franck (1822- 1890), Choral No. 3 in A Minor, for the classical French symphonic tradition, is highlighted and appended with suggested technique for each work. / by Margaret R. Miller. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Cette thèse a pour objet une étude qualitative de l’enseignement d’un instrument de musique en orchestre et en groupe restreint dans deux écoles primaires d’un Réseau d’Education Prioritaire en France et dans un conservatoire. La finalité est de comparer dans ces deux configurations, les moments de travail collectif et les moments de travail individuel entre professeur et élèves pour savoir s’ils s’opposent, se complètent et/ou convergent.Nos outils théoriques, en didactiques comparées, s’appuient sur la Théorie de l’Action Conjointe enDidactique principalement avec les notions de jeux d’apprentissage, la double dialectique contrat/milieu etréticence/expression et la dévolution. Nous convoquons également les concepts sociologiques suivants : concept de configuration, habitus social, habitus didactique. Notre méthodologie s’appuie sur les transcriptions et photogrammes tirés des séances de cours filmées pendant trois ans.Des premiers résultats montrent que les élèves ne jouent en tutti autour de cinquante pourcent du temps du cours en orchestre. Ce qui influence la pratique d’enseignement et le contenu enseigné, de même que le rapport des élèves aux savoirs et le rapport au corps. Ce qui se retrouve aussi bien dans le jeu instrumental des élèves que dans la signification qu’ils donnent aux gestes et aux mimes du professeur. Les compétences décrites lors des analyses didactiques montrent que les enseignements en collectif, en groupe restreint et en individuel sont complémentaires (pour le jeu d’ensemble : la compréhension gestuelles des chefs d’orchestre,L’écoute collective, la synchronisation et pour les cours d’instrument : le jeu technique et musical) convergent (écoute de la justesse, le travail sur les sensations) et sont indissociables. Grâce à une étude détaillée de l’activité musicale, la thèse a montré comment les élèves tirent profit d’un enseignement individuel et collectif dans les relations qu’ils construisent entre les deux. / This thesis aims at a qualitative study of the teaching of an orchestral musical instrument and of a small group at two primary schools and one conservatory. The aim is to compare these configurations with that of individual teaching in order to know if they are opposed, complementary, and convergency.Our theoretical is on the Joint Action Theory in Didactics. We take support on the notions of learning games, the double dialectic contract/milieu and reluctance/expression, devolution. We also convene the following sociological concepts: concept of configuration, social habitus, didactic habitus. Our Methodology is based on the transcripts and photograms taken from the lecture sessions filmed during the three years of observation.Initial results show that students do not play in tuttis fifty percent of the time in the orchestra class. This teaching configuration of course influences the teaching practice and the content taught, as well as influencing the students’ relationship to knowledge through the choice of modes of privileged knowledge transmission. The relationship to the body, both in the students’ instrumental play and in the meaning they give to the teacher's gestures and mimics, is complex. The skills acquired by the pupils and described in the didactic analyses show that collective, restricted and individual teachings are complementary on certain points (collective playing, gestural understanding of conductors, collective listening, synchronization and/for instrumental courses, technical and musical play). They are convergent on other points (e.g. listening to the corrections, working on the sensations). They are complementary and inseparable.